Lithuanian Old Brick Size Variations Over Time 131

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Lithuanian Old Brick Size Variations Over Time 131 Vytautas LevANDAUSKAS, Nijolė TALUNTYTĖ Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania LITHUANIAN OLD BRICK SIZE VARIATIONS OVER TIME 131 Keywords: brick sizes, architectural heritage, dating, chronology A III. rtifacts of Brick sizes are among the most important (if not the a dating system based on the entire evolution of THE main) indications of the ancient masonry, the com- architectural masonry, nor attempting to explain bination of which can be used for dating architec- the historical reasons for brick size variations. In L tural heritage. On the other hand, the examination addition, in their published writings or surviving ithuanian and comparison of brick sizes in different countries manuscripts, these architects-restorers focused on make it possible to reveal the ways building ceram- the brick formats of the medieval architectural heri- ics developed, show its specificity and even the attri- tage, often bypassing the early modern period and butes of the Lithuanian mentality. contemporary history. C Yet in the 6th decade of the 20th c., Lithuanian The aim of this paper is to determine the character- ultural architectural historians drew attention to the dif- istic brick formats and evolution of those formats ferent brick sizes in the medieval construction, in different periods. The research used a complex and soon after, followed the architects-restorers to method of comparing the measured brick sizes to M whom the brick size was important in identifying those specified in the historical documents. More emory the construction phases. In the research report1 on than 150 buildings of various epochs (as close to the Gothic house in Kaunas, Vilnius St., architect the known time of construction as possible) were Dalija Zareckienė has classified brick sizes of the selected for measurement. At least 100 bricks of each medieval buildings in Kaunas and identified their 5 architectural object were chosen for measurement. formats: 1) large bricks; 2) transition period bricks; The most common average sizes were calculated not 3) small and thick bricks; 4) extremely small and by the arithmetical mean, but by using the Gaussian thick bricks; 5) large and thin bricks. D. Zareckienė method of mathematical statistics to select the most tried to link these formats to the individual Gothic common sizes. If it has been established that bricks periods. Architect Žibartas Simanavičius2 has taken do not fit in one frame size, several frame sizes are a deeper look into the format issue, though. Hav- distinguished. The data are listed in the tables. Part ing made a critical evaluation of the earlier works of of the data have already been published in scientific Lithuanian researchers, he proposed new evaluation journals3, and some (for lack of space not in all of criteria for brick formats – 1) brick size dependence them) are presented in this article (see Table Lithu- on the development of masonry techniques (con- anian brick sizes from the 17th-20th century). struction) and 2) brick length-width ratio (l : b). The research has revealed a rather complex varia- Architects-restorers’ studies have been application- tion of both brick sizes and formats. orientated and had no intention of neither creating In its earliest building period, Lithuania used two types of bricks: thick and thin. For example, the the 13th to the first half of the 14th century. To illus- wall remains of the Grodno Upper Chapel (13th c.) trate, the average thickness of one brick format of consist predominantly of thin – 42-58 mm thick – Medininkai castle is 55 mm, while that of the others bricks, among which two other formats are distin- is 68 and 92 mm. Thick masonry bricks were used in guished – the short one (268×141×44mm) and the those masonry parts that had to be stronger, such as 132 long one (317×157×52mm). However, the same fence corners, which are more vulnerable than the masonry also has some thick bricks, with most com- middle part of the wall. The width of these bricks is mon average dimensions of 299×163×75 mm. This half-length greater (l : b <2). Thinner bricks, on the can be interpreted in different ways, for instance, other hand, were used for a wall shell. They are nar- assuming that the construction had used asynchro- rower than the thick ones or, in other words, their l nous bricks of other dismantled buildings. Still, it : b ratio reaches 2. Such brick narrowness may have is clear that the old Grodno brick building exhibits resulted from economic factors – laying a thinner two clashing cultures – Eastern and Western, and shell on large surfaces lowers brick capacity costs. artefaktai that two brick-making traditions had crossed each Bricks of Gothic buildings are significantly different other there – the Byzantine and the Romanesque. from the early predecessors. The main difference is The practice of thin bricks came to Grodno from a significant increase in the length and width ratio. Kievan Rus’, but it manifested in its own way – From the second half of the 14th c. until the end of instead of imitating the Byzantine traditions, the use the 16th c., the dominant dependence was l : b > 2. atminties of thin bricks was adapted to the formats of West- S In most cases, this ratio is greater than 1.15 and in ė ern European countries. Compared with the other some cases as high as 1.3 (Vytautas Grodno Castle, Ruthenian cities, affected by the Byzantine tradi- Church of St. George in Kėdainiai). Bricks of such tion, Grodno bricks were thicker and narrower. An proportions are intended for unplastered Gothic