Parvus Efendi) 1867–1924, Hayati Ve Fikirleri

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Parvus Efendi) 1867–1924, Hayati Ve Fikirleri T.C İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi ALEXANDER ISRAEL HELPHAND (PARVUS EFENDİ) 1867–1924, HAYATI VE FİKİRLERİ Engin DENİZ 2501070711 Tez Danışmanı Yrd. Doç. Dr. Fatih M. SANCAKTAR (Düzeltilmiş Tez) İstanbul 2011 Tezde Yapılan Düzeltmeler — Parvus‘un 1910–1911 yılları arasında İstanbul‘da kaleme aldığı Türkiye‘ye ilişkin ilk inceleme ve gözlemlerine ait tercümeler ekler kısmında sunuldu. — Ekler bölümüne yararlanılan arşiv belgelerinden görseller eklendi. — Parvus Efendi‘nin İstanbul‘daki yaşantısına ve Türkiye ile ilgili fikirlerine daha geniş yer verildi. — Alexander-Parvus‘un Bulgaristan‘daki faaliyetleri BOA eksenli olarak yeniden işlendi. — Bütün bölümlerde yararlanılan kaynak sayısı artırılarak içerik zenginleştirildi. — Dipnotlar gözden geçirilerek tez yönergesine uygun olarak yeniden dizildi. — Bibliyografya kısmı tez yönergesine uygun olarak yeniden düzenlendi. 2 ÖZ Yirminci yüzyılın en önemli sosyalist düşünür ve eylemcilerinden biri olarak Parvus ilk bakışta bağdaşmaz bir ayrım taşıdığı izlenimini oluşturan farklılıkla Rusya Almanya ve Türkiye‘de sıra dışı roller üstlenmiştir. Parvus‘un bu tutum çeşitliliğindeki ayrıcı vasıflarına işaret etmek üzere onu dört farklı isim altında karakterize edilebilen bir kişi olarak ele alıyoruz. Bu karakterlerden ilki bir Rus Yahudi ailesinin oğlu olarak Rusya‘da dünyaya gelen Israel-Helphand, bir pogrom mağduru olarak romantik isyankâr ve yöntemsiz bir devrimcidir. İkinci karakter, yurt dışına çıkarak eğitim alan ve orada devrimciliğinin arkasındaki isyankâr duygularını Marksçı ideolojiyle yönteme kavuşturan Alman sosyal demokrasisinin teorisyenlerinden Marksçı-devrimci Helphand-Parvus. Çarlıkla çocukluğundan devraldığı kişisel soruna bir Alman sosyal demokratı olarak ta yüz çevirmeyen Helphand-Parvus, Troçki‘nin sürekli devrim olarak teorileştireceği düşüncenin temel yapıtaşlarını ortaya koyarak 1905 Rus devriminde etkin görev alır. Sonu sürgünle biten bu maceradan sonra döndüğü Almanya‘da sosyalizmin geleceği üzerine kafa patlatırken, devrimin ancak bir dünya savaşıyla geleceği kehanetinde bulunur. Düşünceleriyle tepkileri üzerine çeken Helphand- Parvus, doğudan gelen devrim haberine daha fazla kayıtsız kalmayarak inceleme yapmak üzere 1910‘da Türkiye yolunu tutar. İstanbul‘a yerleşip zaman içinde, sömürgeciliğin açık hedefi olan Osmanlı‘nın bekasını sorun edinen Osmanlı-Türk aydın tavrını ortaya koyar. Böylece üçüncü karakter karşımıza çıkıyor; Parvus Efendi. Kendisini dünya vatandaşı hisseden bir toplumcu olarak, toplumculuğun önüne koyduğu yerel ödevleri gerçekleştirirken çok eski amacı olan sermayedarlığa önemli bir adım atmıştır. Hercai bir Toplumcu ve sermayedar olarak beklediği dünya savaşının patlak vermesiyle devrimi gerçekleştirmek üzere Çarlığın sonunu hazırlayacak detaylı bir plan üzerinde Alman diplomatlarıyla anlaşıp Çarlık karşıtı güçleri tek yumruk altında toplamaya koşulan son karakter Alexander-Parvus, Bolşevik devriminin finansörlerindendir. Parvus kişiliğinin, yaşantısında seçikçe ayrımlanabilen dört karakterle, benliğini farklı biçimlerde konumlandırmasının ardında Yahudi kurtuluşunu/özgürleşmesini sorun edinen bir düşünürün bağdaştırmacılığı ve kimlik krizi kendisini açıkça göstermektedir. 3 ABSTRACT This research based on the life and ideas of Alexander Israel Helphand, better known by pseudonym as Parvus. Parvus is one of the most extraordinary figures as an eminent socialist thinker, activist and merchant in 20th century. He played different roles, which is seen incompatible with each other at the first glance, especially when we consider part of his life in Istanbul, interacted intellectual, political and business life of some countries such as Germany, Russia, Turkey and Bulgaria. The approaches and experiences of Parvus could be examined different epochs according to different countries‘ special situations throughout his life. I characterized to Parvus as a four different personalities on the brink of pointing out his all differences of approach and experience in various countries. The first character of Parvus is Israel-Helphand, who was born as a son of Jewish family in Russia. He, as a sufferer of pogroms, was filled with revolutionary ideas which are influenced by romanticism. He will keep feeling of revenge against Tsarist Russia forever. Even though this emotional heritance comes from his childhood, he takes over to destroy Tsarist Russia as a personal task in his all life. The name of Helphand-Parvus characterizes the second personality. Helphand-Parvus had education abroad where he became openly a Marxist. He moved Germany, joined SPD, and was considered to be one of the leading theoretician of Marxist ideology. He played an active part in the Petersburg Soviet of 1905. The third character of Parvus is Parvus Efendi, who was the first eminent European socialist to sojourn in Turkey. However Parvus