The Silurian and Devonian Colonization of Land
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Chapter 2 Paleozoic Stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon
CHAPTER 2 PALEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY OF THE GRAND CANYON PAIGE KERCHER INTRODUCTION The Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic Eon is defined as the time between 542 and 251 million years before the present (ICS 2010). The Paleozoic Era began with the evolution of most major animal phyla present today, sparked by the novel adaptation of skeletal hard parts. Organisms continued to diversify throughout the Paleozoic into increasingly adaptive and complex life forms, including the first vertebrates, terrestrial plants and animals, forests and seed plants, reptiles, and flying insects. Vast coal swamps covered much of mid- to low-latitude continental environments in the late Paleozoic as the supercontinent Pangaea began to amalgamate. The hardiest taxa survived the multiple global glaciations and mass extinctions that have come to define major time boundaries of this era. Paleozoic North America existed primarily at mid to low latitudes and experienced multiple major orogenies and continental collisions. For much of the Paleozoic, North America’s southwestern margin ran through Nevada and Arizona – California did not yet exist (Appendix B). The flat-lying Paleozoic rocks of the Grand Canyon, though incomplete, form a record of a continental margin repeatedly inundated and vacated by shallow seas (Appendix A). IMPORTANT STRATIGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS • Principle of Original Horizontality – In most cases, depositional processes produce flat-lying sedimentary layers. Notable exceptions include blanketing ash sheets, and cross-stratification developed on sloped surfaces. • Principle of Superposition – In an undisturbed sequence, older strata lie below younger strata; a package of sedimentary layers youngs upward. • Principle of Lateral Continuity – A layer of sediment extends laterally in all directions until it naturally pinches out or abuts the walls of its confining basin. -
Revised Correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with Global and Regional Chronostratigraphic Units 13 and D Ccarb Chemostratigraphy
Revised correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with global and regional chronostratigraphic units 13 and d Ccarb chemostratigraphy BRADLEY D. CRAMER, CARLTON E. BRETT, MICHAEL J. MELCHIN, PEEP MA¨ NNIK, MARK A. KLEFF- NER, PATRICK I. MCLAUGHLIN, DAVID K. LOYDELL, AXEL MUNNECKE, LENNART JEPPSSON, CARLO CORRADINI, FRANK R. BRUNTON AND MATTHEW R. SALTZMAN Cramer, B.D., Brett, C.E., Melchin, M.J., Ma¨nnik, P., Kleffner, M.A., McLaughlin, P.I., Loydell, D.K., Munnecke, A., Jeppsson, L., Corradini, C., Brunton, F.R. & Saltzman, M.R. 2011: Revised correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with global 13 and regional chronostratigraphic units and d Ccarb chemostratigraphy. Lethaia,Vol.44, pp. 185–202. Recent revisions to the biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic assignment of strata from the type area of the Niagaran Provincial Series (a regional chronostratigraphic unit) have demonstrated the need to revise the chronostratigraphic correlation of the Silurian System of North America. Recently, the working group to restudy the base of the Wen- lock Series has developed an extremely high-resolution global chronostratigraphy for the Telychian and Sheinwoodian stages by integrating graptolite and conodont biostratigra- 13 phy with carbonate carbon isotope (d Ccarb) chemostratigraphy. This improved global chronostratigraphy has required such significant chronostratigraphic revisions to the North American succession that much of the Silurian System in North America is cur- rently in a state of flux and needs further refinement. This report serves as an update of the progress on recalibrating the global chronostratigraphic correlation of North Ameri- can Provincial Series and Stage boundaries in their type area. -
The Geologic Time Scale Is the Eon
Exploring Geologic Time Poster Illustrated Teacher's Guide #35-1145 Paper #35-1146 Laminated Background Geologic Time Scale Basics The history of the Earth covers a vast expanse of time, so scientists divide it into smaller sections that are associ- ated with particular events that have occurred in the past.The approximate time range of each time span is shown on the poster.The largest time span of the geologic time scale is the eon. It is an indefinitely long period of time that contains at least two eras. Geologic time is divided into two eons.The more ancient eon is called the Precambrian, and the more recent is the Phanerozoic. Each eon is subdivided into smaller spans called eras.The Precambrian eon is divided from most ancient into the Hadean era, Archean era, and Proterozoic era. See Figure 1. Precambrian Eon Proterozoic Era 2500 - 550 million years ago Archaean Era 3800 - 2500 million years ago Hadean Era 4600 - 3800 million years ago Figure 1. Eras of the Precambrian Eon Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first developed during the Precambrian eon. There are many fos- sils from this time because the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and preserved. The Phanerozoic eon is subdivided into three eras – the Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era. An era is often divided into several smaller time spans called periods. For example, the Paleozoic era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous,and Permian periods. Paleozoic Era Permian Period 300 - 250 million years ago Carboniferous Period 350 - 300 million years ago Devonian Period 400 - 350 million years ago Silurian Period 450 - 400 million years ago Ordovician Period 500 - 450 million years ago Cambrian Period 550 - 500 million years ago Figure 2. -