oblong brick shape was more convenient and prac- masonry, aesthetics of which had to meet high tical than the square Byzantine-type bricks, which kultūrin requirements. By correctly binding the bricks, brick- unbaked semi-finished bricks would often break layers were carefully aligning the thickness of verti- or bent. In the same way, they were also lighter cal seams. Narrower bricks were more convenient. and easier to lay. A similar trend was identified by It can be assumed that the length and width ratio of archaeologist P. Rapoport when he was exploring ietuvos Gothic bricks was no coincidence, but anticipation the ancient architecture of Smolensk. He concluded of vertical masonry seam thickness in façades. that the plinth sizes were changing chronologically, III. L III. as the plinth’s longer edge was declining, and their Bricks of such proportions are most suitable not only thickness in the monuments of the late 12th c. and for the Gothic binding, but also for complex struc- early 13th c. was more than 4cm4. The bricks of the tures, such as laying buttresses, pillars and arches. Upper Chapel were even narrower. Their length and The bricks with a length and width ratio greater than width ratio l : b ranges from 1:1,8 to 1:2. In addition, 2 were used in the construction of Romanesque and as mentioned earlier, there were some thick bricks Gothic buildings in the neighbouring countries, 5 6 7 (70-80 mm) in the same masonry. Thick bricks were such as North Germany , Prussia and Poland . then an innovative and cost-effective feature: the These countries had an impact on the formation same masonry capacity required less brick units; of brick formats in the second half of the 14th c. therefore, brick-shaping labour costs were decreas- Incidentally, it was discovered that brick sizes of ing. However, thick bricks required longer drying the medieval North Germany had been changing and burning periods. consistently: in the period of the 12th-14th c., their thickness8 was increasing gradually. Over the course The use of both thin and thick bricks for the Grodno of time, medieval bricks in Lithuania did not exhibit Upper Chapel masonry was not a one-time practice. such a stable development. It was established that in Bricks of different thickness were also used for build- the second half of the14th c., compared with enclo- ing enclosure castles in Lithuania from the end of sure castles, Gothic bricks became thicker up to 80-90 mm, ​​and retained almost the same thickness buildings ranges significantly. This is because there until the end of the 16th c. were not any strict standard requirements for their manufacturers at the time. It is not yet known when In conclusion, it can be stated that the Lithuanian brick sizes began to be regulated at a national level. Gothic buildings used two brick formats: The mid-20th c. Polish literature notes that in 1549, 1) smaller in size, with the same dimen- by order of King Sigismund Augustus, building regu- 133 sions as in neighbouring Germany and Poland – lations were imposed. Brick sizes had to be as fol- 260-280 ×120-130×80-90 mm. This format bricks lows: thickness – 3 inches, width – 6 inches, length – were used yet in the second half of the 14th c. for 12 inches11. Whether these standards were actually A III. the defensive structures, such as Vytautas Grodno prescribed by King is still a matter of speculation12, Castle (270×117×85mm), the eastern wall of however, if they had been, we should recognize that rtifacts Trakai Peninsula Castle near the Sacred Mountain this was the first official attempt to standardize brick (275×120×76 mm), also for the later 15th-16th sizes. An inch was 1/24 of a cubit, which was differ- c. civilian buildings, including Kaunas Cathedral ent in different areas of the kingdom. Basilica, St. George’s and Zapyškis churches and res- Bricks in Renaissance buildings, even if manufac- of idential buildings in Kaunas – Rotušės Ave. 2, the tured in the same period (as well as in the 16th c.), THE House of Perkūnas.
Recommended publications
  • Mapping Exercise: How Could Creative Industries Foster Innovation in Tourism in the Northern Dimension Area? Country Report - Lithuania
    Framework Contract Beneficiaries 2013 - EuropeAid/132633/C/SER/MULTI Lot 9: Culture, Education, Employment and Social RfS 2015/369412/1 Mapping exercise: How could creative industries foster innovation in tourism in the northern dimension area? Country Report -Lithuania 19 December 2016 Team: Terry Sandell Lila Skarveli This project is funded by A project implemented by The European Union the PROMAN Consortium Mapping exercise: How could creative industries foster innovation in tourism in the northern dimension area? Country Report - Lithuania DISCLAIMERS This report has been prepared with the financial assistance of the European Commission. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of PROMAN and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This report has been discussed with the international expert concerned in relation to the input work plan agreed with the Client, the expert’s terms of reference and to ensure it contains relevant issues and recommendations, which have been discussed in a debriefing session with the Client. This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied on or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of the Framework Contract Management (PROMAN) being obtained. PROMAN accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was commissioned. Any person using or relying on the document for such other purposes agrees, and will by such use and reliance be taken to confirm his agreement to indemnify PROMAN for all loss and damage resulting therefrom.