reflected on the survival of Ottoman Empire contradictory of Marxist thought at that time and very harshly criticized complicated imperialistic attack of colonizer European countries. His point of view could be described as a typical patriotic Turkish intellectual attitude. The last character of Parvus is Alexander-Parvus, who consider himself as a hacker of imperialist knot in Turkey just like Alexander the Great who hacked Gordian knot apart with his sword. After the First World War outbreak, Alexander-Parvus turn back to Europe with a great plan to destroy Tsarist Russia which is side of The Entente Powers during the war. According to Parvus‘ plan the German army, Russian workers, socialists and various minorities in Russia had the same enemy: Tsarist Russian autocracy. Parvus worked with German diplomats to unite the enemies of Tsarist Russia under a one flag and received money from Germany to promote revolution in Russia, was the financier of Bolshevik revolution. Behind of Parvus‘ all characters could be found the tragedy of Judaist emancipation. 4 ÖNSÖZ Bu satırların kaleme alınışından tam yüz yıl önce İstanbul, 1905 Rus devriminde etkin bir rol alan, Troçki‘nin Sürekli Devrim teorisinin fikir babası, Alman sosyal demokrasisinin güçlü kafası, Marksist iktisatçı, kozmopolit bir Yahudi sosyalist olan Parvus‘u konuk etmişti. Kendini bu topraklarda misafir olarak gören bir yabancının dört yılı aşkın süren İstanbul serüveninde giriştiği ticari faaliyetlerle zenginleşmekle kalmadı. Batılı bir aydın olarak Parvus Osmanlıyı sosyal, siyasal ve toplumsal analize tabi tuttuktan bir süre sonra Tanin, Tasvir-i Efkâr ve Türk Yurdu ve Bilgi Mecmuası gibi dönemin önde gelen basın yayın kuruluşlarında kaleme aldığı yazılarında Avrupa‘nın mali nüfuzu altında sömürülen ve siyasi pençesinde kemirilen Osmanlının bekasını sorun edinerek bir Osmanlı-Türk aydın tavrı ortaya koymuştur. Parvus üzerine kafa yoranların şimdiye dek sağlıklı bir biçimde gerekçelendiremediği bu ‗çelişkili‘ yanları barındıran yılların karanlığına işaret ederek beni Parvus üzerinde araştırmaya teşvik eden ve getirdiği önemli eleştirilerle farklı bağlamlarda konuya yaklaşmama vesile olan Hocam, Profesör Dr. Ali Arslan Bey, bu çalışmanın ortaya konulmasındaki ilk teşekkür borçlusu olduğum kişidir. Çalışma esnasında İstanbul Üniversitesi ile Freie Universität Berlin arasında Erasmus programı çatısı altında gerçekleştirdiğim değişim öğrenciliği aracılığıyla bir yıl süreyle konakladığım Berlin‘de yürüttüğüm araştırmalar olmasaydı kuşkusuz bu çalışma daha çok eksik yönleriyle ön plana çıkacaktı. Bu olanakların sağlayıcılarına, Alman Dış İşleri Arşivi ile Prusya Gizli Arşivi çalışanlarına ayrıca Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi çalışanlarına da bu vesileyle teşekkür borcumu bildirmek isterim. Parvus‘un 1910 – 1911 yılında İstanbul‘da bozuk bir Almanca ve okunması zor bir el yazsıyla kaleme aldığı gözlem ve incelemelerini Türkçeye kazandırmamızda paha biçilmez yardımlarını esirgemeyen Hiltrud Kayacan Hanımefendi‘ye teşekkür borçlusuyum. Kuşkusuz onun değerli katkıları olmaksızın, çalışmamız bu seviyeye gelemez ve karşılaşılan anlamlandırma zorlukları aşılamazdı. Bir Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak çalışmanın danışmanlığını üstlenip, çalışmanın seyrinde, bıkmadan çalışmayı büyük bir titizlik ve ilgiyle inceleyen ayrıca yöntemden üsluba değin yol gösterici değerlendirmeleriyle çalışmayı sistematikleştiren Yrd. Doç. Dr. Fatih Mehmet SANCAKTAR Bey‘e teşekkür borçlusuyum. Yine kendisinin tarih yazımı üzerine beni düşünmeye teşvik etmesi ve konu ile ilgili fikir teatisinde bulunarak çalışmaya sağladığı katkılarından ötürü kendisine ayrıca müteşekkirim. 5 Yüksek Lisans öğrenimim esnasında değerli katkılarıyla çalışmama zemin hazırlayan ve çalışmalarım esnasında yardımlarını esirgemeyen Prof. Dr. Halil Bal, Prof. Dr. Cezmi Eraslan Beyefendiler‘e ve Doç. Dr. Arzu Terzi Hanımefendi‘ye teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca İstanbul Üniversitesi‘ndeki Tarih ve Felsefe öğrenimim boyunca emeklerini esirgemeyen başta Profesör Dr. Ayhan Bıçak ve Profesör Dr. Şaban Teoman Duralı Beyefendiler olmak üzere bütün Tarih ve Felsefe bölümü öğretim üyelerine teşekkür borçlusuyum. Bunun yanı sıra yine İstanbul Üniversitesindeki öğrenimim esnasında beni derslerine çekinmeden misafir eden Latin ve Fars Dili Edebiyatı hocalarına da ayrıca teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Kuşkusuz, bu mütevazı çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasındaki katkılardan en önemlisi, üzerlerinde maddi ve manevi yük olmaktan yorgun düştüğüm aileme aittir. Onlara minnettarım. 6 ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER Tezde Yapılan Düzeltmeler ..................................................................................................... 2 ÖZ .............................................................................................................................................
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