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Ebook Download Trotsky: a Biography Ebook, Epub TROTSKY: A BIOGRAPHY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Robert Service | 624 pages | 24 Jun 2010 | Pan MacMillan | 9780330439695 | English | London, United Kingdom Trotsky: A Biography by Robert Service, Paperback | Barnes & Noble® Plekhanov soon parted ways with the Bolsheviks. Trotsky left the Mensheviks in September over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks. From until , Trotsky described himself as a "non-factional social democrat". He worked between and , trying to reconcile different groups within the party, which resulted in many clashes with Lenin and other prominent party members. Trotsky later maintained that he had been wrong in opposing Lenin on the issue of the party. During these years, Trotsky began developing his theory of permanent revolution and developed a close working relationship with Alexander Parvus in — During their split, Lenin referred to Trotsky as a " Judas ", [38] a "scoundrel" [39] and a "swine". The unrest and agitation against the Russian government came to a head in Saint Petersburg on 3 January Julian Calendar , when a strike broke out at the Putilov Works in the city. This single strike grew into a general strike, and by 7 January , there were , strikers in Saint Petersburg. On Sunday, 9 January , Father Georgi Gapon led a peaceful procession of citizens through the streets to the Winter Palace to beseech the Tsar for food and relief from the oppressive government. The Palace Guard fired on the peaceful demonstration, resulting in the deaths of some 1, demonstrators. Sunday, 9 January , became known as Bloody Sunday. There he worked with both Bolsheviks, such as Central Committee member Leonid Krasin , and the local Menshevik committee, which he pushed in a more radical direction. The latter, however, were betrayed by a secret police agent in May, and Trotsky had to flee to rural Finland. There he worked on fleshing out his theory of permanent revolution. On 19 September , the typesetters at the Ivan Sytin 's printing house in Moscow went out on strike for shorter hours and higher pay. By the evening of 24 September, the workers at 50 other printing shops in Moscow were also on strike. On 2 October , the typesetters in printing shops in Saint Petersburg decided to strike in support of the Moscow strikers. On 7 October , the railway workers of the Moscow—Kazan Railway went out on strike. Also attending were some , people crowded outside to hear the speeches—about half of all workers in Saint Petersburg. After his return, Trotsky and Parvus took over the newspaper Russian Gazette, increasing its circulation to , Just before Trotsky's return, the Mensheviks had independently come up with the same idea that Trotsky had: an elected non-party revolutionary organization representing the capital's workers, the first Soviet "Council" of Workers. Khrustalyev-Nosar had been a compromise figure when elected as the head of the Saint Petersburg Soviet. Khrustalev- Nosar was a lawyer that stood above the political factions contained in the Soviet. However, since his election, he proved to be very popular with the workers in spite of the Bolsheviks' original opposition to him. Khrustalev-Nosar became famous in his position as spokesman for the Saint Petersburg Soviet. He did much of the actual work at the Soviet and, after Khrustalev-Nosar's arrest on 26 November , was elected its chairman. On 2 December, the Soviet issued a proclamation which included the following statement about the Tsarist government and its foreign debts: [49]. The autocracy never enjoyed the confidence of the people and was never granted any authority by the people. We have therefore decided not to allow the repayment of such loans as have been made by the Tsarist government when openly engaged in a war with the entire people. The following day, the Soviet was surrounded by troops loyal to the government and the deputies were arrested. On 4 October he was convicted and sentenced to internal exile to Siberia. While en route to exile in Obdorsk , Siberia, in January , Trotsky escaped at Berezov [51] and once again made his way to London. In October, he moved to Vienna , Austria-Hungary. For the next seven years, he often took part in the activities of the Austrian Social Democratic Party and, occasionally, of the German Social Democratic Party. In Vienna, Trotsky became close to Adolph Joffe , his friend for the next 20 years, who introduced him to psychoanalysis. In October he was asked to join the editorial staff of Pravda "Truth" , a bi-weekly, Russian-language social democratic paper for Russian workers, which he co-edited with Adolph Joffe and Matvey Skobelev. It was smuggled into Russia. Avoiding factional politics, the paper proved popular with Russian industrial workers. Both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks split multiple times after the failure of the — revolution. Trotsky approached the Russian Central Committee to seek financial backing for the