    [Show full text]
  • EAA Meeting 2016 Vilnius
    www.eaavilnius2016.lt PROGRAMME www.eaavilnius2016.lt PROGRAMME Organisers CONTENTS President Words .................................................................................... 5 Welcome Message ................................................................................ 9 Symbol of the Annual Meeting .............................................................. 13 Commitees of EAA Vilnius 2016 ............................................................ 14 Sponsors and Partners European Association of Archaeologists................................................ 15 GENERAL PROGRAMME Opening Ceremony and Welcome Reception ................................. 27 General Programme for the EAA Vilnius 2016 Meeting.................... 30 Annual Membership Business Meeting Agenda ............................. 33 Opening Ceremony of the Archaelogical Exhibition ....................... 35 Special Offers ............................................................................... 36 Excursions Programme ................................................................. 43 Visiting Vilnius ............................................................................... 57 Venue Maps .................................................................................. 64 Exhibition ...................................................................................... 80 Exhibitors ...................................................................................... 82 Poster Presentations and Programme ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania After the 1990S: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting 161
    Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania after the 1990s: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting 161 Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania after the 1990s: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting Justina Poškienė Abstract The paper seeks to present developments in the state system of archaeological heritage protection in Lithu- ania after the 1990s. National legislation was essentially modified twice: in 1994 and in 2004. As- pects of defining (inventarisation, assessment and listing in the national Register of Cultural Properties), protecting (requirements for archaeological heritage protection, regulations on archaeological excavations’ procedures) and the interpreting of archaeological heritage (preservation of archaeological remains in situ) are under consideration. Keywords: archaeological heritage, assessment, archaeological excavations, in situ. Santrauka Straipsnyje pristatomas Lietuvos archeologinis paveldas bei apžvelgiama valstybinė archeologinio paveldo apsaugos sistema po 1990 metų. Teisinis paveldo apsaugos reglamentavimas iš esmės keitėsi 1994 ir 2004 metais. Straipsnyje aptariami šie archeologinio paveldo apsaugos aspektai: apskaita (archeologinio paveldo vertinimas, įrašymas į Kultūros vertybių registrą, archeologinių objektų paveldosauginis statusas), ap- sauga (reikalavimai archeologiniams tyrimams, ardomųjų archeologinių tyrimų apimtys, archeologinių tyrimų kontrolės sistema) ir archeologinio paveldo interpretacija (archeologinio paveldo apsauga in situ). Recent_developments_FINAL.indd 161 9.1.2017 12:41:33 162 Justina Poškienė
    [Show full text]
  • National Reports 2005-2010
    REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1954 HAGUE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE EVENT OF ARMED CONFLICT AND ITS TWO (1954 AND 1999) PROTOCOLS 2005 – 2010 2 CONTENTS Page Introduction 3 I. Historical Background 4 II. Secretariat’s Activities with respect to the implementation of the Convention and its two (1954 and 1999) Protocols (2005 – 2010) 5 III. Cooperation with International Institutions 13 III. (i) Cooperation with the United Nations and NATO 13 III. (ii) Cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 14 IV. Specific Country Activities 19 V. Customary Humanitarian International Law (ICRC Study) 23 VI. List of Issues used for the Preparation of National Reports 24 VII. Summary of National Reports 26 VII. (i) National Reports on the Implementation of the Convention, the 1954 (First) Protocol and Resolution II of the Hague Conference 26 VII. (ii) National Reports on the Implementation of the 1999 Second Protocol 98 Annex I: The Danish National Report on the Implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention 122 Annex II: Reports on the Implementation of the Second Protocol submitted by States not party to the Second Protocol 124 3 INTRODUCTION Article 26, paragraph 2, of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, adopted at The Hague in 1954 (hereafter “Convention”), stipulates that at least every four years the High Contracting Parties “shall forward to the Director-General a report giving whatever information they think suitable concerning any measures being taken, prepared or contemplated by their respective administrations in fulfilment of the present Convention and of the Regulations for its execution”.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TREASURY of SACRAL HERITAGE of TRAKAI REGION 1 2 TRAKAI BASILICA of the VISITATION of the BLESSED VIRGIN MARY GPS: 54°38’34”N 24°56’03”E Address: Birutės Str