(Silurian) Anoxic Palaeo-Depressions at the Western Margin of the Murzuq Basin (Southwest Libya), Based on Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in Surface Exposures
GeoArabia, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2006 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Identification of early Llandovery (Silurian) anoxic palaeo-depressions at the western margin of the Murzuq Basin (southwest Libya), based on gamma-ray spectrometry in surface exposures Nuri Fello, Sebastian Lüning, Petr Štorch and Jonathan Redfern ABSTRACT Following the melting of the Gondwanan icecap and the resulting postglacial sea- level rise, organic-rich shales were deposited in shelfal palaeo-depressions across North Africa and Arabia during the latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian. The unit is absent on palaeohighs that were flooded only later when the anoxic event had already ended. The regional distribution of the Silurian black shale is now well-known for the subsurface of the central parts of the Murzuq Basin, in Libya, where many exploration wells have been drilled and where the shale represents the main hydrocarbon source rock. On well logs, the Silurian black shale is easily recognisable due to increased uranium concentrations and, therefore, elevated gamma-ray values. The uranium in the shales “precipitated” under oxygen- reduced conditions and generally a linear relationship between uranium and organic content is developed. The distribution of the Silurian organic-rich shales in the outcrop belts surrounding the Murzuq Basin has been long unknown because Saharan surface weathering has commonly destroyed the organic matter and black colour of the shales, making it complicated to identify the previously organic-rich unit in the field. In an attempt to distinguish (previously) organic-rich from organically lean shales at outcrop, seven sections that straddle the Ordovician-Silurian boundary were measured by portable gamma-ray spectrometer along the outcrops of the western margin of the Murzuq Basin. -
X Hydrogeologic Framework and Geochemistry of Ground Water
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 02-4123 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, SOUTHERN DIVISION, SHEET 1 of 3 NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND Taylor. C.J., and Hostettler, F.D., 2002, Hydrogeologic Framework and Geochemistry of Ground Water and Petroleum in the Silurian-Devonian Carbonate Aquifer, South-Central Louisville, Kentucky science USGSfor a changing world INTRODUCTION (A) (B) (C) (D) Previously published investigations concerning the ground-water resources HOLE DIAMETER, ACOUSTIC HOLE DIAMETER. ACOUSTIC HOLE DIAMETER. ACOUSTIC HOLE DIAMETER, ACOUSTIC of the city of Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky, have mostly focused on IN INCHES LITHOLOGY TELEVIEWER IN INCHES LITHOLOGY TELEVIEWER IN INCHES LITHOLOGY TELEVIEWER IN INCHES LITHOLOGY TELEVIEWER the highly productive Ohio River alluvial aquifer (Rorabaugh, 1956; Walker, 1957; Bell. 1966: Unthank and others, 1995). In contrast, relatively little attention has been given to the Ordovician and Silurian-Devonian carbonate aquifers that 10h X 10.4 underlie much of the Louisville and Jefferson County area (fig. I) because of their limited potential for water-supply development (Palmquist and Hall, 1960). LLJ LU O O However, detailed information about the ground-water quality and hydrogeology of £ the carbonate aquifer is needed by State and Federal environmental regulators and o: a: ^ ID private consultants for planning and conducting local environmental t,ite 5% CO C/3 t. * assessments and ground-water remediation. The Silurian-Devonian carbonate Q Q aquifer is of particular interest because it underlies much of the urbanized and 40;: 72%- industrialized areas of the city of Louisville, exhibits moderately well-developed NF karst, and is potentially vulnerable to human-induced contamination. -
Chordates (Phylum Chordata)
