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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19586-7 - The Rise of Global Powers: International Politics in the Era of the World Wars By Anthony D'Agostino Index More information

INDEX

Abd-el-Krim, 216 Amritsar Massacre, 153, 173 Abdul Hamid, Sultan of the Ottoman Amsterdam, 223 Empire, 38, 42, 53, 54, 55, 56, 83, Amur River, 343, 384 142, 148 anarchism, 10, 18, 49, 96, 331 Abyssinia (Ethiopia), 49, 172, 303, 304, Anatolia, 38, 137, 139, 140, 141, 148, 305, 358 149, 216 Achnacarry Agreement (1927), 203 Andalusia, 316 Addis Ababa, 288, 301, 418 Angell, Norman, 250, 252, 253, 266, 322 Aden, 11, 12, 402, 403 Anglo-American Entente, 5 Aehrenthal, Alois, 55, 64 Anglo-French Entente, 5, 84, 94, 136, 175, Afghanistan, 9, 51, 52, 153, 163, 181, 196, 176, 352 308, 310, 338 Anglo-German Naval Pact (1935), 229, Albania, 64, 65, 66, 87, 137, 172, 238, 235, 296, 298, 301, 309, 327, 336, 380, 412 339, 350, 354, 357, 371, 373, 377 Albertini, Luigi, 88 Anglo-German naval race, 57–8 Alekseev, Mikhail, General, 100 Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 5, 41, 43, 45, 58, Aleutian Islands, 345 76, 155, 157, 161, 291, 292, 303, 342 Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 82, 150 174, 287 see also British Petroleum Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 1 Anglo-Russian entente (1907), 51, 55, 69, Algeciras, Conference of (1906), 47, 51 484 Algeria, 216, 405, 454, 476 Anglo-Soviet Trade Pact (1921), 202, 210, Algiers, 9, 16, 456 330 Allenby, Sir Edmund, General, 98 Angola, 20, 351, 352 Alphonso, King of Spain, 315 Anschluss, 123, 137, 230, 275, 351, 356, Alsace-Lorraine, 17, 20, 94, 106, 358, 359, 361, 368 119, 193 see also Austria Alto Adige, 173, 358 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 339, Ambris, Alceste de, 167 340, 346, 350, 355, 357, 361, 375, Amery, Leo, 91, 145, 152, 158, 202, 345, 378, 412, 433, 435, 416, 486 436, 446 Amo¯ , Eijiro, 296, 335 Antonescu, Ion, Marshal, 411 Amo¯ (Amau) Doctrine, 255, 296, 335, appeasement, 3, 209, 292, 306, 324, 348, 336, 337 352, 356, 364, 366, 370, 372, 375,

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19586-7 - The Rise of Global Powers: International Politics in the Era of the World Wars By Anthony D'Agostino Index More information

538 / Index

377, 379, 380, 382, 391, 392, 393, balance of power, 2, 3–4, 8, 21, 68, 78, 88, 432, 434, 457, 468, 472 114, 116, 146, 153, 189, 262, 306, Arab nationalism, 83, 140, 216, 308, 369, 398, 423, 469, 472, 492 300, 418 Baldwin, Stanley, 160, 189, 193, 210, 284, Archangel, 102, 103, 452 294, 298, 299, 301, Argentina, 12, 16, 27, 114, 249, 489 321, 368 Armenia, 53, 91, 100, 140, 141, Balearic Islands, 316, 318, 351 142, 149 Balfour, Arthur, 84, 98, 137, 178 Dashnak Party, 142 Balfour Note, 84, 217 Armistice (1918), 81, 106, 107, 110, 111, Balkan crisis, 5, 76 112, 119, 124, 127, 129, 131, 134, Balkan League, 62, 63, 64, 65 136, 147, 178, 179, 190, 251, 266, Balkan Pact (1934), 310 399, 462 Balkan wars (1912–13), 65, 66, 76, Arnold, Henry H., General, 462 417, 484 Arnold, Truman, 311 Balkans, 18, 48, 53, 62, 63, 65, 69, 74, 76, Asquith, Herbert Henry, 88 79, 89, 92, 140, 194, 275, 348, 388, Asturias, 315, 316 402, 412, 413, 415, 417, 419, 465, Atatürk, see Kemal, Mustafa 484, 486 Atlantic Charter, 445 Ballin, Albert, 60 Attlee, Clement, 89, 367, 376, 483, 486, Balodis, Francis, 285 487 Baltic states, 55, 132, 194, 284, 285, 297, Australia, 12, 16, 81, 85, 118, 149, 152, 381, 387, 396, 410, 411, 431, 452 225, 239, 291, 353, 365, 371, 385, Banat of Temešvar, 87, 125, 417 403, 439, 449, 450, 454 Barcelona, 318 Austria, 23, 23, 42, 55, 69, Barrès, Maurice, 32 231, 360 Barrie, J. M., 91 Austrian Nazi Party, 285, 286 Barthou, Louis, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, Creditanstalt, 230, 266 303, 327, 328 Heimwehr (Home Force), 285, Basra, 38, 82, 419 285, 358 Baumont, Maurice, 306 Social Democratic Party, 127, Bavaria, 127, 186, 187 187, 285 Beard, Charles, 304 see also Anschluss Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, Austria-Hungary, 22, 66, 115, 194, 235, Lord, 299, 431 425, 467 Beck, Józef, 275, 277, 287, 359, 415 European relations before 1914, Beck, Ludwig, General, 350, 364 22–4 Beijing, 36, 40, 71, 197, 203, 234, 343, Azerbaijan, 142 385 Azores Islands, 93, 412, 440 Belarus, see White Ruthenia Belgium, 18, 20, 80, 119, 201, 228, 230, Bad Godesberg, 363 249, 253, 265, 279, 310, 401, 420 Bagehot, Walter, 221, 222 Belgrade, 62, 79 Baghdad, 82, 98, 140, Beloff, Max, 483 158, 419 Belorussia (Belarus), see White Ruthenia Bahamas, 11 Beneš, Edvard, 277, 363, 466, 475, 482 Bahrain, 83, 292 Berchtesgaden, 363, 375 Bainville, Jacques, 278 Berchtold, Leopold von, Count, 64 Baku, 101, 141, 397, 401, 451 Beria, Lavrenti, 410 Bakunin, Mikhail A., 183 Berkman, Alexander, 96

539 / Index

Berle, A. A., 378, 439 Bosnia, 24, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 65, 76, 79 Berlin Conference (1885), 80 Botha, Louis, 80 Berlin-to-Baghdad Railway, 9, 19, 38, 39, Bowers, Claude, 319 52, 56, 68, 74, 76, 151 Brandler, Heinrich, 183, 185, 198, 199 Bermuda, 11, 408 Braudel, Fernand, 4, 5, 6, 36 Berne, 123 Brazil, 11, 28, 350, 378, 449, 488 Bessarabia, 229, 381, 395, 410 Bremen, 106 Bessonov, Sergei, 297, 298, 332, 373 Brenner Pass, 166, 286, 287, 289, 295, Bethlen, Istvan, 128 295, 347, 358, 359, 368 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 66, 93 Brest, 103, 135 Bettleheim, Ernst, 127 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 98, Bevin, Ernest, 322, 486, 487, 488 99–100, 101, 102, 106, 262, 383, Biddle, Drexel, 276 394, 420 Big Four, 116, 139, 426, 473, 484 Bretton Woods Conference (1944), 265, Big Three, 139, 426, 461, 464, 472 267, 314, 315, 476, 489, 490 Birkenhead, Frederick Winston Furneux Brezhnev, Leonid, 426 Smith, Lord, 202 Briand, Aristide, 62, 160, 175, 193, 195, Bismarck, Otto von, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 67, 219, 224, 228, 230 89, 94, 184, 190, 194, 247, 261, 262, Britain, 1, 45, 56, 57, 67, 79, 114, 137, 263, 301, 309, 351, 369, 375, 406, 145, 153, 156, 165, 205, 218, 225, 419, 427, 472, 492 266, 272, 293, 336, 347, 366, 371, Bissolati, Leonida, 89 380, 410, 418, 429, 452, 470, 489, Blanqui, Auguste, 167 492 Blatchford, Robert, 19 Arcos Trading Mission, 210 Blomberg, Werner von, General, 350, 351, Bank of England, 201, 220, 221, 231 359 British Navy League, 30 Blum, Léon, 312, 313, 317, 322, 353 British Union of Fascists, 254 Bochen´ski, Adolf, 276 Committee for Imperial Defence, 290, 294 Bock, Fedor von, General, 451 Commonwealth, 249 Boer War, 14, 21, 80, 123 Conservative Party, 149, 199, 200, 202, Boers, 10, 11, 14, 20, 33, 53, 80 203, 232, 253, 298, 299, 301, 368, Bohemia, 88, 122, 366 376, 379 Bolivia, 249 Corn Laws, 12 Bolshevism, 71, 78, 100, 109, 110, 112, Defense Requirements Committee, 290, 116, 130, 133, 134, 140, 141, 181, 290 190, 198, 252, 263, 307, 311, 322, Dominions, 91, 117, 118, 119, 143, 331, 348, 354, 365, 384, 403, 422, 149, 153, 157, 161, 193, 225, 291, 424 292, 300, 352, 365, 405 Bombay, 158 Empire, British, 11–15, 23, 68, 74, 78, Bon, Gustave le, 32 91, 143, 146, 215, 252, 254, 290, Bonnet, Georges, 363 292, 292, 310, 343, 376, 382, 385, Bonomi, Ivanoe, 170 406, 410, 413, 417, 421, 439, 441, Boothby, Robert, 202 447, 449, 453, 458, 470, 474, 483, Borah, William, 397 486, 487, 488, 492 Bordiga, Amadeo, 170, 183 General Strike, 201 Boris, Tsar of Bulgaria, 271 Imperial Conference (1937), 352 Borodin, Mikhail, 206, 207, 209, Labour Party, 123, 199, 200, 222, 231, 210, 212 232, 253, 254, 269, 299, 301, 322, Bose, Subhas Chandra, 21, 425 376, 379, 474, 481