    THE TREASURY OF SACRAL HERITAGE OF TRAKAI REGION 1 2 TRAKAI BASILICA OF THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY GPS: 54°38’34”N 24°56’03”E Address: Birutės str. 5, Trakai town, Trakai eldership, Trakai district municipality On the map E2 The Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin the 17th century people began applying votes to Mary stands in Trakai peninsula surrounded by the image as thanks for graces received. It is es- lakes. This church that equals Trakai Island Castle timated that today there are over 400 votes! This in terms of size and grandeur, was consecrated as first gold crowned painting was given the title a basilica in 2017 (there are 8 basilicas in Lithuania Protector of the Sick. Interestingly, the painting is altogether). revered by Catholic, Orthodox, and Muslim com- munities alike. Special criteria of Domus Ecclesiae, a decree of Divine Worship and Liturgy, were used in the pro- The church founded by Grand Duke Vytautas in cess of granting the very honourable title of basil- the 15th century has an irregular shaped form ica. The criteria are applied both for the building with harmoniously intertwined gothic and ba- itself and the living Church – for those who pray roque features. Fresco fragments in the walls of there. The exclusive historical importance of the the church recall the Byzantine-era style. church for the region and the country were ac- The Basilica is a treasure trove of sacred and fine knowledged, as was the solemnity of the building art – there are easel paintings, memorial monu- and religious community’s dissemination of faith ments, various relics, wine glasses, 18th-century and love.
    [Show full text]
  • Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art
    Newsletter No.5 For everyone interested in improving the accessibility of cultural heritage and tourism development Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art Trakai History Museum was founded in 1948, in a natural scenery spot and the most famous complex of Lithuanian defensive architecture - in Island and Peninsula Castles. More than 290 thousand exhibits have been collected over 60 years of museum’s activities. The administration of the museum is located in the territory of Trakai Peninsula Castle, in the renovated building of former Dominican monastery. The first Dominican monks came to Trakai in the 17th century as some land in the territory of Trakai Peninsula Castle was granted to them. In 1799, the construction of the church was started. The construction was not finished due to the turmoil in the country and the church was abandoned until 1820. When L. Glovickis became the prior of the monastery, the naves of the church were rebuilt: the southern - into the monastery with cells, the northern - into the chapel. In 1822, the chapel was consecrated in the name of Saint Archangel Michael. In 1823 a monastery with eleven cells, a sacristy, a dining room and a kitchen was opened. There was a school near the monastery. Trakai Dominican monastery was closed after the 1863-1864 uprising. During the Soviet era the building was given to the KGB and militia and it was used for the imprisonment of political prisoners. In 1986, the architectural complex of Trakai Peninsula Castle and Dominican monastery was transferred to Trakai History Museum. Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art Address: Kestucio str.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 3 Anyksciai Ignalina Trakai Zarasai Kaunas Vilnius
    Lithuania Catalogue of health resorts and SPA Centres Refreshment for everyone! Anykščiai Anykščiai 062 063 Bicycle paths Anykščiai – Puntukas (5 km). The beautiful countryside as well as the abundance of objects of cultural heritage are the main points of attraction on this route. Anykščiai – Niūronys (6 km). This bicycle path crosses Anykščiai Regional Park Concert Halls Chamber Arts Centre in Anykščiai Chapel Vilniaus St. 36, Anykščiai Phone: + 370 381 54 432 Anykščių Culture Centre A. Baranausko Ave. 2, Anykščiai Phone: + 370 381 52 096 www.anyksciu-k-c.lt/ Parks Anykščiai Regional Park The total area in the Anykščiai Regional Park is 15 459 ha. 1 natural reserve, 4 landscape, 4 geomorphological, 3 botanical, 1 swamp, 1 urban, and 1 landscape architectural reserves have been established in Anykščiai Regional Park in order to pre- serve its natural and cultural value. www.anyksciuparkas.lt Anykščiai: The Dream of Poets and Romantics The Forest of Anykščiai. The legendary Stone of Puntukas rises in the place made famous by the poem “The Forest of In Anykščiai, you will be charmed by the blue eyes of lakes, Anykščiai” (“Anykščių Šilelis”) written by Antanas Baranauskas. and refreshed by the fresh air of Anykščiai Forest. It is no wonder water reservoirs, that this town is called the cradle of Lithuanian literature, being Troškūnai Arboretum. Here you will find many works of folk the birthplace of three giants of Lithuanian literature: Antanas forests, artists installed in the midst of vegetation. Baranauskas, Antanas Žukauskas-Vienuolis, and Jonas Biliūnas. fresh air. www.amu.lt Other writers, poets, artists, and scientists grew up in their shadow.
