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THE STASI Also by David Childs BRITAIN SINCE 1945: A Political History BRITAIN SINCE 1939: Progress and Reform THE CHANGING FACE OF WESTERN COMMUNISM (ed.) CHILDREN IN THE WAR (ed.) with Janet Wharton EAST GERMANY EAST GERMANY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE (ed.) EAST GERMANY TO THE 1990s FROM SCHUMACHER TO BRANDT THE GDR, MOSCOW'S GERMAN ALLY GERMANY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY GERMANY ON THE ROAD TO UNITY GERMANY SINCE 1918 HONECKER'S GERMANY (ed.) MARX AND THE MARXISTS WEST GERMANY, POLITICS AND SOCIETY with Jeffrey Johnson Also by Richard Popplewell INTELLIGENCE AND IMPERIAL DEFENCE: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924 The Stasi The East German Intelligence and Security Service David Childs Professor of Politics University of Nottingham and Richard Popplewell Lecturer in Politics and Contemporary History University of Salford © David Childs and Richard Popplewell 1996 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Totten ham Court Road, london W1P 1lP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by PAlGRAVE Houndmills, 8asingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PAlGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press llC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers ltd (formerly Macmillan Press ltd). ISBN 978-0-333-77207-2 ISBN 978-1-349-15054-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15054-0 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British library. Transferred to digital printing 2001 Contents Acknowledgements VI List of Abbreviations and German Terms viii The Changing Names of the Soviet Domestic and Foreign Intelligence Agency xii Introduction xiii I. Gennan Communism, the Comintern and Secret Intelligence, 1918-43 2. The Origins and Development of East Gennan State Security: The Ulbricht Years, 1945-71 33 3. The MfS, the SED and the East Gennan State 66 4. The MfS as an Internal Security Organ 82 5. East Gennan Foreign Intelligence, 1945-89 112 6. HVA Operations Against West Gennany 142 7. From Triumph to Catastrophe: The Stasi Under Mielke and Honecker, 1971-89 174 8. The Aftennath 193 Appendix A Biographical Information 196 AppendixB Chronology 200 Bibliography 203 Notes 213 Name Index 243 Subject Index 248 v Acknowledgements David Childs is very grateful to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for awarding him a scholarship which enabled him to spend some time in the former DDR in 1994. A great many people have been very generous with their time to discuss various aspects of the DDR and/or the MfS. In Germany they include: various members of the Citizens' Committees of Berlin, Dresden and Leipzig, particularly David Gill, Heinz Meier, and Ulrich Wiegend; Andre Andrich, Neues Forum, Dresden; Dr Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, MdB, formerly President of the Volkskammer of the DDR; Dr Sc med Kay Blumenthal-Barby, Berlin/Gottinghen; Dr Heinrich Bortfeldt, formerly Akademie fiir Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim ZK der SED; Dr Manfred Braune, CDU, Leipzig; Dr Eberhard Brecht, MdB; Elfriede Bruning, writer, Berlin; Wolfgang Dehne!, MdB; Colonel Prof. Dr Helmut Eck, formerly of the Hochschule des MfS Potsdam-Eiche; Dr Helmut Ettinger, formerly diplomatic service of the DDR, PDS Berlin; Colonel Klaus Eichner, formerly head of Bereich 'C' of Department X of the HV A; Joachim Fiegel, PDS, Bonn/Chemnitz; Bernt Forster, Leipzig University; Monika Friedrich, Gauck-Behorde, Berlin; Dipl.-Psych. Svetla Friedrich, Leipzig; Prof. Dr Walter Friedrich, formerly Director of the Institut fi.ir Jugendforschung, Leipzig; Horst Gibtner, MdB, formerly Minister of Transport of the DDR; Dr Wolfgang Gudenschwager, CDU, Berlin; Dr Karlheinz Guttmacher, MdB; Hildegard Hannan Stadtmuseum, Oranienburg; AdolfHaidegger, CDU, Bi.irgermeister, Colditz; Dieter Herberg, FDP, Leipzig; Prof. Dr Uwe-Jens Heuer, MdB; Matthias Hinkel, Leipzig; Prof. Dr Hartmut Jackel, Free University, Berlin; Dr Dittmar Keller, MdB, formerly Minister of Culture of DDR; Egon Krenz, formerly General Secretary of the SED and Chairman of the Council of State of the DDR; Vera (Wollenberger) Lengsfeld MdB; Dr Ekkehard Lieberran, PDS, Bonn; Roger Loewig, painter, Berlin; Dr Michael Luther, MdB; Heide­ Marie Li.ith, MdB; Friedrich Magirius, Stadtprasident Leipzig, Superintendent der Nikolaikirchc, Leipzig; Roland May, SPD, Leipzig; Lothar de Maiziere, formerly Minister-President of the DDR; Captain Wilfried Mannewitz, formerly of the MfS; Rudolf Meinl, MdB; Barbara Miller, research student Edinburgh University; Dr Hans Modrow, MdB, formerly Minister-President of the DDR; Uwe Mi.iller, formerly SPD Leipzig; Dr Hermann Pohler, MdB, Gert Poppe, MdB; George Pumfrey, PDS, Bonn; Klaus Reichenbach, MdB, formerly Minister in the Office of the Minister-President of the DDR; Hans VI Acknowledgements vii Jtirgen Richter, MdL, SPD, Chemnitz; Colonel Dr Klaus Rosier, formerly head of Department XII ofHVA; Christina Schenk, MdB; Dr Gerald Schmidt, CDU, Berlin; Richard Schroder, MdB, formerly Chairman of the SPD group in the Volkskammer; Dr Sigrid Semper, MdB; Werner H. Skowron, MdB; Arni Snaevarr, Foreign News Editor, Icelandic National Broadcasting Service; Dr Gerald Thalheim, MdB; Rolf Thieme, CDU, Dresden; Cenzi Troike­ Loewig, Berlin; Dr Wolfgang