540 / Index

Britain (cont.) Canton, 7, 70, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, Liberal Party, 376 212, 213, 386 National Unity Government, 232, 253 Cape-to-Cairo Railway, 9, 20, navy, 28, 37, 73, 74, 132, 143, 158, 486 290, 319 Cardenas, Lazaro, 378 rearmament, 270, 360 Carmona, Antonio, General, 174 Royal Air Force, 158, 293, 407, 415 Carol, King of Romania, 275 Trades Union Congress, 200, Caroline Islands, 81, 118, 155, 485 201, 323 Carpathian Mountains, 371 British Guiana, 31 Carpatho-Ukraine, see Sub-Carpathian British Petroleum, 82 Ruthenia Brooke, Alan, General, 450 Carr, E. H., 367, 464, 470 Brüning, Heinrich, 230, 241, 242, 243, Carranza, Venustiano, 74, 75, 92 244 Carter, Jimmy, 224 Brunschwig, Henri, 17 Casablanca Conference (1943), 456, 461, Brusilov, Alexei, General, 85, 136 462 Brussels, 344, 355 Cassel, Ernest Sir, 60 Bryan, William Jennings, 74, 250 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, 114 Bucard, Marcel, 278 Castro, Cipriano, 72 Budapest, 124, 125, 127, 128, 374 Catalonia, 315 Budënny, Semën, 429 Catholic Church, 16, 170, 171 Bukharin, Nikolai, 100, 181, 183, 199, Catholicism, see Catholic Church 206, 213, 281, 324, 326, 328, 329, Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count, 138, 173, 332, 333, 346, 272, 427 373, 383 Cecil, Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne, Bukovina, 87, 411 Lord, 89, 269, 298 Bulgaria, 23, 24, 53, 55, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, Central Asia, 9, 17, 23, 23, 82, 102, 131, 66, 67, 90, 105, 168, 174, 271, 284, 134, 141, 143, 144, 158, 337, 413, 310, 350, 410, 411, 412, 415, 416, 484, 492 484 Chamberlain, Austen, 172, 193, 194, 195, Bullitt, William, 130, 303, 317, 327, 372, 203, 208, 209, 211, 214, 218, 219, 384, 400, 439 233, 287, 369 Bülow, Bernhard von, 44, 56, 72, 243 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 269 Burma, 12, 26, 36, 443, 450, 478 Chamberlain, Joseph, 19, 39, 253, 369, Burma Road, 386, 435, 437, 449 492 Burmah Oil, 150 Chamberlain, Neville, 290, 294, 324, 342, Burnham, James, 435 343, 345, 352, 353, 354, 360, 363, Bush, George W., 488 368, 370, 376, 378, 381, 385, 388, Bush, Vannevar, 458 409, 426, 433, 468, 490 Chang Hsueh-liang, 211, 234, 239, 281, Caballero, Francisco Largo, 315 341 Calcutta, 158 Chang Tso-lin, 207, 211, 214, Cambon, Paul, 107 234, 341 Cameroon (Kamerun), 20, 80, 353, 404 Charykov, Nikolai, 62 Canada, 11, 12, 13, 16, 23, 85, 118, 157, Chatﬁeld, Ernle, First Sea Lord, 294 225, 291, 365, 371, 408, 409, 440, Chen, Eugene, 208 466 Chen Tu-hsiu, 212, 334 Canary Islands, 412, 440 Chennault, Claire, General, 438, 478 Canning, George, Lord, 27 Chester, Colby M., Admiral, 151

541 / Index

Chesterton, G. K., 467 135, 136, 140, 146, 148, 166, 211, Chiang Kai-shek, 7, 204, 205, 206, 207, 252, 288, 456 209, 210, 212, 217, 234, 236, 334, Clémentel, Étienne, 120 335, 340, 341, 424, Clerk, Sir George, 312 436, 445, 457, 478, 480, Cobden, Richard, 12 481, 484 Cold War, 112, 113, 286, 306, 358, 424, Chicherin, Georgii, 143, 229 466, 469, 471, 473, 476, 481, 482, Chilston, Aretas Akers-Douglas, Viscount, 487, 488, 491 290 Cole, G. D. H., 202 China, 11, 34, 39, 46, 70, 76, 203–6, Communism, 6, 50, 98, 123, 128, 163, 208–10, 212–13, 218, 238, 291, 296, 254, 259, 279, 297, 306, 307, 316, 323, 333–5, 344, 384, 424, 470, 476, 322, 335, 337, 340, 343, 345, 379, 488 398, 425, 470, 471, 473, 476, 487 Boxer Rebellion, 10, 40, 133 Communist International (Comintern), Communist Party, 159, 204, 205, 206, 123, 124, 174, 182, 196, 199, 241, 207, 209, 210, 212, 234, 308, 314, 280, 311, 334, 464 333, 334, 335, 340, 341, 424, 437, Popular Front, 280, 283, 307, 309, 310, 478, 479, 480, 481 311, 313, 318, 321, 326, 328, 333, Empress Dowager, 40, 69 337, 340, 346, 356, 384, 410, 434, Kuomintang, 70, 71, 82, 159, 204, 205, 435, 446 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 214, Conant, James, 458 233, 234, 308, 333, 334, 336, 338, Constantinople, 10, 25, 38, 62, 64, 65, 66, 339, 340, 341, 351, 386, 413, 424, 83, 89, 93, 137, 142, 148 432, 437, 438, 441, 445, 473, 478, see also Istanbul 479, 480, 481, 484, 486 Cooper, Duff, First Lord of the Admiralty, Long March, 212, 335 306, 369, 370, 377 Northern Expedition, 207, 209, 335 Corfu, 172 Popular Front, 333, 340, 341, 342 Corsica, 30, 365, 403 Qing Dynasty (Manchu), 36, 40, 69, 70 Coué, Emile, 195 revolution (1911), 70–1 Cowdray, Weetman Dickinson Pearson, Self-Strengthening Movement, 36 Lord, 73, 74, 150 Whampoa Military Academy, 204, 335 Craigie–Arita Agreement (1939), Chinese Eastern Railway, 37, 70, 204, 234, 386, 437 237, 334, 479 Crete, 9, 10, 53, 89, 138, 139, 405, 417, Chita–Harbin Railway, 234 418, 420 Chou En-lai, 205 Crimea, 17, 100, 131, 135, 381 Churchill, Winston, 61, 67, 81, 91, 129, see also Crimean war 134, 147, 164, 173, 182, 201, 218, Crimean war (1854–6), 16, 23, 25, 29, 87, 224, 236, 263, 284, 306, 323, 352, 113, 138, 145 367, 392, 396, 398, 401, 403, 404, Cripps, Sir Stafford, 322, 420, 452 408, 416, 419, 429, 432, 440, 441, Croatia, 66, 123, 125, 139, 166, 417 445, 448, 450, 455, 456, 460, 463, Ustaši, 287, 288, 310 464, 466, 470, 484 Crowe, Eyre, 138, 143, 148, 293 Ciano, Galeazzo, 322, 357, 359, Cuno, Wilhelm Carl Josef, 179, 180, 182, 374, 411 185, 190, 191, 198, 245 Citrine, Walter, 323 Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord, 91, 132, Clausewitz, Carl Philipp Gottfried von, 79 135, 138, 143, 145, 146, 149, 151, Clemenceau, Georges, 108, 109, 115, 117, 157, 176, 180, 189, 203, 214, 291, 118, 119, 120, 124, 128, 130, 131, 396, 486

542 / Index

Curzon Line, 135, 136, 452, 466 Dirksen, Herbert von, 283, 339, 375 Cyprus, 11, 16, 486 Disraeli, Benjamin, 13, 23, 33, 78, 295, Cyrenaica, 42, 59, 403, 418, 439, 486 309, 369, 449, 472 Czech Legion, 102 Djibouti, 288, 365 Czechoslovakia, 120, 165, 238, Dmowski, Roman, 87, 273, 276 249, 268, 271, 276, 296, Dobruja, 411 351, 361, 374, 376, 461, Dodd, William, 303, 432, 433 466, 474 Dodecanese Islands, 60, 137, 139, 149 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 271, 285, 286, 288, D’Abernon, Edgar Vincent, Lord, 193 310 Dahomey (Benin), 80 Don River, 100, 105, 451 Dakar, 93, 293, 402, 404, 405 Donbass, 427 Daladier, Edouard, 362, 363, 366, 380 Donets River, 451 Dalmatia, 59, 87, 89, 137, 168, Donovan, William, 304 272, 452 Donskoy, Dmitri, 431 Damascus, 83, 140, 142, 147, 418 Doolittle, Jimmy, General, 454 Daniels, Josephus, 155 Doriot, Jacques, 279, 280 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 139, 167, Dostoyevsky, Feodor, 25 171, 173 Douhet, Giulio, 160, 407 Danzig (Gdansk), 7, 147, 225, 229, 273, Dreikaiserbund, 22 281, 352, 353, 354, 360, 366, 367, Dublin, 92 370, 374, 380, 382, 385, 415 Dulles, John Foster, 121 Dardanelles, Straits of, 25, 43, 55, 56, 59, Dunkirk, 419, 483, 486 60, 62, 83, 87, 89, 94, 97, 140, 142, Dunsterville, Lionel Charles, General, 101, 143, 144, 149, 176, 310, 413, 415, 130 452, 486 Durnovo, P. N., 96 Darlan, Jean, Admiral, 418, 455, 456, 461, Durrazzo, 66 462 Dutch, see Netherlands Daudet, Léon, 225, 278 Dutch East Indies, 370, 385, 425, 436, Davis, Norman, 291 444, 450, 484 Dawes, Charles G., 195 Dyer, Reginald, General, 153, 173 Dawes Plan (1924), 151, 188, 191, 192 de Gaulle, Charles, 306, 400, 404, 405, East Africa (Mozambique), 81 419, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 475, East Afrika (Tanzania), 81 476, 477, 478, 480 Eastern Question, see Near Eastern de La Rocque, François, 278, 279, 280 Question de Man, Henrik, 254, 279 Ebert, Friedrich, 186, 187 Deak, Istvan, 128 Eboué, Felix, 404 Déat, Marcel, 254, 279, 312 Eden, Anthony, 284, 288, 295, 297, 299, Debrecen, 125 301, 321, 337, 353, 355, 358, 360, Delbruck, Hans, 21 361, 367, 368, 376, 377, 452, 456, Delcassé, Théophile, 41, 42, 44, 59 459 Denikin, Anton, White General, 105, 130, Edward VII, King of UK, 55 131, 134, 135, 141, 372 Egypt, 11, 12, 42, 59, 72, 82, Denmark, 18, 120, 232, 249, 250, 261, 83, 87, 131, 145, 147, 153, 380, 399 168, 173, 202, 216, 290, 300, Deterding, Henri, 150, 203 305, 357, 402, 403, 417, Diaz, Porﬁrio, 73, 150 418, 419, 425 Dill, Sir John, 417 Wafd Party, 131, 168, 202, 216