    [Show full text]
  • KAUNAS CASTLE in the 14Th Century, a Stone Castle Was Built at the Confluence of the Nemunas and Neris Rivers to Resist Crusaders’ Attacks
    KAUNAS CASTLE In the 14th century, a stone castle was built at the confluence of the Nemunas and Neris rivers to resist Crusaders’ attacks. It was the first stone castle in Lithuania which played a significant role in the city's defence system. Kaunas Castle is a Gothic building with two rows of protective walls and is the only castle of this type in Lithuania. A settlement started forming around the castle, growing into the present-day city. RAUDONDVARIS CASTLE Approximately 9 km away from Kaunas on both sides of the highway to Jurbarkas a beautiful town of Raudondvaris welcomes you. The architectural ensemble of the town is located on the upper terrace of the river Nevėžis valley. The Raudondvaris Manor complex consists of the castle, subsidiary builings, an orangery and the stables. All the buildings are surrounded by a park. Various concerts, festivals, exhibitions and other events take place here today. BELVEDERIS MANOR Belvederis Manor is a gem of Italian Renaissance architecture from the 19th century, a villa-style structure designed by Pietro de Rosi. The unique harmony between the natural environment and the exceptional architecture gave the estate its name; Belvedere means beautiful view in Italian. The vivid beauty of the manor and park are emphasised by a unique series of 365 steps that, according to the fancy of the designers, take you from the palace to the banks of the Nemunas. VELIUONA MANOR Veliuona Manor is a fine example of Neo-Classical wooden architecture dating back to the 19th century. Two hundred years of tumultuous history have barely touched the exterior.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanian Tourism Product Manual 2007
    Lithuanian Tourism Product Manual 2007 LITHUANIAN STATE DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM 2006 CONTENTS BASIC DATA..................................................................................... 3 ALYTUS COUNTY......................................................................52 USEFUL.INFORMATION................................................................. 3 ALYTUS.TOWN.AND.DISTRICT................................................52 TRANSPORT..................................................................................... 4 VArėNA District......................................................................53 BY.AIR............................................................................................... 4 DRUSKININKAI.RESORT...........................................................54 BY.SEA............................................................................................... 5 LAZDIJAI.DISTRICT....................................................................56 LOCAL.FERRIES.............................................................................. 5 VArėNA District......................................................................57 BY.CAR.............................................................................................. 5 UTENA COUNTY........................................................................59 BY.COACH........................................................................................ 5 UTENA.DISTRICT........................................................................59
    [Show full text]
  • Lietuvos Muziejų Rinkiniai
    2016 Nr. 15 LIETUVOS MUZIEJŲ RINKINIAI XIX mokslinė konferencija DVARŲ KULTŪRA LIETUVOS MUZIEJUOSE ŽEMAIČIŲ DAILĖS MUZIEJUS LIETUVOS MUZIEJŲ ASOCIACIJA RINKINIŲ MOKSLINIO TYRIMO SEKCIJA ASSOCIATION OF LITHUANIAN MUSEUMS SECTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF COLLECTIONS LIETUVOS MUZIEJŲ RINKINIAI XIX mokslinė konferencija DVARŲ KULTŪRA LIETUVOS MUZIEJUOSE * * * COLLECTIONS OF LITHUANIAN MUSEUMS The 19th Scientific Conference MANOR CULTURE IN THE MUSEUMS OF LITHUANIA ŽEMAIČIŲ DAILĖS MUZIEJUS, 2016 M. BALANDŽIO 21 D. SAMOGITIAN ART MUSEUM, 21 APRIL, 2016 ISSN 1822-0657 Konferencijos organizacinis komitetas, leidinio redakcinė kolegija: Dalius Avižinis, Nacionalinis muziejus Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmai Dainius Elertas, Lietuvos jūrų muziejus Zita Pikelytė, Panevežio kraštotyros muziejus Virginija Šiukščienė, Šiaulių „Aušros“ muziejus Dalia Tarandaitė, Lietuvos dailės muziejus Sudarytojai Dalius Avižinis, Dainius Elertas Recenzentai doc. dr. Vacys Vaivada, dr. Jolanta Skurdauskienė Konferencijos ir leidinio rėmėjai: Viršeliuose: pirmajame – Žemaičių dailės muziejus, fot. Jūratė Motužienė; ketvirtajame – Alantos dvaro rūmų kavos ir arbatos salonas XIX a. su angliškais klubiniais baldais, nuotrauka iš Alicijos Pac-Pomarnackos archyvo. © Lietuvos muziejų asociacija, 2016 TURINyS / CONTENTS PRATARMĖ...................................................................................................................................5 PREFACE LIETUVOS DVARŲ PRAEITIES TYRIMAI RESEARCH OF LITHUANIAN MANORS’ PAST Ugnius Budvydas. Trakų
