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Further Morphological Evidence for Separating Mukia Arn. from Cucumis L

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Further Morphological Evidence for Separating Mukia Arn. from Cucumis L BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 20, Number 1, January 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 211-217 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200124 Short Communication: Further morphological evidence for separating Mukia Arn. from Cucumis L. MENTARI PUTRI PRATAMI1, TATIK CHIKMAWATI2,, RUGAYAH3 1 Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Raya Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Raya Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia. Tel./Fax.: +62-251-8622833, email: [email protected] 3Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Biology Research Center, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16611, West Java, Indonesia Manuscript received: 25 October 2018. Revision accepted: 19 December 2018. Abstract. Pratami, MP Chikmawati T, Rugayah. 2019. Short Communication: Further morphological evidence for separating Mukia Arn. from Cucumis L.. Biodiversitas 20: 211-217. Mukia Arn. is closely related to Cucumis L. based on molecular data, nevertheless, they have high morphological differences resulting in different opinion on taxonomical status of the two genera. Mukia Arn. has many similarities in pollen and leaf anatomical characters to Cucumis L., but both genera differ in seven seed characters, i.e color, shape, size, surface pattern, seed edge, transverse section at seed neck, and the markings of the inner seed coat surface. So, based on seed characteristics, Mukia Arn. is separated from Cucumis L. Keywords: Cucurbitaceae, leaf anatomy, Malesia, pollen, taxonomic status INTRODUCTION into two subfamilies. Subfamily Nhandiroboideae representing a single tribe Zanonieae (Zanonioideae) and Mukia Arn. and Cucumis L. are closely related subfamily Cucurbitoideae is subdivided into ten tribes viz., phylogenetically, and based on molecular data of nuclear 1. Joliffieae (Subtribe Telfairiinae, Thladianthinae), 2. and plastid DNA, Mukia Arn. was nested into Cucumis L. Bryonieae, 3. Trichosantheae Subtribe Ampelosicyinae, (Renner et al. 2007, Schaefer 2007). In their opinion, de Hodgsoniinae, Trichosanthinae), 4. Herpetospermeae, 5. Wilde and Duyfjes (2010) treated Mukia Arn. and Cucumis Schizopeponeae, 6. Tribe Luffeae, 7. Sicyeae, (Subtribe L. as different genera, based on morphological characters Cyclantherinae, Sicyinae), 8. Coniandreae, 9. Benincaseae especially male flowers (sepals, petals, thecae, and (Subtribe Benincasinae), 10. Cucurbiteae. Cucurbitaceae connective); female flowers (stigma); fruit (size and pollen are classified into 3 types, Cucumis melo type, ripening color); seeds (color, and shape). Mukia Arn. has Momordica charantia type, dan Solena amplexicaulis type sepal minute long triangular or linear, petals elliptic or (Perveen and Qaiser 2008). obovate, thecae lateral and straight, connective narrow The characteristics of leaf anatomy can also be used to hairy, 1-6 fascicled flowers, stigma 3 elongate or carnose solve taxonomic problems. Anatomical data are useful for or papillose lobes; red mature fruit; cream to brown seed characterizing, revealing plant evolution and genetic color; and ovoid, ovate-obovate, and obovate seed shape. relationships among species since they are less affected by However, Cucumis L. has linear sepal, petal with entire the environment. The previous study showed that the margin, sinuate thecae 3 plicate/5-shaped, connective anatomical characteristics of fruit stalks and tendrils can be considerably produced, solitary flowers, stigma 3 lobulate used to distinguish among species within Cucurbitaceae lobes; green, yellow or orange mature fruit; whitish, yellow (Ekeke et al. 2015). Variations of stomatal types among or cream seed color, and oblanceolate seed shape (de Wilde some Cucurbitaceae members are paracytic, diacytic, and Duyfjes 2010). In our study of the two genera (Pratami anisocytic, actinocytic, syclocytic, and staurocytic 2018), we found further differences in seed morphology (Abdulrahaman et al. 2011). The stomata type and variation which we consider important in clarifying the taxonomic in a stomatal index can be used to distinguish among status of Mukia Arn. and Cucumis L. In the following, the species within Cucurbitaceae (Jibril and Bello 2016). The result of this study will be elaborated. aim of this study was to review the taxonomy status of the Pollen evidence has been used to reveal many plant two genera Mukia Arn. and Cucumis L. based on taxonomic problems. The data are usually used to identify morphology of seed, pollen characteristics, and leaf doubtful taxon, rearrange, merge, and separate taxa as well anatomy. as reinforcement of other evidence (Davis