543 / Index

Ekaterinburg, 100 194, 230, 264, 268, 273, 278, 295, el-Gailani, Rashid Ali, 418, 419, 425 353, 361, 362, 365, 380, 402, 410, Emerson, Rupert, 485 435, 475 England, see Britain Action Française, 62, 278 Entente Cordiale, 43, 44, 47 Bank of France, 225, 232, 312 Eritrea, 288, 403, 418 Cartel des gauches, 191, 223, 278, 280, Erzberger, Mathias, 106, 178, 186 280, 284 Estonia, 101, 133, 199, 229, 285, 387, Communist Party, 279, 279, 280, 312, 388, 395, 410, 429 397, 459, 460, 461, Ethiopia, 76, 238, 289, 295, 475, 478 299, 300, 308, 309, 310, Cordon Sanitaire, 134, 135, 175, 229, 317, 339, 344, 348, 252, 410 355, 357, 361, 368, 373, 403, 418 Croix de Feu, 278 Eupen-Malmédy, 119, 193, 195 empire, 15–18 European Coal and Steel Community, 120 fascism, 278, 279 European Union (EU), 165, 477 Free French, 403, 404, 405, 418, 419, Evans, Sir Arthur, 9, 88, 89 425, 456, 457 Gaullism, 315, 460, 464, 477, Falkenhayn, Erich von, General, 90 482, 489 Falkland Islands, 27 Maginot line, 274, 365, 373, 382, 397, Farley, James, 239 400, 401 Faruq, King of Egypt, 418, 425 navy, 404 fascism, 50, 78, 163, 171, 235, 254, 259, Popular Front, 265, 288, 312, 316, 317, 284, 304, 306, 307, 314, 318, 337, 323, 333, 351, 366, 461 357, 358, 381, Socialist Party, 279, 280, 312 434, 469 Stavisky riots, 280, 284, 285, 311 Fashoda, 14, 15, 36, 38, 41, 176 syndicalism, 312 Faisal, King of Iraq, 141, 142, 146, 147, Third Republic, 457 148, 216 Union Nationale, 280, 284 Feng Yu-hsiang, 209, 210, 212 union sacrée, 86 Ferdinand, Prince of Bulgaria, 55 Vichy, 279, 288, 397, 402, 404, 405, Ferry, Jules, 17, 33, 36, 204 412, 413, 418, 419, 436, 449, 455, Finland, 93, 101, 133, 229, 286, 381, 387, 456, 457, 458, 485 388, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400, 411, Franco, Francisco, General, 315, 316, 317, 414, 415, 429, 452 318, 319, 320, 323, 330, 331, 332, First World War, see World War I 368, 412 Fischer, Sir John, Admiral, 150 Franco-Prussian War (1870–1), 78, 250 Fischer, Louis, 268 Franco-Russian Alliance, 18, 20, 22, 26, Fischer, Ruth, 183, 198, 199, 206, 210 37, 41, 42, 44, 57, 61, 67, 75, 84, 85, Fisher, Sir Warren, 290, 291 94, 95, 114, 152, 308 Fiume (Rijeka), 89, 119, 139, 166, 171, 172 Franco-Soviet Pact (1935), 229, 297, 309, Foch, Ferdinand, Marshall, 106, 108, 109, 316, 318, 339, 353, 354, 361, 365, 110, 120, 130, 134, 135 377 Formosa (Taiwan), 36, 48 François-Poncet, André, 268, Four Policemen, 472, 483 269, 309 Four Power Pact (1933), 158, 193, 271, Frank, Hans, 321 272, 273, 274, 352, 365 Franklin–Bouillon Pact, 148, 175 France, 26, 29, 44, 107, 117, 136, 154, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 156, 158, 165, 175, 176, 190, 191, 76, 79

544 / Index

Franz Josef II, Emperor of Austria- Kristallnacht, 365, 366, 378 Hungary, 24, 95 Mefo bills, 260 Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, 261 navy, 37, 38, 46, 57, 95, 105, 106, 109, Freemasonry, 171, 263, 316 152, 370, 421 French Equatorial Africa, 59 Nazism, 32, 128, 171, 230, 240, 241, Friedman, Milton, 227 242, 244, 268, 285, 339, 358, 435 Fritsch, Werner von, General, 350, 351, Night of the Long Knives, 286 359 rearmament, 248, 261, 287, 289 Froude, James, 13, 14, 423 Reichsbank, 191, 220, 231, 242, 349 Fusan (Pusan), 43 Reichstag, 61, 241 Reichswehr, 179, 186, 244, 281, Gabon, 16, 404 287, 298 Galicia, 90, 97, 134 Rentenmark, 188, 191 Gallagher, John, 12, 489 reparations, 35, 36, 120, 121, 122, 154, Gällivare mines, 399 162, 175, 176–80, 182, 191, 192, Gambia, 11, 353 195, 219, 224, 230, 231, 241, 242, Gandhi, Mohandas K., 153, 216, 484 243, 251, 252, 260 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 88 revolution (1918), 106, 108, 109, 127, Geneva Protocol (1924), 161, 172, 193 181, 197, 232 Genoa Conference (1922), 143, 148, 151, Risk Navy, 19, 30, 37, 38, 57, 94, 300 160, 175 Schlieffen Plan, 85 George, Henry, 71 Social Democratic Party, 32, 37, Georgia, 100, 131, 141, 142 53, 61, 95, 109, 110, 115, 123, 125, German Cameroon, 59, 80 180, 183, 185, 188, 199, 240, 241, German–Polish Pact (1934), 276, 278 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 260 German Southwest Africa, 59 Spartacist Rising, 124, 182 Germany, 21–3, 41, 105–7, 115, 185–8, Spartacus League, 110 190, 240–7, 259–64, 303, 464, 467, Sturmabteilung (SA), 244, 246, 286 532 Wehrmacht, 298, 327 Aski marks, 260 Weltpolitik, 21, 37, 72, 73, 94, 483 Bavarian Soviet Republic, 127 West Germany, 476, 477 Beer Hall Putsch, 187, 269 Gibraltar, 11, 13, 230, 316, 319, 402, 412, Berlin transport strike, 171, 180, 245 421, 439, 454 Burgfrieden (civil peace), 86 Gilbert, Parker S., 191 colonies, 80, 87, 105, 117, 118, 138, Gilbert, W. S., 240 155, 261, 263, 360 Giolitti, Giovanni, 87, 137, 170, 171 Communist Party, 127, 183, 184, 185, Giraud, Henri, General, 461 187, 188, 196, 197, Girault, Suzanne, 199 198, 199, 240, 241, 242, Gladstone, William Ewart, 88, 295 244, 245, 247, 260 Glubb, Sir John, “Pasha,” 419 Condor Legion, 317 Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de, 269 empire, 18–21 Goering, Hermann, 173, 281, 349, 350, Flottenverein, 30 359, 362, 374, 406, 407, 411, 415, Four Year Plan, 264, 349 420, 462 Freikorps, 124, 127, 178 gold bloc, 249, 258, 259, 264, 265, 266, German Labor Front, 260 313, 315, 491 Hossbach Conference (1937), 322, Gold Coast (Ghana), 12, 80, 81 350, 353 gold standard, 200, 201, 220, 227, 228, inﬂation, 177, 225 231, 232, 233, 235, 240, 242, 248,