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORIOGRAPHY, SEARCH for DEFINITIONS, RESEARCH MODEL Vytautas Volungevičius
    LITHUANIAN historical STUDIES 17 2012 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 1–38 THE CASTLE IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA: HISTORIOGRAPHY, SEARCH FOR DEFINITIONS, RESEARCH MODEL Vytautas Volungevičius ABSTRACT This article aims to reinterpret the castle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the same time as evaluating the state of historiography and trends in terminology used in historical sources. Historiographical problems are defined from a comparative perspective. The author empha- sises interpretational issues which refer to the word ‘castle’ in different languages used in different sources. The newly formulated definition of the castle as a changing historical phenomenon expands the concept of the castle. This signifies that the castle was not a static subject. The castle is therefore perceived as an integral part of the historical social reality. This idea is based on certain material and socio-political assumptions. In theory, the castle is understood as an object of structures and social history, research into which should embrace different aspects of social reality: judicial, military-defensive, political-representational, economic- household. The proposed quaternary model of the research (1. The castle and its internal structure; 2. The castle and its external structure; 3. The particularity of the castles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; 4. The disper- sion of castles in the territory of the state) presupposes the multi-layered perspective of the phenomenon of the castle, which guides from fact to process, from object to structure. The article states that the castle as a long time phenomenon cannot be perceived and interpreted separately from simultaneous socio-political circumstances which were formed by the local society.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanian State Department of Tourism Under the Ministry of Economy
    EN Cultural holidays in Lithuanian State Department of Tourism under The Ministry of Economy Gedimino Ave 38, LT-01104 Vilnius, Lithuania Lithuania Tel. + 370 706 64 976, fax: +370 706 64 988, e-mail: [email protected] www.tourism.lt www.Lithuania.travel Published by PLC “VIP Viešosios informacijos partneriai“ Cover photos: photographer Monika Požerskytė. Pictures by M. Požerskytė, R. Anusauskas, K. Kantautas, M. Kaminskas, N. Skrudupaitė, K. Stalnionytė, K. Driskius, V. Kirilovas, D. Vitkauskaitė, V. Aukštaitis, A. Žygavičius, L. Ciūnys, L. Medelis, A. Žebrauskas, R. Eitkevičius, L. Druknerytė, Ž. Biržietytė, G. Lukoševičius. Copywriters: Aušrinė Šėmienė, Kristina Stalnionytė. Editors: Mark Richard Fearon, Jeffrey Clarke. Design and Publishing PLC KOPA Travel round cultural sites Not for sale. Tourismus-Informations zentren in Litauen Alytus TIC Kaunas Region TIC Pasvalys TIC Samogitia TIC Rotušės Sq 14A, LT-62141 Alytus Laisvės Sq 36, LT-44240 Kaunas P. Avižonio St 6, LT-39149 Pasvalys Turgaus Sq 21/Sinagogos 2A Tel. +370 315 52010 Tel. +370 37 323 436 Tel. +370 451 34096 LT-87122 Telšiai E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +370 444 53010 www.alytus-tourism.lt www.kaunastic.lt www.pasvaliomuziejus.lt E-mail: [email protected] BELARUS www.telsiaitic.lt 34 - 35 Anykščiai TIC TIC by JSC “Mūsų odisėja“ Culture and Tourism Department Gegužės St 1, LT-29106 Anykščiai M. Valančiaus St 19, LT-44275 Kaunas of the Administration of the Šiauliai District TBIC LATVIA Tel. +370 381 59177 Tel. +370 37 207879 Skuodas District Municipality J. Basanavičiaus St 7, 81156 Kuršėnai E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Gedimino St 1, LT-98124 Skuodas Tel.
    [Show full text]