Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana The Silurian and Devonian Colonization of Land P. David Polly Department of Geological Sciences Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA [email protected] (from Stanley, 2005. Earth System History) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Objectives 1. Climate and atmosphere in the Paleozoic; 2. Silurian and Devonian rock units in Indiana; 3. Events of the Silurian and Devonian; 4. Paleogeography and major structural features, including Illinois and Michigan Basins; 5. Stromatoporoid reefs; 6. First land plants in Silurian; 7. Falls of the Ohio State Park. Quiz for next Wednesday (27 Feb) Metazoan phyla (slide 19 from lecture on Short History of Life) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana End-Ordovician (Hirnantian) extinction Rise in sea level in late Ordovician (Richmondian invasion and other biotic pulses) Onset of glaciation in Gondwana Major drop in sea level Extinction Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Modern climate in Indiana Indiana (1971-2000) Mean annual 10.9° C 51.6° F temperature Mean Jan Cold -7.9° C 17.7° F Mean July Warm 29.5° C 85.1° C Mean annual 1016 mm 40 in precipitation Global (1971-2000) Mean annual 14.0° C 57.2° F temperature Atmosphere (1990) Nitrogen 78.00% Oxygen 20.90% Water vapor 0.90% 355 ppm (2013: Ice Storm, Bloomington, IN (photo by PD Polly) Carbon dioxide 0.04% 395.5 ppm) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Atmospheric carbon dioxide through the Phanerozoic (Royer, Berner, Montañez, Tabor and Beerling, 2004. CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate. GSA Today, 14: 4-10) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Atmospheric oxygen through the Phanerozoic (Berner and Canfield, 1989. A new model for atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science, 289: 333-361) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Temperature (via 18O) through the Phanerozoic Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Sequences and sea-level in the mid continent Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Silurian and Devonian events (from Stanley, 2005. Earth System History) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Early Silurian (430 mya) (c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Late Silurian (420 mya) (c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Early Devonian (400 mya) Beginning of Kaskaskia sea level sequence (c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Middle Devonian (385 mya) (c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Late Devonian (360 mya) Time of New Albany Shale (c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Structural features of eastern North America Tapestry of Time and Terrain, USGS Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana The Illinois Basin Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Silurian and Devonian Surface Bedrock in Indiana Three formations are of special interest: • Waldron Shale (amazingly rich in fossils in places) • Jeffersonville Limestone (Falls of the Ohio State Park) • New Albany Shale Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Sedimentary structure at Bluffton, IN Cumings and Shrock , 1927. The Silurian reefs of Northern Indiana. Indiana Academy of Sciences. Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Reefs in the Middle Silurian (Mesolella, 1978. Paleogeography of some Silurian and Devonian Reef Trends, AAPG Bulletin, 62: 1607-1644) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Silurian reefs in Indiana Fort Wayne Bank Patch reefs Reef banks Terre Haute Bank Ault, C.H., Becker, L.E., Droste, J.B., Keller, S.J., and Shaver, R.H., 1992, Map of Indiana Showing Thickness of Silurian Rocks and Location of Reefs, Indiana Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map 54. Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Structure of a Silurian reef bank (from Stanley, 2005. Earth System History) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Structure of Silurian patch reefs Cumings and Shrock , 1927. The Silurian reefs of Northern Indiana. Indiana Academy of Sciences. (from Camp and Richardson,1999. Roadside Geology of Indiana) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana First land plants Oldest known land plant: Cooksonia (Psilopsids) Middle Silurian Aglaphyton reconstruction (Upper small, simple, spore producing, no leaves, Silurian) Kenrick and Crane, 1997. Origin and no true roots Early Evolution of Land Plants. Cooksonia (Middle Silurian) Stanley, 2005. Earth System History Baragwanathia reconstruction (Upper Silurian) Photo by Canley, 2012 Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Geol G-308 (c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Falls of the Ohio State Park Clarksville, IN Middle Devonian, Jeffersonville Limestone Exceptionally good preservation of corals Clarksville and other mid-Devonian marine life New Albany Louisville .