545 / Index

249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 257, 260, Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 265, 266, 267, 311, 313, 350, 476, Lord, 353, 354, 356, 360, 362, 490, 491 364, 365, 366, 370, 374, 375, Goldman, Emma, 96 377, 379, 380, 382, 387, 389, Gömbös, Julius, 128, 271, 275, 285, 310, 452, 468 358 Hamaguchi, Osachi, 236 Gomez da Costa, Manuel de Hamburg, 106, 185, 245 Oliveira, 174 Hamilton, Alexander, 18, 250, 492 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1, 6, 183, 246, 471, Hangö, 396 476, 483 Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers, Gorchakov, Alexander M., 1, 25 Lord, 109 Gouraud, Henri, General, 147 Hankow, 39, 70, 208, 209, 215, 386 Graham, Ronald, 172, 272 Harding, Warren, 149, 154 Gramsci, Antonio, 170, 183 Harriman, Averill, 431, 479 Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, 418 Harriman, E. H., 69 Grave, Jean, 96 Harris, Arthur, 159 Graves, William S., General, 132 Harrison, George L., 226, 232, 349 Great Depression, 2, 215, 217, 220, 227, Hassell, Ulrich von, 357 242, 248, 265 Hatry, Clarence, 227 Great War, see World War I Haushofer, Karl, 262 Greece, 54, 60, 62, 64, 65, 140, 172, 232, Hawaii, 25, 30, 68, 72, 119, 218, 345, 284, 287, 310, 313, 380, 402, 410, 409, 446 412, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, Hawley–Smoot Tariff Act (1930), 227 439, 449, 464, 477, 480, Hayashi, Senju¯ ro¯ , 40, 41, 342 481, 484, 486 Hayek, Friedrich, 228 Communist Party, 476 Hejaz, 38, 217 Grew, Joseph, 435, 439, 445 Helphand, Alexander (Parvus), 93, 95 Grey, Edward, Lord, 47, 54, 56, 60, 61, Helsinki, 396 64, 67, 68, 70, 74, 81, 88, 91, 138, Hemingway, Ernest, 320 294, 363 Henderson, Nevile, 360, 362, 374, 375, Grigoriev, Nikifor, Hetman, 126 380, 389, 420 Groza, Petru, 474 Henlein, Konrad, 358, 361, 362, 363 Guadalcanal, 454 Herriot, Édouard, 191, 193, 273, 295 Guam, 155, 345, 485 Hervé, Gustav, 167 Guderian, Heinz, General, 427, 431 Herzen, Alexander, 167 Guernica, 317 Hess, Rudolph, 420 Guesde, Jules, 167 Hilferding, Rudolf, 222, 241 Gumplowicz, Ludwig, 33 Hindenburg, Paul von, 193, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247 Habsburg Empire, see Hindu Kush, 12, 23, 51, 132, 141 Austria-Hungary see also India Habsburgs, see Austria-Hungary Hintze, Paul von, Admiral, 74 Hacha, Emil, 374 Hiranuma, Kiichiro¯ , 389, 435 Haig, Sir Douglas, General, 90, 98, 108, Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 129, 244 130 Hiroshima, 480 Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 404 Hirota, Kokei, 335, 338 Haiti, 15, 73 Hisaichi, Terauchi, 338 Haldane, Richard Burdon, Lord, 60, 61, Hitler, Adolf, 32, 107, 129, 173, 186, 190, 73, 105, 297, 371 199, 215, 230, 241, 248, 262, 269,

546 / Index

296, 307, 310, 327, 348, 370, 386, Britain, 53, 113, 124, 197, 205, 308, 388, 412, 413, 421, 442, 490, 492 418, 422, 424, 432, 435 Mein Kampf, 187, 262, 268, 269, 322, Dutch, 432 348, 350, 402, 406 Europe, 1, 8–11, 26, 113, 356, 425, 435, Second Book, 406, 412 468 Hitler–Stalin Pact (1939), 6, 229, 283, 297, France, 82, 432, 435 302, 321, 373, 385, 389, 390, 393, Germany, 18, 124, 197, 275 395, 397, 403, 410, 411, 412, 437 informal empire, 12, 13, 15, 27, 153, Hoare, Samuel, 298, 300, 300, 301, 304 159, 489 Hobson, J. A., 12, 49 Italy, 166, 172, 272, 356 Holcombe, Arthur, 485 Japan, 26, 235 Holland, see Netherlands India, 9, 11, 24, 45, 51, 52, 83, 124, 132, Holy Alliance, 114, 117, 172 141, 143, 147, 152, 294, 308, 367, Honduras, 29 369, 381, 398, 419, 424, 443, 447, Hong Kong, 12, 81, 158, 205, 206, 208, 449, 488 342, 345, 458, 472, 484, 485 Indian National Army, 425 Hoover, Herbert, 120, 225, 226, 228, 229, Indochina, 16, 26, 36, 216, 236, 385, 402, 231, 236, 238, 243, 258, 270 404, 435, 436, 437, 444, 457, 458, Hopkins, Harry, 430, 440 475, 484, 485 Horthy, Miklos, Admiral, 128, 174, 269, Inouye, Kaoru, 255 363 Inukai, Tsuyoshi, 255 Hossbach, Friedrich, Colonel, 350 Invergordon mutiny, 232 House, Edward, Colonel, 74, 91, 155, 303 Iran, see Persia Huerta, Victoriano, 73, 74, 75, 92, 150 Iraq, 159, 173, 217, 249, 294, 310, 338, Hugenberg, Alfred, 262 397, 401, 418, 419 Hughes, W. M., 157 Ireland, 92, 147, 153, 219, 249, 405 Hull, Cordell, 258, 303, 313, 314, 336, Iriye, Akira, 337 409, 440, 445, 456, 489, 491 Israel, 475 Hunan, 212, 334 Istria, 89 Hungary, 23, 88, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, Italy, 119, 137–40, 164, 165, 166, 259, 142, 168, 225, 278, 285, 374, 377, 272, 301, 346, 356, 402, 412, 417 410, 411, 412, 415, 416, 417, 452, Abyssinian war (1896), 49, 272 474, 481 Communist Party, 170 Communist Party, 125, 126, 168 Ethiopian war (1935–36), 288, 289, revolution (1919), 124–6, 127–8 295, 298, 301, 303, 303, 304, 309, Social Democratic Party, 125, 128 327, 328, 353, 433 see also Austria-Hungary fascism, 165–71, 172, 200, Hurley, Patrick, 479 300, 435 Husain, Ali bin, King of Jordan, 83, 452 Risorgimento, 51, 138, 172, 173 Socialist Party, 167, 168, 169, Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 83, 217 170, 183 Iceland, 439, 442 Izvolsky, Alexander, 51, 55, 56, 62 Ickes, Harold, 436 imperialism, 8–10, 99, 118, 164, 196, 210, Jamaica, 11, 13, 18, 408 262, 276, 393, 394, 415, 424, 436, Japan, 81, 115, 159, 164, 233, 458, 469, 471, 472, 473, 237, 238, 259, 296, 333, 474, 488 335–7, 338, 342, 385, anti-imperialism, 10, 21, 49, 112, 116, 412, 450, 467 147, 163, 203, 323, 393, 423, 425 Black Dragon Society, 255

547 / Index

Cherry Blossom Society, 236, 255 Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928), 228, 229, empire before 1914, 26–8 235, 236, 237, 271, 303, 342, 343, fascism, 235 344, 446 Kwantung Army, 234, 236, 385, 430, Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 141, 142, 143, 478, 479 148, 149, 163, 175, 196, 203, 205, Manchurian incident, 233–6, 210, 217 267, 303 Kennan, George, 98, 200, 302, 327, 441, Meiji restoration, 27 482 Minseito Party, 235, 254 Kennedy, John F., 104, 471 navy, 156 Kennedy, Joseph, 379, 383 Seiyukai Party, 235, 236 Kennedy, Paul, 423 Twenty-One Demands, 82, 156 Kerensky, Alexander, 97, 98, 312 Zaibatsu corporations, 255 Keynes, John Maynard, 4, 122, 184, 192, Jeanneney, Jules, 266 201, 221, 227, 250, 252, 253, 257, Jehol, 238 266, 486, 489 Jerusalem, 16, 21, 39, 98, 145 Keynesianism, 227, 255 Jews, 50, 84, 98, 126, 128, 132, 136, 138, Khalkhyn Gol, 384 146, 187, 217, 247, 262, 263, 269, Kharkov, 185 300, 359, 362, 365, 366, 367, 371, Khrushchev, Nikita, 330, 396, 482 418, 429, 435, 452, 457 Kiaochow, 21, 37, 72, 81 jihad, 79, 82, 83, 124, 424 Kiev, 46, 135, 142, 428, 430 Joffe, Adolf, 204 Kimball, Warren, 409 Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire, General, Kimmel, Husband E., Admiral, 446 90, 107 King, Ernest, Admiral, 450, 451, 454, 462 Johnson, Hewlett, 322 Kirkuk, 83, 152 Johnson, Lyndon, 471 Kirov, Sergei, 325, 326, 328, 329 Jouvenel, Henri de, 272 Kissinger, Henry, 476, 482 Joyce, James, 93 Kleist, Paul Ludwig Ewald von, General, Joynson-Hicks, Sir William, 394 202 Kliuchevsky, Vassily, 24 Juarez, Benito, 16 Knox, Alfred, General, 104 Jusserand, Jean Jules, 107 Knox, Dudley Wright, 436 Kolchak, Alexander, Admiral, 104, 105, Kaganovich, Lazar, 325, 329 130, 131, 132, 181 Kahr, Gustav von, 186, 187, 188 Konoye, Fumimaro, Prince of Japan, 342, Kamenev, Lev, 198, 199, 329 426, 434, 436, 437, 438, 439, 444 Kandelaki, David, 297, 298, 373 Korea, 27, 26, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, Kapp, Wolfgang, 180 58, 69, 70, 482 Kapp–Luttwitz putsch (1920), 180, 182, Korea, northern, 481 186, 245 Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich, General, 97, Karelia, 396, 429 181, 182 Karlsbad, 361, 363 Kowloon, 12 Karolyi, Michael, Count, 125 Kraków, 134, 276 Kashmir, 488 Krasnovodsk, 101, 131, 140 Kasserine Pass, 454 Kropotkin, Prince Pëtr, 96, 167 Katyn massacre, 463 Kruger telegram, 31 Kautsky, Karl, 123, 182 Kun, Bela, 125, 126, 127, 128, 168, 181, Kazakhstan, 25, 428 182, 183, 196, 473 Kazan, 104, 105 Kung, H. H., 336, 340, 343