A short story Leathem Mehaffey, III, Fall 201993 The First Chordates (Phylum Chordata) • Chordates (our phylum) first appeared in the Cambrian, 525MYA. 94 Invertebrates, Chordates and Vertebrates • Invertebrates are all animals not chordates • Generally invertebrates, if they have hearts, have dorsal hearts; if they have a nervous system it is usually ventral. • All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates. • Chordates: • Dorsal notochord • Dorsal nerve chord • Ventral heart • Post-anal tail • Vertebrates: Amphioxus: archetypal chordate • Dorsal spinal column (articulated) and skeleton 95 Origin of the Chordates 96 Haikouichthys Myllokunmingia Note the rounded extension to Possibly the oldest the head bearing sensory vertebrate: showed gill organs bars and primitive vertebral elements Early and primitive agnathan vertebrates of the Early Cambrian (530MYA) Pikaia Note: these organisms were less Primitive chordate, than an inch long. similar to Amphioxus 97 The Cambrian/Ordovician Extinction • Somewhere around 488 million years ago something happened to cause a change in the fauna of the earth, heralding the beginning of the Ordovician Period. • Rather than one catastrophe, the late-Cambrian extinction seems to be a series of smaller extinction events. • Historically the change in fauna (mostly trilobites as the index species) was thought to be due to excessive warmth and low oxygen. • But some current findings point to an oxygen spike due perhaps to continental drift into the tropics, driving rapid speciation and consequent replacement of old with new organisms. 98 Welcome to the Ordovician YOU ARE HERE 99 The Ordovician Sea, 488 million years 100 ago The Ordovician Period lasted almost 45 million years, from 489 to 444 MYA. -
Devonian and Carboniferous Stratigraphical Correlation and Interpretation in the Central North Sea, Quadrants 25 – 44
CR/16/032; Final Last modified: 2016/05/29 11:43 Devonian and Carboniferous stratigraphical correlation and interpretation in the Orcadian area, Central North Sea, Quadrants 7 - 22 Energy and Marine Geoscience Programme Commissioned Report CR/16/032 CR/16/032; Final Last modified: 2016/05/29 11:43 CR/16/032; Final Last modified: 2016/05/29 11:43 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENERGY AND MARINE GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMME COMMERCIAL REPORT CR/16/032 Devonian and Carboniferous stratigraphical correlation and interpretation in the Orcadian area, Central North Sea, Quadrants 7 - 22 K. Whitbread and T. Kearsey The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights Contributor 2016. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL. N. Smith Keywords Report; Stratigraphy, Carboniferous, Devonian, Central North Sea. Bibliographical reference WHITBREAD, K AND KEARSEY, T 2016. Devonian and Carboniferous stratigraphical correlation and interpretation in the Orcadian area, Central North Sea, Quadrants 7 - 22. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/16/032. 74pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement -
Permian Basin, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico
Report of Investigations No. 201 Stratigraphic Analysis of the Upper Devonian Woodford Formation, Permian Basin, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico John B. Comer* *Current address Indiana Geological Survey Bloomington, Indiana 47405 1991 Bureau of Economic Geology • W. L. Fisher, Director The University of Texas at Austin • Austin, Texas 78713-7508 Contents Abstract ..............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Methods .............................................................................................................................3 Stratigraphy .....................................................................................................................5 Nomenclature ...................................................................................................................5 Age and Correlation ........................................................................................................6 Previous Work .................................................................................................................6 Western Outcrop Belt ......................................................................................................6 Central Texas ...................................................................................................................7 Northeastern Oklahoma -
The Devonian Fauna of the Ouray Limestone
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 391 THE DEVONIAN FAUNA OF THE OURAY LIMESTONE BY E. M. KINDLE ' WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction,.............................................................. 5 Nomenclature and stratigraphic relations. ..................................... 6 Comparison of the two faunas in the Ouray limestone........................... 11 Distribution of the fauna..........................................:......... 13 Description of fauna....................................................... 15 Ccelenterata............................................................ 15 Vermes............................................................... 15 Brachipoda........................................................... 15 Pelecypoda........................................................... 30 Gastropoda............................................................ 33 Cephalopoda.......................................................... 36 Index.................................................................... 59 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. Quray fauna. 40 II. Ouray fauna. 42 III. Ouray fauna. 44 IV. Ouray fauna. 46 V. Ouray fauna. 48 VI. Ouray fauna. 50 VII. Ouray fauna. 52 VIII. Ouray fauna. 54 IX. Ouray fauna. 56 X.- Ouray fauna. 58 THE DEVONIAN FAUNA OF THE OURAY LIMESTONE, By E. M. KINDLE. INTRODUCTION. The first discovery of a Devonian fauna in Colorado was made by F. M. Endlich in 1875, during his survey of the San Juan district. -