Ullmann, MdB; Joachim Walter, writer, Gauck- Behorde, Berlin; Konrad Weiss, MdB; Wolfgang Wiemer, SPD, Bonn, and several individuals who did not wish to be identified. For their kind hospitality David Childs would also like to thank: Patricia Clough; Prof. Dr Hartmut Jackel and Frau Margarete Jackel; Svetla and Martin Friedrich; Prof. Dr Siegfried Prokop; Ceszentia Troike-Loewig; Dr Axel and Frau Hai-Oh Noack and Lenny. Among those resident in the United Kingdom, the authors would particu­ larly like to thank Professor Christopher Andrew of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; Peter Johnson, former Reuter and BBC correspondent in Berlin and Moscow, O.J. Bachmann and Dr Tilman Remme. Abbreviations and German Terms AtNs -Amtfiir Nationale Sicherheit. Office for National Security, November 1989 to December 1989. Apparat -literally, 'apparatus, equipment'. Usually, closest translation is 'organization'. BEK -Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen. Federation of Protestant Churches in the GDR. Bezirk- largest administrative district of the GDR. BtV- Bundesamtfiir Verfassungsschutz, 'Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution'. West German security service. BND - Bundesnachrichtendienst, the Federal Intelligence Service, West Germany's foreign intelligence organization. Bundestag-the directly-elected chamber of the (West) German parliament. CDU- Christlich-Demokratische Union, the Christian Democratic Union. Main right-wing party in West Germany, roughly equivalent to 'Conservatives'. Also, the SED-dominated party in East Germany. CSCE -Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. CSPU- the Communist Party of the Soviet Union CSU- Christlich-Soziale Union, 'Christian Social Union'. Bavarian sister­ party of the CDU. DBD-Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands, Democratic Peasants Party of Germany, one of four SED-'allied' parties. DDR-Deutsche Demokratische Republik, 'German Democratic Republic', East Germany. DKP-Deutsche Kommunistische Partei, the German Communist Party, the successor to the KPD from 1968. DVdl- Deutsche Verwaltung des Jnnern, (DVdl), German Administration of the Interior in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany, 1945-9. ECCI- the Executive Committee of the Communist International. FDJ- Freie Deutsche Jug end, 'Free German Youth'. East German communist youth movement. Freikorps- Volunteer units outside the regular army (Reichswehr) of the Weimar Republic. FRO- the Federal Republic of Germany, West Germany. GDR - the German Democratic Republic, East Germany. In German, the DDR, short for 'Deutsche Demokratische Republik'. VIII Abbreviations IX Gestapo-- Secret State Police of the Third Reich. GI- Geheime lnformatoren. Pre-1968 designation of Stasi informers. GRU-Glavnoe razvedivatelnoe upravlenie, 'Main Intelligence Directorate'. Soviet Military Intelligence. GST-Gesellschaft fiir Sport und Technik, 'Society for Sport and Technology'. HVA-Hauptverwaltung Aujkliirung, 'Main Administration Reconnaissance'. The Stasi's foreign intelligence organization. IM -lnoffizielle Mitarbeiter, 'Unofficial Colleagues' or collaborator. Stasi informers. INO -lnostranny Otdel- the Foreign Department. The first foreign espionage agency of Soviet Intelligence. ISH- Seamen's International in the interwar period. IWF - lnstitut fur Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Forschung, 'Institute for Economic Research'. Cover for first East German foreign intelligence service. Junkertum- 'Junkerdom', the squirearchy of Prussia. KGB- Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti, 'Committee of State Security'. Soviet security
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    Napoleon Reversing the French Revolution. HIST 3000 (Chicago Style) Napoleon Bonaparte turned France into a police state during his reign.1 However, he did not continue the French Revolution as the French people hoped. The French Revolution brought forth liberty and to do as ones will if it does not harm another.2 A new document brought by the French Revolution embodying these principles was the French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789.3 This Declaration stated under article 11 that there was to be a free flow of ideas and opinions in writing and the press.4 Article 7 outlawed any cruel harsh punishment and arbitrary sentencing.5 However, Napoleon reversed these fundamental principles of the French Revolution. Writers, the press, along with the French people were subjected to the General police and prefects and were banned from saying anything controversial, against his regime, anything about France’s revolutionary past, and against France’s allies.6 Arbitrary, cruel punishments, and harsh rules were enacted by Napoleon through the Penal Code in 1810.7 Napoleon did not continue the French Revolution and reversed it by turning France into a police state and monitored and censored the French people, the press, and writers. French Revolution embodiment The French Revolution exemplifies liberty and freedom.8 This was what the revolutionaries were fighting for during the revolution of 1789, and was not given to the French people during the Ancient Regime.9 The French Revolution, particularly the revolution of 1789, exemplified the 1 Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon and Europe (Great Britain: Longman, 2001), Pg.