548 / Index

Kurdistan, 100, 148 Leger, Alexis, 400 Kuropatkin, Alexei, 43 Legien, Carl, 180 Kursk, 131, 134 Leith-Ross, Frederick, 292, 336, 337 Kut al-Amara, 83, 140, 146 Lenin, V. I., 50, 79, 93, 96, 100, 102, 105, Kutuzov, Mikhail, 431 123, 124, 126, 129, 134, 169, 183, Kuwait, 39, 83 197, 280, 282, 328, 425 Kyrgyzstan, 25 Leningrad, see St. Petersburg Lenz, Max, 21 Laidoner, Johann, 285 Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 16 Lake Baikal, 102, 129, 144, 385, 430, Lerroux, Alejandro, 315 438, 443 Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul, General, 81, 107 Lake Ladoga, 396 Levi, Paul, 183, 280 Lake Sana, 295 Lewis, John L., 343 Lake Van, 146 Li Li-san, 334 Lake Victoria, 20 Liang Chi-ch’ao, 49 Lampson, Miles, 208 Liaotung, 37, 46 Lamsdorf, Vladimir, 43 Liberia, 293 Landauer, Gustav, 127 Libya, 166, 172, 216, 249, 271, 288, 361, Lansbury, George, 322 418, 419, 486 Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty- Liddell Hart, B. H., 318 Fitzmaurice, Lord, 40, 41, 72, 91, 98, Liebknecht, Karl, 110, 124, 182 105 Liman von Sanders, Otto, General, 66 Lansing, Robert, 76, 77 Limanowski, Bolesław, 19 Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917), 156, 158 Lin Biao, 481 Latin America, 12, 15, 31, 74, 75, 117, Lindbergh, Charles, Colonel, 364 226, 228, 261, 376, 378, 402, 469 Lindsay, Ronald, 345 Latvia, 101, 133, 229, 285, 313, 387, 388, List, Friedrich, 18, 19, 253, 260, 349, 492 395, 410 Lithuania, 101, 115, 120, 133, 134, 144, Laufenberg, Heinrich, 127 174, 194, 229, 275, 276, 285, 359, Lausanne Conference (1932), 243 374, 395, 396, 410, 429, 452, 463 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 149, 310 Little Entente, 161, 173, 230, 271, 273, Laval, Pierre, 288, 289, 294, 296, 297, 276, 278, 284, 285, 296, 303, 318, 299, 300, 301, 328 358, 365, 380, 410, 475 Law, Bonar, 149, 179, 189 Litvinov, Maxim, 229, 283, 298, 307, 330, Lawrence, T. E., “Lawrence of Arabia,” 373, 383, 384, 464 82, 83 Litvinov Protocol (1929), 229 Lea, Homer, 31, 376 Lloyd George, David, 59, 61, 84, 91, 92, League of Nations, 114, 140, 141, 155, 95, 98, 105, 108, 115, 117, 119, 130, 161, 168, 172, 175, 193, 194, 237, 137, 140, 143, 146, 148, 149, 154, 271, 289, 295, 298, 299, 157, 160, 166, 175, 181, 201, 202, 300, 301, 302, 306, 307, 203, 251, 382 309, 310, 322, 327, 336, 353, 384, Lobanov-Rostovsky, Alexei, 42 397, 467 Locarno Pact (1925), 192, 193, 194, 195, Covenant, 155, 343 200, 209, 214, 215, 219, 240, 273, Mandates, 118, 151 274, 277, 281, 284, 309, 310, 365, Leahy, William D., 455 369 Lebanon, 83, 145 Locker-Lampson, Oliver, 202, 203 Lee, Arthur, Lord, 155 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 107, 154 Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von, General, 451 Łódz˙, 44

549 / Index

London Conference (1921), 177 334, 335, 336, 341, 348, 384, 396, London, Treaty of (1913), 65 401, 432, 480 London, Treaty of (1915), 87, 88, 137, 138 Manhattan Project, 427, 458, 459 Lossow, Otto von, General, 186, 188 Maniu, Iuliu, 474 Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, Lord, 117, Mann, Thomas, 22 354, 378 Mannerheim line, 396 Louis, William Roger, 487 Mao Tse-tung, see Mao Zedong Lublin, 396 Mao Zedong, 335 Ludendorff, Erich, Field Marshall, 92, 93, Marchlewski, Julian, 135 94, 105, 106, 187, 188, 262 Marco Polo Bridge incident (1937), 343, 433 Lueger, Karl, Mayor of Vienna, 24 Mariana Islands, 81, 118, 155, 478, 485 Luttwitz, Walther von, General, 180 Marshall, George C., General, 424, 451, Luxemburg, Rosa, 50, 93, 110, 124, 182, 453, 462, 480 183 Marshall Islands, 81, 118, 155, 156, 485 Luxemburg, 119 Marx, Karl, 183 Lvov, Georgii Yevgenyevich, Prince, 106, Marxism, 32, 49, 96, 123, 222, 483 125 Masaryk, Thomas, 101, 102 Lwów (Lvov, Lviv, Lemberg), 134, 135, Maslow, Arkadi, 183, 199 136, 396 Massey, W. F., 157 Lytton, Victor Bulwer-Lytton, Lord, 237 Matsuoka, Yo¯ suke, 420, 437, 438, 462 Lytton Commission (1932), 237, 238 Maude, Frederick Stanley, General, 98 Maugham, W. Somerset, 100 MacDonald, Ramsay, 123, 191, 192, 194, Maurin, Joaquín, 315 231, 241, 268, 272, 284, 291, 292, Maurras, Charles, 278 295, 298 Max of Baden, Prince, 10, 106, 125 Macedonia, 53, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, Maximilian Habsburg, Emperor of 90, 416 Mexico, 72 Mackinder, Sir Halford, 19, 24, Mayer, Arno, 306 102, 162 Maynard, Sir Charles, General, 102 Macmillan, Harold, 487 Mecca, 38 Macmillan, Margaret, 138 Medina, 38, 83 Madagascar, 15, 93, 460 Meighen, Arthur, 157 Madero, Francisco, 73, 150 Meinecke, Friedrich, 21, 22 Madras, 158 Mellon, Andrew W., 228 Madrid, 315, 316 Memel (Klaipeda), 120, 354, 374, 380 Maffey, Sir Robert, 299 Mers-el-Kebir, 405, 449, 457, 460 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 28, 29, 30, 72, Merv, 101, 131, 140 156, 160, 162, 409, 432, 441 Meshed, 131 Maikop, 451 Mesopotamia, 56, 70, 82, 83, 101, 118, Maisky, Ivan, 7, 103, 329, 387, 464 145, 146, 150, 151, 153, 419 Malaparte, Curzio, 174 Metaxas, Ioannis, General, 310 Malatesta, Errico, 96 Metternich, Klemens von, Prince of Austria, Malaya, 342, 417, 436, 450, 484 88, 89, 113, 114, 367, 427 Malleson, Sir Wilfred, General, 101, 131 Mexico, 16, 16, 29, 30, 54, 68, 72, 73, 74, Malta, 11, 30, 402 75, 76, 82, 92, 150, 156, 258, 264, Manchukuo, 291, 333, 437 376, 378 Manchuria, 15, 18, 37, 39, 40, 46, 58, 69, Michael, Prince of Romania, 411 71, 76, 118, 204, 205, 211, 233, 235, Middle East, 20, 21, 56, 78, 82, 83, 84, 89, 236, 237, 238, 240, 254, 305, 333, 95, 98, 112, 117, 118, 120, 136, 140,

550 / Index

142, 144, 145, 173, 266, 376, 402, Murmansk, 102, 103, 394, 431, 442, 403, 417, 419, 424, 447, 448, 469, 449, 452 484, 487, 488, 492 Murray, Gilbert, 322 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 474, 479 Mussolini, Benito, 79, 89, 129, 166, 173, Milan, 88, 167 187, 271, 280, 284, 289, 295, 307, Miliukov, Paul, 97 308, 310, 316, 356, 357, 358, 364, Miller, Evgenii, General, 104 365, 380, 389, 403, 424, 465 Millerand, Alexandre, 148, 179 Myrdal, Gunnar, 255 Milner, Alfred, Lord, 91, 101, 120, 143, 145 Minin, Kuzma, 431 Nagasaki, 480 Minsk, 134, 135, 136, 428, 466 Nagy, Imre, 474 Mirbach, Wilhelm von, 100 Naldi, Filippo, 167 Mitchell, Billy, Colonel, 160 Namier, Louis, 88 Modernizing Old Regimes, 77, 115, 116, Nanchang, 209 126, 164, 244, 425 Nanking, 209, 234, 343, 436, 437 Molotov, V. M., 96, 283, 297, 302, 327, Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 12, 13, 15, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 384, 387, 24, 63, 145, 431, 456, 472, 492 396, 413, 414, 415, 416, 420, 422, Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 15, 20, 436, 452, 453, 460, 529 29, 114, 145 Moltke, Hans Adolf von, Count, 274 Narvik, 399 Monatte, Pierre, 199 Nasser, Gamal Abd-el, 425, 488 monetarism, 227 Natal, 12 Mongolia, 69, 70, 71, 203, 205, 235, 238, National Bolshevism, 127, 163, 164, 181, 333, 337, 338, 340, 341, 384, 401, 184, 185, 196, 197, 198, 206, 210, 437, 484 242, 262, 307, 473 Monnet, Jean, 120 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Monroe Doctrine, see United States of Organization), 286 America Naumann, Friedrich, 19, 93 Montague, Edwin Samuel, 152 Nazi–Soviet Pact, see Hitler–Stalin Pact Montenegro, 55, 62, 63, 64, 66 (1939) Montreux Convention (1936), 310 Near Eastern Crisis (1875–8), 16, 17, Moravia, 122 22, 486 Moreau, Émile, 225 Near Eastern Question, 23, 38, 68, 145 Moret, Clément, 232 Nejd, 294 Morgenthau, Hans, 400, 436, 475 Netherlands, 13, 18, 20, 80, 156, 161, 228, Moroccan crises, 5, 44, 58–9, 60, 61, 62 249, 250, 313, 370, 380, 387, 397, Morocco, 17, 42, 44, 47, 58, 59, 60, 76, 424, 425, 437 139, 216, 289, 305, 316, 319, 412, Social Democratic Party, 204 454, 455 Neurath, Konstantin von, 270, 350, 351, Mosley, Oswald, 253, 254, 269 359 Mosul, 38, 120, 146, 147, 148, 151, 452 Nevsky, Aleksandr, 431 Mountbatten, Louis, Lord, 485 New Caledonia, 16 Mozampo (Masan), 43 New Guinea, 12, 20, 81, 93, 353, 450, 454 Mukden, 44, 49, 78, 234 New Zealand, 12, 81, 118, 225, 255, 291, Müller, Hermann, 241 353, 371, 385, 403, 439, 449, 450 Munich Pact (1938), 193, 251, 268, 273, Newfoundland, 13, 15, 42, 408, 323, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 440, 441 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, Nicaragua, 73, 75 382, 386, 389, 397, 433 Nice, 365, 403