The Devonian Limestones of Central Ohio and Southern Indiana
184 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. VII, No. 8, THE DEVONIAN LIMESTONES OF CENTRAL OHIO AND SOUTHERN INDIANA. CLINTON R. STAUFFER. A comparative study of the two regions, lying on opposite sides of the Cincinnati island, shows that there is a. remarkable similarity between the Devonian limestones of central Ohio and southern Indiana. This is perhaps more evident from a litholog- ical point of view although the paleontology of the formations of the two places is very similar and the stratigraphic arrange- ment is identical. These deposits in Ohio have been divided into the Columbus and Delaware limestones. The Columbus presents two very different lithological phases which are persistent throughout the state. In southern Indiana Dr. Edward M. Kindle has recog- nized three distinct formations, the Geneva and Jeffersonville limestones and the Sellersburg beds,1 the latter including the Silver Creek hydraulic limestone of some authors. The lower of these Indiana formations, stratigraphic ally, is the Geneva limestone which "is generally a massive light buff to chocolate brown saccharoidal magnesian limestone" in which "fossils are extremely rare at most locations and occur usually as casts when found."2 It thins out toward the Ohio river but may be seen in the vicinity of Charleston, along the hill above the "Lick" and at the road side east of town. In Ohio the lower thirty-five to forty feet of the Columbus limestone answers admirably to the above description. It is usually a porous brown limestone high in its percentage of mag- nesium carbonate. The bedding is irregular and frequently almost wanting. Oblique jointing, although not necessarily characteristic, is common. -
B2150-B FRONT Final
Bedrock Geology of the Paducah 1°×2° CUSMAP Quadrangle, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri By W. John Nelson THE PADUCAH CUSMAP QUADRANGLE: RESOURCE AND TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS Martin B. Goldhaber, Project Coordinator T OF EN TH TM E U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2150–B R I A N P T E E R D . I O S . R A joint study conducted in collaboration with the Illinois State Geological U Survey, the Indiana Geological Survey, the Kentucky Geological Survey, and the Missouri M 9 Division of Geology and Land Survey A 8 4 R C H 3, 1 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Mark Schaefer, Acting Director For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nelson, W. John Bedrock geology of the Paducah 1°×2° CUSMAP Quadrangle, Illinois, Indiana, Ken- tucky, and Missouri / by W. John Nelson. p. cm.—(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 2150–B) (The Paducah CUSMAP Quadrangle, resource and topical investigations ; B) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.3:2150–B 1. Geology—Middle West. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: The Paducah CUSMAP Quadrangle, resource and topical investigations ; B QE75.B9 no. 2150–B [QE78.7] [557.3 s—dc21 97–7724 [557.7] CIP CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................... -
Proterozoic Paleozoic Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian
Approximate location of Burley No. 1 well Seismic Stratigraphic Extensional and Thrust Age West Formation or Group Name East Lithology Packages Orogenic Events Sheets Perm. Lower Upper Post-Pottsville rocks, undivided Pottsville Group and Middle post-Pottsville rocks Alleghanian orogeny Penn. Lower Pottsville Group Upper Greenbrier Limestone and Mauch Chunk Group Greenbrier Limestone Miss. Lower Berea Sandstone, Sunbury Shale, and Price Formation Venango Group Venango Group (Formation) Hampshire Formation and Riceville Formation Chagrin Shale Bradford Group Bradford Group Huron Mbr. of Greenland Gap Group the Ohio Shale Upper Salina sheet Acadian orogeny Java Formation Angola Shale Member Devonian West Falls Elk Group Formation Rhinestreet Shale Member Brallier Formation Elk Group Sonyea Formation Genesee Formation Harrell Shale Middle Tully Limestone, Hamilton Group, Marcellus Shale, and Onondaga Limestone Hamilton Group Lower Oriskany Sandstone and Helderberg Group Upper Salina Group (includes salt beds) Salina Group, Tonoloway Limestone, and Wills Creek Formation and Wills Creek Formation Salina Group Paleozoic Lockport Dolomite and Keefer Sandstone McKenzie Limestone and Keefer Sandstone Silurian Rose Hill Formation Lower Reedsville- Tuscarora Sandstone Taconic orogeny Martinsburg Juniata Formation Juniata Formation sheet Oswego Sandstone Upper Reedsville Shale (Utica Shale at base) Reedsville Shale Trenton Limestone Trenton Limestone Black River Limestone Middle Ordovician Knox unconformity Beekmantown Group Beekmantown Group ? Passive continental Lower Rome- margin modified Waynesboro Upper sandstone member of the Copper Ridge Dolomite of the Knox Group by Rome trough sheet Upper extension Copper Ridge Dolomite of the Knox Group Knox Group and Middle pre-Knox rocks Conasauga Group and Rome Formation Cambrian Lower Autochthonous Grenvillian basement Grenvillian Grenvillian basement basement Proterozoic Figure 3.--Correlation chart of Paleozoic and Proterozoic rocks in the study area and associated thrust sheets.