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Home , Brassica carinata, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Cabbage, Chinese cabbage

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Wisconsin Fast , rapid-cycling brassicas, are Reviewing oleracea is a bit like taking a part of a large family of plants called crucifers trip through the produce section of your ( = Cruciferae). Crucifers are easily supermarket. Collards, , , distinguished by the characteristic shape of their Brussels sprouts, and all belong —four in the shape of a cross or in the . Members of B. crucifix. A section, or , of the crucifer family oleracea are used extensively in Northern is the genus Brassica. and Central and are an important in many countries. Brassicas have great economic and commercial value, and play a major role in feeding the world Cauliflower is the main vegetable in . One population. They range from nutritious reason is that it can be stored without , mustards and oil producing crops, to refrigeration. The outer of the cauliflower animal fodders and weeds. wilt and form a protective layer around the head. In other parts of the world where refrigeration is Six of the most important Brassica species are still unavailable or considered a luxury, people closely interrelated. The relationship between also rely on other brassicas that store well (such these species can be represented as a triangle with as heading cabbage or kohlrabi) or those that the three diploid species forming the points of the continue to grow through a mild winter (, triangle, and the amphidiploid species (crosses Brussels sprouts). between the first three) on the sides (Figure 1). The forms of B. oleracea, known as , are used (2n = 16), popularly known as black for a wide variety of purposes, including human , is a common weed. It looks very much and animal fodder. Kale is used extensively like the Wisconsin Fast Plants. of B. nigra in New Zealand and Scotland for feeding sheep. A will stay dormant in the soil for years. Once the particularly tall variety of kale, known as tree kale ground is disturbed — for instance, by a tractor or or Jersey kale, is grown in Portugal as a food crop bulldozer — black mustard is one of the first and dates back to Roman times. On the Isle of plants to appear. Jersey, the tree kale is grown as fodder for the results from a cross between B. Jersey . Jersey kale is also a source of a nigra and B. oleracea. It is a tall, leafy found cottage industry for island inhabitants who make almost exclusively in . The leaves are walking sticks from the eight-foot kale stems. stripped off and eaten and the is pressed as a These walking sticks are very popular in British source of edible oil. hospitals, because they are very strong and

B. nigra Figure 1: Interrelationships between (Bbb) several Brassica species, and the b = 8 genus Raphanus.

B. juncea B. carinata Raphanobrassica (ABaabb) (Bcbbcc) (Rrrcc) ab = 18 bc = 17 rc = 18

B. rapa B. napus B. oleracea R. sativus (Aaa) (ACaacc) (Ccc) (Rrr) a = 10 ac = 19 c = 9 r = 9

© 1987 Wisconsin Fast Plants, University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 1-800-462-7417 [email protected] lightweight. A different variety of kale, developed activated by saliva and release the strong in Japan for ornamental purposes, can be seen as ‘mustard’ flavor. These are a help a bedding plant. This ornamental kale spreads its to both plants and humans. Certain pests are curly leaves at ground level, and looks like a big repelled and others attracted by glucosinolates. red, pink or white . The strong flavor also helps to discourage deer and rabbits from eating brassica crops. In mammals, Brassica napus is a cross between B. oleracea and certain glucosinolates have been found to help B. rapa. are a variety of B. napus as is detoxify cancer-causing nitrosamine chemicals in oil seed rape. This crop is the third most the liver. important source of edible oil behind soybean and oil. In the United States, cooking oils and Other intergeneric crosses are possible between margarines are produced mainly from corn or various brassicas and other crucifers. An example soybeans. In other parts of the world, the main is Raphanobrassica, the cross between B. oleracea source of edible oil is pressed from the seed of oil and Raphanus sativus (2n = 18), the common seed rape. Oil seed rape flourishes in Canada and . Raphanobrassica was first produced in the Europe, where the climate is too cool to produce a 1920’s by a Russian plant breeder named corn crop. In the summer, the Canadian prairies Karpechenko. He had hoped to breed a are literally ‘fields of sunshine,’ due to the yellow ‘supervegetable’ with both the large head of a flowers of oil seed rape, also known as canola. cabbage and the large root of a radish. The cross resulted in a big, leafy plant. Disappointed, he The last of the diploid Brassica species is Brassica didn’t pursue the plant cross any further. rapa (2n = 20). Both and Recently, Raphanobrassica has been revived by the fit into this species. Chinese cabbage is consumed Scottish Station in Dundee, by millions of people all over the world. Over 200 Scotland. Its high dry matter content makes it an different varieties of Chinese cabbage can be found excellent fodder for sheep and cattle. in . The per capita consumption of brassicas in China is 1/4 pound each day. Multiplied by has produced Wisconsin Fast China’s population, this approximates 250 million Plants from this tremendous resource of brassicas pounds of brassicas eaten in China every day. In collected from all over the world (both wild and northern China, where winters are long and cold, domesticated forms). Bred for their small size and heading forms of Chinese cabbage are harvested in rapid life cycle (35 days, seed-to-seed), Wisconsin the fall. Stored anywhere and everywhere there is Fast Plants are being used for research and room (including under the beds), Chinese cabbage classroom teaching. provides a major source of through the winter. One can easily imagine that by spring, no one in China ever wants to see Chinese cabbage again! In , Chinese cabbage is again a mainstay in the diet, but is processed in a different way. As the Germans ferment cabbage to make , the Koreans ferment cabbage to make Preview color slides of the Brassicas on the kimchee, the national dish. Kimchee is made in Fast Plants World Wide Web site, at the URL large earthenware jars by layering Chinese http://fastplants.cals.wisc.edu. cabbage, radish, , hot peppers and . Every family has its special recipe — some even Individual slides or add fish to the kimchee. Whatever the recipe, complete sets are kimchee is eaten three times a day, for breakfast, available from the lunch and supper. Fast Plants office, at $2.00 per slide. The final of the six Brassica species is (2n = 36), the cross between B. rapa and B. nigra. Brassica juncea includes the group known as mustard. In the southern United States, the foliage of B. juncea is often eaten as mustard greens. The distinctive flavor of mustard, present to some extent in all the brassicas, is strongest in the various types of B. juncea. Most people use mustard as a or . Mustard contains oils called glucosinolates, which are Table 1: Names of the subspecies of agriculturally important brassicas and radish