newspaper throughout A majority of Bolsheviks controlled the Central Committee in Lev Kamenev , Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations. Trotsky continued publishing Pravda for another two years until it finally folded in April The Bolsheviks started a new workers- oriented newspaper in Saint Petersburg on 22 April and also called it Pravda. Trotsky was so upset by what he saw as a usurpation of his newspaper's name that in April , he wrote a letter to Nikolay Chkheidze , a Menshevik leader, bitterly denouncing Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Though he quickly got over the disagreement, the message was intercepted by the Russian police , and a copy was put into their archives. Shortly after Lenin's death in , the letter was found and publicized by Trotsky's opponents within the Communist Party to portray him as Lenin's enemy. The most serious disagreement that Trotsky and the Mensheviks had with Lenin at the time was over the issue of "expropriations", [56] i. These actions had been banned by the 5th Congress, but were continued by the Bolsheviks. In January , the majority of the Bolshevik faction, led by Lenin, as well as a few defecting Mensheviks, held a conference in Prague and decided to break away from the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , and formed a new party, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Bolsheviks. In response, Trotsky organized a "unification" conference of social democratic factions in Vienna in August a. The attempt was generally unsuccessful. While there, Trotsky chronicled the ethnic cleansing carried out by the Serbian army against the Albanian civilian population. The outbreak of World War I caused a sudden realignment within the RSDLP and other European social democratic parties over the issues of war, revolution, pacifism and internationalism. Within the RSDLP, Lenin, Trotsky and Martov advocated various internationalist anti-war positions, while Plekhanov and other social democrats both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks supported the Russian government to some extent. In Switzerland , Trotsky briefly worked within the Swiss Socialist Party , prompting it to adopt an internationalist resolution. He wrote a book opposing the war, The War and the International, [59] and the pro-war position taken by the European social democratic parties, primarily the German party. In January in Paris, he began editing at first with Martov, who soon resigned as the paper moved to the left Nashe Slovo "Our Word" , an internationalist socialist newspaper. He adopted the slogan of "peace without indemnities or annexations, peace without conquerors or conquered. Trotsky attended the Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists in September and advocated a middle course between those who, like Martov, would stay within the Second International at any cost and those who, like Lenin, would break with the Second International and form a Third International. The conference adopted the middle line proposed by Trotsky. At first opposed, in the end Lenin voted for Trotsky's resolution to avoid a split among anti-war socialists. On 31 March [ citation needed ] , Trotsky was deported from France to Spain for his anti-war activities. Spanish authorities did not want him and deported him to the United States on 25 December He arrived in New York City on 13 January He stayed for nearly three months at Vyse Avenue in The Bronx. While imprisoned in the camp, Trotsky established an increasing friendship with the workers and sailors amongst his fellow inmates, describing his month at the camp as "one continual mass meeting". Trotsky's speeches and agitation incurred the wrath of German officer inmates who complained to the British camp commander, Colonel Morris, about Trotsky's "anti-patriotic" attitude. He reached Russia on 17 May After his return, Trotsky substantially agreed with the Bolshevik position, but did not join them right away. Russian social democrats were split into at least six groups, and the Bolsheviks were waiting for the next party Congress to determine which factions to merge with. Trotsky temporarily joined the Mezhraiontsy , a regional social democratic organization in Saint Petersburg , and became one of its leaders. After an unsuccessful pro-Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd , Trotsky was arrested on 7 August He was released 40 days later in the aftermath of the failed counter-revolutionary uprising by Lavr Kornilov. The following summary of Trotsky's role in was written by Stalin in Pravda , 6 November All practical work in connection with the organization of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the President of the Petrograd Soviet. It can be stated with certainty that the Party is indebted primarily and principally to Comrade Trotsky for the rapid going over of the garrison to the side of the Soviet and the efficient manner in which the work of the Military Revolutionary Committee was organized.
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