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3/24/15 Geologic Geologic Time Scale Time Scale • Division of Eon Earth’s history The longest of all based on the subdivision based types of life on the abundance forms that lived of certain fossils only during certain periods. Eras Era | Period • 2nd longest subdivision • Marked by worldwide changes in types of fossils. Periods • Units of geologic Ime marked by the types of life exisIng worldwide at the Ime. Trilobites are seen in many epochs different geological periods - Smallest of geologic divisions as different species. - Characterized by different life forms. - Some differences vary from conInent to content. Different species in different Ime period can be used as index fossils. 1 3/24/15 FOUR Eras… Precambrian Era • The earliest and longest geologic era • PRE-CAMBRIAN – 88% of earth’s history lasIng about 4.5 billion years. • LiXle is known of organisms of this era. • Paleozoic (ancient life) *due to rock having been destroyed. – 544 million years ago…lasted 300 million yrs • Mesozoic (middle life) – 245 million years ago…lasted 180 million yrs • Cenozoic (recent life) – 65 million years ago…conInues through present day Ediacarans Cyanobacteria in the Precambrian Era Ancient jellyfish like creature appeared are the earliest life forms known to man. near the end of the Precambrian Ear. The Appalachian Mountain were formed The Paleozoic Era in the Paleozoic era. • Large shallow seas covered much of the conInents. • Many of the fossils found have been marine (ocean) creatures and plants. 2 3/24/15 The Devonian Period Carboniferous Period 419-359 million years ago 359 – 299 million years ago (age of the fishes) Saw the emergence of early Saw the development of early sharks. amphibians and repIles At the end of the Paleozoic Era more than Possibly due to a asteroid 90 percent of all marine species and or meteor Impact. 70 percent of all land species died off. The Mesozoic Era • The era of middle life. • 248 – 65 million years ago. 3 3/24/15 The Mesozoic Era Mesozoic Era Early mammals evolved in the middle of the Early birds evolved in the middle of the Triassic Period. Jurassic Period. Again possibly due to a asteroid or meteor Impact. Dinosaurs became exnct at the end of the Mesozoic Era. The Cenozoic Era Cenozoic Mammals • Era of recent life. The Cenozoic Era is divided into two • 65 million years ago periods. to the present. • Quarternary • TerIary 4 3/24/15 The Cenozoic Era is divided into two period. Earliest humans appeared about Quaternary Period 1.5 – 2 million years ago. • 1.8 million year ago <earliest humans to present <earliest hominids • Marked by geological events such as the ice ages. x Today… • Today we are in the Holocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era. Which unit is the largest? Which unit is the smallest? 5 .

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Chapter 2 Paleozoic Stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon
CHAPTER 2 PALEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY OF THE GRAND CANYON PAIGE KERCHER INTRODUCTION The Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic Eon is defined as the time between 542 and 251 million years before the present (ICS 2010). The Paleozoic Era began with the evolution of most major animal phyla present today, sparked by the novel adaptation of skeletal hard parts. Organisms continued to diversify throughout the Paleozoic into increasingly adaptive and complex life forms, including the first vertebrates, terrestrial plants and animals, forests and seed plants, reptiles, and flying insects. Vast coal swamps covered much of mid- to low-latitude continental environments in the late Paleozoic as the supercontinent Pangaea began to amalgamate. The hardiest taxa survived the multiple global glaciations and mass extinctions that have come to define major time boundaries of this era. Paleozoic North America existed primarily at mid to low latitudes and experienced multiple major orogenies and continental collisions. For much of the Paleozoic, North America’s southwestern margin ran through Nevada and Arizona – California did not yet exist (Appendix B). The flat-lying Paleozoic rocks of the Grand Canyon, though incomplete, form a record of a continental margin repeatedly inundated and vacated by shallow seas (Appendix A). IMPORTANT STRATIGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS • Principle of Original Horizontality – In most cases, depositional processes produce flat-lying sedimentary layers. Notable exceptions include blanketing ash sheets, and cross-stratification developed on sloped surfaces. • Principle of Superposition – In an undisturbed sequence, older strata lie below younger strata; a package of sedimentary layers youngs upward. • Principle of Lateral Continuity – A layer of sediment extends laterally in all directions until it naturally pinches out or abuts the walls of its confining basin.
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