551 / Index

Nicholas, King of Montenegro, 64 O’Malley, Owen, 208 Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 87 Omsk, 131 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 1, 25, 28, 37, Opium War (1842), 27 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, Oran, 405, 412 59, 65, 66, 79, 93, 96, 97, 125, 133, Orel, 131 253, 396 Orlando, Vittorio, 115, 139 Nicolson, Arthur, 88 Orwell, George, 320 Nicolson, Harold, 138, 139 Oshima, Hiroshi, Colonel, 339 Niekich, Ernst, 262 Ottawa Conference (1932), 254, 356 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 50 Ottoman empire, see Turkey Nigeria, 11, 20, 404 Oumansky, Constantine, 344 Nile River, 15, 36, 41, 216, 295, 403 Nin, Andreu, 315 Paderewski, Ignaz, 134 Nine Power Treaty (1922), 203, 204, 205, Page, Walter Hines, 74 208, 209, 218, 237, 338, 343, 344, Pakistan, 488 355, 445 Paléologue, Maurice, 87 Nivelle, Robert Georges, General, 94 Palestine, 10, 83, 84, 101, 120, 138, 140, Nobel Oil, 150 143, 145, 146, 149, 217, 290, 294, Nolte, Ernst, 306 300, 357, 362, 402, 403, 418, 420, Nomonhan, 437 452, 475, 488 Nomura, Kichisaburo¯ , 435 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Lord, Norman, Montagu, 201, 220, 225, 226, 381, 427 232, 255, 260, 336, 349 pan-Slavism, 53, 62, 140 Norway, 250, 265, 319, 399, 401, 406, Panagalos, Theodoros, General, 174 420, 439 Panama, 72 Novi Pazar, 55, 59 Panama Canal, see United States of nuclear weapons, 220, 247, 270, 391, 392, America 421, 427, 458, 468, 482, 486, 488 Papen, Franz von, 243, 244, 245, 246, Nuremberg trials, 243, 362 270, 357, 359 Pares, Bernard, 88, 100 Odessa, 46, 133 Paris Commune (1871), 110, 124, 127, Ogaden, 299, 301, 418 136, 312 oil, 83, 149–51, 238, 255, 261, 336, 345, Parker, Robert Alexander 386, 394, 397, 414, 430, 433, 436, Clarke, 301 438, 440, 443, 444, 448, 450, 489, Parvus, see Helphand, Alexander 492 Päts, Konstantin, 285 Bahrain, 152 Pavelicˇ, Ante, 271, 310 Baku, 132, 427, 451 Perry, Matthew C., Admiral, 25 Bolivia, 249 Pershing, John J., General, 107, 108, 109, Dutch East Indies, 370, 436, 439 110 Mesopotamia, 143 Persia, 5, 9, 24, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 91, Mexico, 73, 150, 378 101, 140, 146, 153, 163, 181, 196, Middle East, 68, 152, 219, 457, 472, 487 197, 210, 214, 229, 249, 308, 310, Mosul, 83, 140, 146, 152, 484 338, 397, 419, 420, 421, 484 Persia, 73, 82, 143, 484 revolution, 5, 51, 52, 54, 76 Persian Gulf, 84, 292 Persian Gulf, 38, 217, 419, 421, Romania, 73, 349, 380, 399, 449, 486 411, 415 Pescadores, 36 Saudi Arabia, 152, 361 Pétain, Philippe, Marshal, 94, 216, 401

552 / Index

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, 23, 262 Radek, Karl, 100, 127, 136, 183, 184, 196, Petliura, Symon, 135 198, 199, 263, 268, 281, 282, 283, Petrograd, see St. Petersburg 326, 327, 329, 330 Petsamo, 396, 414 Radio Bari, 318, 357 Philippines, 29, 48, 53, 155, 156, 159, 239, Raeder, Erich, Admiral, 350, 420, 421 335, 345, 424, 436, 441, 442, 444, Rakovsky, Christian, 332 447, 450, 485 Rangoon, 158 Picasso, Pablo, 317 Ranke, Leopold von, 21 Pichon, Stéphen, 133 Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 143, 148, 149, Piłsudski, Józef, Marshal, 87, 134, 135, 175, 176, 184, 194, 218, 240, 276, 136, 142, 174, 210, 214, 273, 274, 277, 281, 287, 298, 330, 477 275, 276, 277, 285, 287, 452, 463 Rathenau, Walter, 178, 184, 186 Pivert, Marceau, 312 Ratzel, Friedrich, 262 Plekhanov, Georgi, 96 Reagan, Ronald, 471 Ploies¸ti, 411 Reinsurance Treaty (1890), 20 Poincaré, Raymond, 62, 63, 64, 79, 107, Reval (Tallinn), 55 175, 176, 179, 180, 186, 188, 189, Reynaud, Paul, 400, 401 190, 191, 195, 223, 224, 225, 227, Rhine River, 18, 94, 120, 142, 146, 193, 279 194, 400 Poland, 23, 24, 45, 63, 79, 93, 99, 115, Rhineland, 106, 120, 155, 179, 186, 195, 120, 122, 128, 130, 133–6, 174, 175, 238, 245, 274, 299, 301, 306, 309, 193, 194, 225, 229, 247, 273, 339, 310, 317, 327, 348, 350, 359, 365 350, 359, 371, 380, 381, Rhodes, Cecil, 14, 20, 20, 32, 51, 158 388, 390, 411, 415, 461, Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 297, 308, 321, 463, 466, 474 339, 350, 351, 360, 396, 411, 413, Communist Party, 273 414 National Democrats (Endeks), 273, 276 Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact, see Socialist Party, 87, 273 Hitler–Stalin Pact (1939) Polish Corridor, 120, 194, 281 Ricardo, David, 249 Populari Party, Italy, 168, 174 Rif Republic, 216 Port Arthur, 37, 39, 43, 44, 46, 69, 156 Riga, 44, 133 Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 46, 58, 69 Riga, Treaty of (1920), 136 Portugal, 12, 15, 26, 29, 68, 74, 76, 80, 81, Riza Shah, 210 174, 232, 316, 317, 318, 352, 424, 484 Rizzi, Bruno, 435 Posen (Poznan), 120 Robertson, Sir William, Field Marshall, Potsdam Conference (1945), 462, 475, 485 130 Pozharsky, Dimitri, 431 Robinson, Ronald, 12, 487, 489 Prague, 363, 374, 376, 379, 380, 411 Robles, Gil, 315 Pratt, Sir John, 238 Röhm, Ernst, 187 Preobrazhensky, Evgenii, 177 Rolland, Romain, 93 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 174, 316 Romania, 53, 64, 65, 66, 79, 80, 87, 88, Prinkipo Island, 130, 147, 242 92, 125, 126, 128, 130, 133, 149, Prussia, see Germany 225, 229, 249, 276, 284, 350, 380, Puerto Rico, 30 410, 416, 452, 461, 464, 474, 481 Punjab, see India Iron Guard, 275, 411 Putin, Vladimir, 1 Rome–Berlin Axis, 307, 309, 321, 323, 352, 357 Racconigi, Treaty of (1909), 271, 412 Rommel, Erwin, Field Marshal, 81, 419, racism, 9, 33, 262, 354 420, 439, 442, 453, 455

553 / Index

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 432, 469 empire, 24–6 Roosevelt, Elliot, 449 Five Year Plan, 213, 214, 228, 264, 270, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 239, 248, 324, 326 255, 269, 281, 303, 312, 314, 319, government of the Constituent Assembly, 327, 336, 346, 355, 375, 385, 392, “Samara Government”, 103 426, 427, 432, 434, 440, 441, 449, Kadet Party, 102 455, 456, 460, 463, 464, 468, 469, Menshevik Party, 125, 169, 319 471, 472, 475, 480, 482, 483, 490, New Economic Policy, 148, 204, 207, 509, 523, 526, 527, 529, 531, 534 213, 321 Quarantine speach (1937), 314, 323, Petrograd Soviet, 97, 198 344, 346, 355, 433 Politburo, 207, 213, 325, 328, 330 Roosevelt, Theodore, 44, 45, 46, 48, populism, 71 58, 70, 72, 73, 107, 156, 237, progressive bloc, 86 256, 441 Provisional Government, 97, 100, 106 Roosevelt corollary, 72 purges, 328–31, 332–3 Root, Elihu, 97 revolution (1905), 5, 46–7, 49, 51, 52, Rosenberg, Alfred, 269, 272 71, 76 Rosmer, Alfred, 199 revolution (1917), 6, 95, 97–8, 101, Rothschild, Lionel Walter, Lord, 84 104, 110, 112, 133, 163, 164, 165, Rothschilds, 150, 230 229, 262, 319, 383, 469 Rotterdam, 407 Social Revolutionary Party (SR), 99, Rowse, Alfred Leslie, 367 100, 102, 103, 104, 125 Roy, Manabendra Nath (M. N.), 214 “socialism in one country,” 200, 206, Royal Dutch Shell, 150, 203 282, 321 Rühle, Otto, 103 Soviet Union, 112, 141, 143, 174, 194, Ruhr, 127, 149, 151, 172, 178, 179, 180, 203, 234, 277, 281, 293, 319, 321, 182, 189, 190, 191, 201, 223, 227, 347, 382, 385, 387, 388, 395, 424, 266, 274, 302, 365, 475 437, 462, 468, 473, 479, 488 Runciman, Walter, 363 Sputnik, 294 Rundstedt, Gerd von, General, 451 War Communism, 177, 213 Rupprecht, Crown Prince White armies, 100, 103, 104, 115, 128, of Bavaria, 188 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 141, 144, 147 Russia, 11, 17, 52, 54, 64, 65, 115, 185, Russo-Finnish War (1940), 396 206–8, 211–12, 213–14, 250, 253, Russo-Japanese Alliance, 156 467, 509, 510, 513, 515, 516, 520, Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 5, 42–4, 524, 525, 528, 532 48, 57, 76, 156, 236, 289, Allied intervention, 100–1, 128–31, 385, 479 144 Russo-Polish War (1919–20), 134–6 Black Hundreds, 46, 50 Russo-Turkish War (1878), 22, 78 Bolshevik Party, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, Rykov, Alexei, 329, 332, 333 102, 104, 124, 125, 130, 136, 141, Ryutin, Martemyan, 324, 325, 326, 146, 150, 168, 319 328, 330 civil war, 101–4, 112, 128–31, 135, 144, 158, 177 Saadabad Pact (1937), 310 collectivization, 177, 213, 228, 234, Saar, 119, 195, 397, 475 264, 324, 384, 429 Saar plebiscite (1935), 288 Constituent Assembly, 99, 102 St. Germain, Treaty of (1919), 122 Cossacks, 100, 130, 132 Saint Jean de Maurienne, Treaty of (1917), Duma, 49, 53 137, 138