Species (genome) Subspecies or variety group or common name

Brassica nigra (bb = 16) --- Black mustard

Brassica oleracea (cc = 18) acephala Kales alboglabra Chinese kale, Kailan botrytis Cauliflower, heading broccoli Cabbage costata Portuguese cabbage, Tronchuda gemmifera Brussels sprouts gongylodes Kohlrabi italica Broccoli, Calabrese medullosa Marrow stem kale palmifolia Tree cabbage, Jersey kale ramosa Thousand-head kale sabauda sabellica Collards selensia Borecole

Brassica rapa (aa = 20) chinensis Pak choi narinosa Tsatsai nipposinica , Mibuna oleifera rape, Toria parachinensis Saichin, pekinensis Chinese cabbage perviridis Tendergreen, rapifera Turnip trilocularis Yellow sarson utilis Broccoletto, Broccoli raab

Brassica carinata (bbcc = 34) --- Ethiopian mustard

Brassica juncea (aabb = 36) capitata Head mustard crispifolia Cut mustard faciliflora Broccoli mustard lapitata Large mustard multiceps Multishoot mustard oleifera Indian mustard, Raya rapifera Root mustard rugosa Leaf mustard spicea Mustard tsa-tsai Big stem mustard

Brassica napus (aacc = 38) --- Fodder rape oleifera Oil rape rapifera Swede,

Raphanus sativus (rr = 18) radicola Radish, dikon oleifera Oil radish caudatus Rat tail radish

The haploid complement of chromosomes is a = 10, b = 8 and c and r = 9. Morphotypes of the subspecies of

choy sum Chinese cabbage broccoli raab mibuna turnip Brassica rapa parachinensis Brassica rapa pekinensis Brassica rapa utilis Brassica rapa nipposinica Brassica rapa rapifera

turnip rape or sarson pak choi Wisconsin Fast Plants tsa-tsai tendergreen Brassica rapa oleifera or Brassica rapa chinensis Rapid-cycling Brassica rapa Brassica rapa narinosa Brassica rapa perviridis B. r. trilocularis

The Phylogeny of Fast Plants

Kingdom: Planta • plants have cell walls and chlorophyll • other kingdoms are: Monera (bacteria), Protista (protozoans), Fungi and Animalia Division: Tracheophyta • vascular plants Subdivision: Spermatophyta • seed plants Class: Angiospermae • flowering plants Subclass: Dicotyledonae (dicots) • two cotyledons, branching veins in leaves Order: Papaverales • special anatomy of fruit and embryo • contains several families Family: Cruciferae or •G (e.g., mustards and ) • 4 petals, 4 , 6 , consists of two fused carpels • contains 375 genera Genus: Brassica • pod a silique, embryos conduplicate • contains over 3200 species Species: rapa • chromosome number 2n = 20 • contains 11 subspecies Subspecies: e.g.: chinensis (pak choi), pekinensis (Chinese cabbage), rapifera (turnip) Cultivar: cultivated variety name • domesticated through selection and breeding