and Heywood 1973). Jeffrey (2005) divided the family Cucurbitaceae 212 BIODIVERSITAS 20 (1): 211-217, January 2019 MATERIALS AND METHODS as well as the transverse section at the seed neck, and the markings of the inner seed coat surface (Table 1). Mukia Area study Arn. seed has cream-brown color, ovate to broad-ovate As many as 282 specimens representing five species shape, smaller size (4.27-6.6 x 3.06-4.47 mm) and grooved (M. javanica (Miq) C. Jeffrey, M. maderaspatana (L.) edge. Mukia javanica (Miq) C. Jeffrey has ovate shape and M.Roem., M. rumphiana (Scheff.) W.J. de Wilde & slightly flat to concave with slightly rough surface borders Duyfjes, C. melo L., and C. sativus L.), have been collected by a series small cavity, two grooved, and narrow ridge, in some areas of Malesia (Java, Madura, West Nusa whereas the other two M. maderspatana (L.) M.Roem. and Tenggara, Mollucas, and Kalimantan) from January to M. rumphiana (Scheff.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes have December 2017. The observations of seed morphological broad ovate shape, papillae texture, two grooved, and no characteristics of Mukia Arn. and Cucumis L. were ridge. However, the seed of Cucumis L. is yellow-cream observed following Abid et al. (2015) and were carried out (in C. melo L.) to white-cream (in C. sativus L.), at the Plant Resource Laboratory, Department of Biology, oblanceolate shape, bigger size (9.9-11.89 x 3.79-4.85 mm) Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor and one grooved edge. In Cucumis L., however, the two Agricultural University, Indonesia and Herbarium species have similar seed characters, except in its color and Bogoriense (BO), Research Center for Biology, Cibinong, surface pattern. Bogor, Indonesia. The observation of leaf anatomy was Transverse section as seed neck of Mukia javanica carried out at the Ecology and Plant Resource Laboratory, (Miq) C. Jeffrey is a narrow ridge, but the other species are Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and not ridge. Mukia javanica (Miq) C. Jeffrey, Mukia Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem., and Mukia rumphiana Indonesia. The observation of pollen morphology was (Scheff.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes have polygonal inner conducted at the Zoology Laboratory, Research Center for seed surface, but Cucumis melo L. reticulate, and Cucumis Biology, Bogor, Indonesia. sativus L. has straight inner surface seed coat marking (Figure 1). Observations of seed morphology, pollen According to Abid et al. (2015), Cucumis melo L. and characteristics, and leaf anatomy C. sativus L. can be further distinguished from M. The seed morphological characteristics of Mukia Arn. maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. and three other species, and Cucumis L. observed were the color, shape, size, Corallocarpus epigaeus L., C. shimperi (Naudin) Hook.f., surface pattern, the edge of seed, the shape of seed Cucumis prophetarum L. by having different shape and transversal section, and inner seed surface (Abid et al. surface patterns of seed. Thus, morphological 2015). characteristics of seed can be used to delimit a taxon and Pollen grains of Mukia Arn. and Cucumis L. were estimate its phylogenetic relationships. Seed morphological examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). data have also been used to assess the phylogenetic Pollen was prepared by drying some flowers using freeze- relationship among different taxa, and the seed characters drying following Pathan et al. (2010). Parameters observed were well correlated with morphological and palynological were unity, polarity, symmetry, aperture type, and exine data. Previously, the seed morphology could also be used ornamentation (Erdtman 1952). to distinguish among species of Trichosanthes L. Five leaf blades of each observed species were (Cucurbitaceae) (Rugayah 1999). examined to describe their anatomical characters of The previous study reported that seed morphology was paradermal and transverse sections. The paradermal helpful in distinguishing various species and could be used sections were prepared following Sass (1951) with to confirm the tribe and subtribe classifications. Seed modification, while leaf transverse sections were prepared character analysis also offered many useful data for using paraffin method (Johansen 1940). evaluating the taxonomy of Cucurbitaceae on both intrageneric and tribal levels (Heneidak 2014). The result Data analyses indicated that seed morphology of Mukia Arn. and Seed morphology, pollen, and leaf anatomy data were Cucumis L. have different characters and can be used to analyzed descriptively and arranged in matrix data and distinguish the two genera. scored as binary data, then analyzed based on simple matching similarity coefficient, and a dendrogram was Pollen grains of Mukia Arn. and Cucumis
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