554 / Index

St. Petersburg, 44, 46, 62, 79, 297 Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 142, 143, 148 Sakhalin Island, 46, 414 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 359 Salandra, Antonio, 87 Sforza, Carlo, Count, 166, 171 Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 174 Shaanxi, 341 Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Lord, Shanghai, 205, 206, 208, 209, 215, 237, 24, 37, 39, 40, 57, 61, 67, 427, 472, 290, 336, 343 484, 492 Shantung, 8, 37, 39, 81, 118, 155, 158, Salonika, 55, 56, 64, 69, 90, 105, 415, 416 203 Salvemini, Gaetano, 88, 89 Shaw, George Bernard, 21, 33, 294 Samara, 103, 428 Shidehara, Kijuro, 236 Samoa, 81 Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1895), 36 Sanborn, Frederic, 258 Short, Walter, General, 446 Sanjurjo, José, General, 271, 310, 315, 316 Shumei, Okawa, 235 Sarajevo, 34, 79, 210, 288 Shuster, W. Morgan, 52, 56 Saraket Islam, 204 Siam, see Thailand Sato¯ , Naotake, 342 Sian, 340, 341 Saudi Arabia, 361 Siberia, 104, 158 Sauvy, Alfred, 225 Sicily, 462, 465 Savinkov, Boris, 102 Sikorski, Władysław, 277 Saxony, 185, 187, 196 Simon, Sir John, 236, 237, 272, 289, 291, Sazonov, Sergei, 62, 64, 66 293, 294, 298 Scapa Flow, 84, 152, 155, 398 Sind, see India Schacht, Hjalmar Horace Greeley, 191, Singapore, 12, 158, 291, 342, 345, 385, 220, 231, 260, 261, 263, 302, 313, 417, 419, 436, 437, 439, 441, 443, 349, 350, 353, 359, 371, 434 444, 447, 450 Scheidemann, Philip, 106 Sinkiang, 238, 337, 338, 341, 484 Schlageter, Leo, 184 Sino-Japanese War (1894–5), 5, 36, 40, 76 Schleicher, Kurt von, 245, 246, 270 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Schlesinger, Arthur Jr., 469 Alliance (1945), 479 Schmitt, Carl, 243 Skoropadsky, Pavlo, Hetman, 372 Schumann, Robert, 120 Skorzeny, Otto, 359 Schumpeter, Joseph, 228 Slovakia, 123, 125, 127, 128, 276, 363, Schuschnigg, Kurt, 358, 359 370, 371, 374, 395, 411, 412, 416, Schwarzenburg, Felix zu, Prince, 23 417, 466, 474 Scutari, 64, 66 Slovaks, 275 Second International, 49, 50, 123, 168 Slovenia, 123 Second World War, see World War II Smetona, Antanas, 285 Sedov, Lev, 325 Smolensk, 427, 428, 430, 440 Seeckt, Hans von, General, 179, 186, 187, Smuts, Jan, 80, 93, 108, 117, 126, 157, 188, 244 291, 403 Seeley, John Robert, 13, 14, 78, 153, Smyrna, 137, 138, 139, 142 425, 472 Sneevliet (Maring), Henk, 204 Senegal, 20, 402, 404 Snowden, Philip, 222, 227, 231 Senlis, 107 Social Darwinism, 9, 32 Serbia, 53, 55, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 79, Social Democracy, 10, 32, 50, 115, 123, 85, 90, 99, 115, 123, 417 124, 164, 280, 473, 474 Serrati, Giacomo, 169, 170 Soﬁa, 62 Seton-Watson, R. W., 87, 88, 89 Sokolnikov, Grigorii, 330 Seville, 316 Solomon Islands, 450, 454

555 / Index

Somaliland, 16, 299, 301, 361, 403, Stoddard, Lothrop, 196 405, 418 Stoler, Mark, 452 Somalia, 294 Strasser, Gregor, 245, 246 Sonnino, Sidney, Baron, 89, 107, 115, 117, Stresa Front, 295, 297, 299, 301, 303, 309, 138, 139, 140, 191 339, 356, 361 Soong, T. V., 340 Stresemann, Gustav, 180, 185, 186, 187, Sorel, Georges, 50 188, 191, 193, 194, 195, 215, 261 Sorge, Viktor, 420 Strong, Benjamin, 219, 220, 225, 226, 260 South Africa, 11, 12, 15, 80, 118, 249, Sturzo, Luigi, 174 250, 258, 300, 353, 365, 403, 409, Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, 128, 363, 371, 410 373, 374, 377, 411, 466 South Tyrol, 87, 123, 173, 242, 269 Sudan, 11, 14, 216, 294, 361, Southwest Afrika (Namibia), 80 403, 418 Souvarine, Boris, 199 Sudetenland, 354, 358, 361, 363, 366, Soviet Union, see Russia 466, 474 Spain, 10, 13, 29, 42, 75, 80, 201, 230, 238, Suez Canal, 11, 26, 146, 216, 300, 357, 271, 307, 308, 316, 321, 343, 344, 369, 402, 405, 417, 419, 421, 425, 348, 349, 356, 357, 361, 365, 379, 439, 448, 448, 450, 453, 455 413, 421, 429, 455 Suez crisis (1956), 471, 488 anarchism, 315 Sukarno, 425 civil war, 315–24, 379, 388 Sultan of Morocco, 44, 457 CNT–FAI, 315, 318 Sun Yat-sen, 21, 31, 49, 70, 71, 82, 159, Communist Party, 315, 320 204, 205, 206, 234 Condor Legion, 317 Suvorov, Aleksandr, 431 fascism, 174 Sviazhsk, 104 Loyalists, 319, 323, 330, 368 Sweden, 23, 24, 249, 250, 255, 265, 381, Popular Front, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 398, 399, 400, 414, 415, 425 330, 331, 333 Social Democratic Party, 255 POUM, 315, 319, 320 Switzerland, 16, 32, 80, 228, 249, 313, 380 Republic, 315, 316, 317, 320, 323, 330 Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916), 83, 138, revolution (1936), 315 140, 145, 146, 151 syndicalism, 315 syndicalism, 49, 167 Spanish–American War (1898), 29 Syria, 83, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, Stahremberg, Ernst, 285, 285, 286, 358 147, 148, 216, 362, 397, Stalin, Joseph, 181, 199, 211, 213, 214, 401, 404, 418, 419, 421, 241, 268, 282, 320, 321, 332, 340, 457, 460, 475 372, 373, 394, 410, 420, 429, 451, 460, 461, 463, 465, 478, 481 Taft, William Howard, 46, 69, 70, 74 Stambuliysky, Aleksandar, 174 Tahiti, 16 Standard Oil, 73, 74, 150, 151, 203, Taiping rebellion, see China 292, 344 Tanaka, Giichi, Baron, 235 Stanley, Oliver, 485 Tanganyika, 20, 352, 353 Stavisky, Serge, 278 Tangier, 42, 44, 230 Steinhardt, Laurence, 441 Tansill, Charles Callen, 446 sterling bloc, 249, 313, 314, 336, 356, 379 Tardieu, André, 179 Stilwell, Joseph, General, 478, 479 Tasmania, 12 Stimson, Henry, 236, 237, 238, 239, 432, Tawney, R. H., 322 436, 464 Taylor, A. J. P, 34, 306, 367, 370, 382, Stinnes, Hugo, 179, 191 391, 394, 468

556 / Index

Tehran, 52 Tripoli, 42, 59, 64, 76, 82, 166, 357 Tehran Conference (1943), 466, 470, 471, Trotsky, Lev, 50, 96, 100, 102, 103, 124, 474, 479, 481 184, 196, 197, 198, 206, 207, 211, Teschen, 364, 374 212, 213, 214, 236, 242, 263, 280, Thailand, 17, 42, 437, 450, 478 282, 290, 319, 324, 325, 329, 331, Thalheimer, August, 182, 183, 199 383, 452 Third Force, 475, 476 Trotskyists, 212, 312, 319, 325, 328, 332 Thoiry, 195 Truman, Harry, 469, 470, 471, 475, Thomas, Lowell, 83 481, 487 Thorez, Maurice, 461 Tsankov, Aleksandar, 174 Thuringia, 185, 187, 196 tsarist Russia, see Russia Tibet, 9, 12, 45, 51, 71 Tsingtao, 81 Tientsin, 385 Tsushima, 44, 49, 58 Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, 38, 52 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, Marshal, 104, Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 49 281, 332, 343 Tirpitz, Alfred von, Admiral, 19, 22, 30, Tula, 431 37, 57, 61, 74, 94, 95, 300, 426, Tunis (Tunisia), 16, 60, 72, 216, 230, 288, 468, 513 358, 365, 456, 462 Tiso, Jozef, Monsignor, 374, 376 Turati, Filippo, 169 Tito (Josip Broz), 476, 481 Turkey, 23, 24, 43, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 66, Tobruk, 418, 449, 453 68, 69, 76, 82, 101, 129, 132, 141–3, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 13, 425 144, 148, 151, 163, 175, 181, 196, Togliatti, Palmiro, 183 197, 203, 229, 249, 264, 284, 308, Togo, 20, 80 310, 313, 337, 340, 380, 397, 401, Toller, Ernst, 127 425, 465 Tomsky, Mikhail, 200, 329, 330 Enver Pasha, 65, 66, 101 Tonkin, 26, 435 Young Turk revolution, 5, 52–3, 59, 76, Townshend, Charles Verre Ferrers, 141 General, 146 Turkish Petroleum Company, 151 Toynbee, Arnold, 10, 26, 138, 153, Turkmenistan, 25, 101 217, 342 Trachtenberg, Marc, 120 Ukraine, 23, 88, 93, 100, 101, 102, 105, Trans-Siberian Railway, 26, 27, 36, 69, 131, 133, 134, 135, 144, 185, 211, 102, 394, 484 275, 281, 366, 371, 374, 415, 427, Transvaal, 8, 20, 41, 119 429, 431, 435, 452, 463 Transylvania, 66, 87, 125, 411, 417, Ulmanis, Karlis, 285 452, 474 Ultramontanism, see Catholic Church Treint, Albert, 199 United Nations Security Council, 426 Trenchard, Sir Hugh, 159, 160, 293 United States of America, 11, 30, 48, 112, Trevelyan, George M., 88 132, 151, 158, 218, 255, 281, 307, 347, Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 128 402, 424, 429, 462, 464, Trieste, 87, 123, 137 467, 488, 492 Tripartism, 424, 474, 482 Agricultural Adjustment Administration Tripartite Agreement (1937), 265, 267, (AAA), 256 313, 314, 322 civil war, 16 Tripartite Pact (1940), 412, 413, 444, 446 Civil Works Administration, 257 Triple Alliance, 25, 37, 42, 59, 61, 64, 65, 66, Communist Party, 469 67, 116, 166, 308, 472, 492 Congress of Industrial Organizations Triple Entente, 48, 52, 66, 96, 116 (CIO), 257

557 / Index

Democratic Party, 239, 469 Vaillant, Éduard, 167 Dollar Diplomacy, 69, 70, 71 Van den Bruck, Moeller, 349 empire before 1914, 28–31 Vansittart, Robert, 239, 268, 291, 295, Federal Reserve Bank, 219, 220, 225, 299, 300, 301, 312, 358, 361, 367, 226, 227, 232 368, 372 Great White Fleet, 48, 58 Varga, Eugen, 182, 196, 424, 473, 474, Hay Note (1900), 432, 446 479, 480, 481 isolationism, 258, 304, 314, 323, 344, Vargas, Getulio, 322, 378 392, 408, 434, 439, 446 Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 322 Lend-Lease Act, 409, 434, 442, 443, Venezuela, 5, 31, 68, 72, 75 447, 468, 483 Venizelos, Eleutharios, 137, 138 MAGIC intercepts, 438, 443, 446 Vera Cruz, 72, 74, 75, 442 Marshall Plan, 469 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 35, 113, 114, McMahon Act (1946), 459, 486 115, 116–22, 126, 145, 147, 154, Monroe Doctrine, 31, 72, 74, 99, 116, 155, 156, 168, 173, 175, 190, 203, 145, 439 215, 242, 244, 248, 250, National Industrial Recovery Act 265, 273, 282, 283, (NIRA), 256 289, 293, 297, 310, 326, 352, National Recovery Administration 353, 410, 416 (NRA), 256, 343 Reparations, 120–2 navy, 72, 156, 478 War Guilt Clause, 35, 121, 178, 192 New Deal, 254, 257, 258, 259, 264, Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy, 167, 304, 312, 313, 314, 344, 348, 434, 171, 272 435, 470, 490, 491 Victoria, Queen of UK, 309 Nye Committee, 304 Vienna, 122, 127, 230, 263, Open Door Policy, 27, 39, 40, 44, 69, 285, 359, 411 70, 71, 74, 99, 118, 119, 151, 159, Vienna System, 88, 113 203, 209, 237, 266, 335, 352, 432, Vienna, Congress of, 113 434, 446, 467, 474 Vienna, Treaty of (1815), 113, 114 Panama Canal, 48, 58, 75, 156, 158, Vietnam, 104, 482, 489 219, 409 Villa, Pancho, 73, 92 Popular Front, 469 Vilna (Vilnius), 44, 134, 135, 136, 194, Public Works Administration (PWA), 359, 396 304 Vinogradov, Nikolai, 460 Republican Party, 74, 107, 154 Vistula, 18 Roosevelt administration, 258, Vladivostok, 69, 102, 103, 131, 132, 207, 446, 456 430, 439, 443 Roosevelt recession, 258, 265, 314 Vogelsang, Heinrich, 20 Spanish–American War (1898), 68 Voikov, Pëtr, 210 Stimson Doctrine, 238, 446 Volga River, 103, 104, 132, 428, 456 Tennessee Valley Authority, 257 Voloshin, Augustin, 372 Vinson–Tranmell Act (1934), 304 Von Laue, Theodore, 17 Wagner Act (1935), 256 Voroshilov, Kliment, 329, 332, 429 Works Progress Administration, Vyshinsky, Andrei, 410 257 Vyx, Ferdinand, Colonel, 125, 126 Ural Mountains, 105, 428, 443, 476 Uruguay, 27 Wake, 155, 345 Ustrialov, Nikolai, 181, 206, 207 Wallace, Henry, 469, 470, 471, 482, 487 Uzbekistan, 25, 428 Wang Ching-wei, 206, 210, 334, 386, 436

558 / Index

Warsaw, 44, 135, 210, 273, 287, 389, 396 Wolffheim, Fritz, 127 Washington Naval Conference (1921–2), Woodward, E. L., 268 157, 159, 160, 162, 166, 175, 218, Woolf, Virginia, 2, 322 229, 356, 385, 455 World Economic Conference (1933), 257 Washington Naval Treaty (1922), 28, 159, World War I, 4, 20, 21, 31, 32, 33, 33, 36, 161, 204, 209, 233, 235, 237, 240, 48, 68, 77, 111, 114, 129, 152, 154, 281, 291, 296, 297, 336, 342 215, 217, 267, 277, 293, 308, 352, Wassmuss, Wilhelm, 82 356, 396, 452, 467, 468, 473 Wavell, Archibald, General, 419 Africa, 80–1 Weber, Max, 22 Armistice, 109 Webster, Nesta, 263 Asia and the Paciﬁc, 81–2 Wedgwood, Josiah, Colonel, 376 Brusilov offensive, 90 Weihaiwei, 39, 81 Europe, 84–5, 94 Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 389 Europe blockade, 84–5 Welles, Sumner, 355, 378, 436, 464, 488 Flanders, 98 Wellesley, Sir Victor, 208 Gallipoli, 89, 137 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, Jutland, 94, 95, 156 362 Middle East, 82–4 Wells, H. G., 322 revolutionary movements, 95–6 Weltpolitik, see Germany Somme offensive, 90 Werfel, Franz, 93 Tannenburg, 85 Werth, Alexander, 431, 464 Verdun, 90, 94 West European Union (WEU), 487 Vittorio Veneto, 105, 138 Weygand, Maxime, White General, 109, World War II, 2, 120, 212, 214, 229, 247, 136, 401 258, 266, 267, 363, 393, 460, 473 White Ruthenia (Belorussia, Belarus), 101, Britain, Battle of, 406, 407 133, 136, 144, 276, 452, 463 Coral Sea, 256, 454 Wickham Steed, Henry, 88, 106, 118 El Alamein, 455, 456, 458 Wilhelm I, King of Germany, 309 fall of France, 404, 410 Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 14, 20, 37, Guadalcanal, 456, 458 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 56, 61, 66, Kursk, 463 75, 79, 93, 105, 106, 156, 184, 247, Midway, 454 262, 263, 300, 418, 426, 492 Moscow, 432 Willkie, Wendell, 434 Operation Barbarossa, 415, 422, Wilson, Henry Lane, 73, 74 427–31, 443 Wilson, Horace, 355, 389 Operation Marita, 415 Wilson, Woodrow, 71, 72, 74, 91, 102, Operation Sea Lion, 407 115, 117, 119, 125, 130, 138, 149, Overlord, 465 154, 166, 305, 356, 425, 457 Pearl Harbor, 76, 220, 238, 431, 432, Fourteen Points (1918), 98–9, 105, 106, 442, 444, 446, 447, 450, 454, 479 107, 116, 117, 137, 147 Phony War, 397, 398 New Diplomacy, 112, 117, 118, 121, Stalingrad, 109, 451, 455, 456, 192, 228, 237, 238, 289, 302, 303, 458, 462 306, 311, 343, 467, 468, 485 Wrangel, Petr, Baron, White General, Wilson Doctrine, 74 135, 142 Windhoek, 81 Wuhan, 205, 334 Witte, Sergei, Count, 26, 43, 46, 47, 51, 253 Yagoda, Genryk, 328, 330 Witzleben, Erwin von, 364 Yalta Conference (1945), 459, 466, 481

559 / Index

Yangtse River, 12, 28, 39, 40, 70, 157, Zaghlul, Saad, 131, 153, 168, 216 205, 208 Zhdanov, Andrei, 410 Yemen, 361 Zhukov, Georgii, General, 385, 430 Yenan, 212, 478 Zimmermann, Arthur, 92 Yezhov, Nikolai, 330 Zimmern, Alfred, 88 Young Plan (1929), 230, 240, 266 Zimmerwald Conference (1915), 96, 97, Yuan Shih-kai, 40, 71 98, 167 Yudenich, Nikolai, White General, Zinoviev, Grigorii, 124, 198, 199, 206, 207, 131, 135 211, 213, 241, 263, 282, Yugoslavia, 63, 89, 106, 123, 125, 139, 329, 334 149, 165, 166, 172, 174, 225, 271, Zionism, 79, 146, 425 284, 358, 410, 415, 416, 420, 461, Zurich, 93 475, 480 Zweig, Stefan, 93