Assessing Language Production Using Salt Software
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ASSESSING LANGUAGE PRODUCTION USING SALT SOFTWARE A Clinician’s Guide to Language Sample Analysis 2nd Edition ASSESSING LANGUAGE PRODUCTION USING SALT SOFTWARE A Clinician’s Guide to Language Sample Analysis JON F. MILLER KAREN ANDRIACCHI ANN NOCKERTS ASSESSING LANGUAGE PRODUCTION USING SALT SOFTWARE A Clinician’s Guide to Language Sample Analysis edited by Jon F. Miller, Karen Andriacchi, and Ann Nockerts with chapters contributed by Chapters 1–6: Jon F. Miller, Karen Andriacchi, and Ann Nockerts Chapter 7: Raúl Rojas and Aquiles Iglesias Chapter 8: Julie Washington Chapter 9: Joyelle DiVall-Rayan, Nikola Nelson, Karen Andriacchi, and Ann Nockerts Chapter 10: Joyelle DiVall-Rayan and Jon F. Miller Copyright © 2015 SALT Software, LLC. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of SALT Software, LLC. Printed in the United States of America. Published by SALT Software LLC, Middleton, WI. Printing History: November, 2011: First Edition. December, 2015: Second Edition. January, 2016: Revised Edition November, 2016: PDF Edition The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the authors nor the publisher shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work. SALT Software, LLC 7006 Hubbard Avenue Middleton, WI 53562 1-888-440-7258 www.saltsoftware.com CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................................................ v About the Editors .................................................................................................. ix About the Contributors ......................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction to LSA Using SALT ............................................................ 1 Chapter 2: Eliciting Language Samples ................................................................ 11 Chapter 3: Transcribing Language Samples ......................................................... 31 Chapter 4: Analyzing Language Samples ............................................................. 43 Chapter 5: Interpreting Language Samples ......................................................... 73 Chapter 6: Beyond Standard Measures ............................................................... 89 Chapter 7: Assessing the Bilingual (Spanish/English) Population ...................... 111 Chapter 8: The Dialect Features of AAE and Their Importance in LSA .............. 125 Chapter 9: Additional Applications of SALT ....................................................... 137 Chapter 10: Pulling It All Together: Examples from our case study files ........... 163 Afterword ........................................................................................................... 225 Guide to the Appendices ................................................................................... 229 Appendix A: Play Database ................................................................................ 231 Appendix B: Conversation Database .................................................................. 233 Appendix C: Narrative SSS Database ................................................................. 237 Appendix D: Narrative Story Retell Database .................................................... 241 Appendix E: Expository Database ...................................................................... 251 Appendix F: Persuasion database ...................................................................... 259 Appendix G: Bilingual Spanish/English Story Retell Databases ......................... 269 Appendix H: Bilingual Spanish/English Unique Story Databases ....................... 289 Appendix I: Monolingual Spanish Story Retell Database ................................... 297 iv Assessing Language Production Using SALT Software Appendix J: ENNI Database ................................................................................ 305 Appendix K: Gillam Narrative Tasks Database ................................................... 309 Appendix L: New Zealand - Australia Databases ................................................ 313 Appendix M: Summary of SALT Transcription Conventions .............................. 331 Appendix N: C-Unit Segmentation Rules ........................................................... 335 Appendix O: Subordination Index ...................................................................... 343 Appendix P: Narrative Scoring Scheme .............................................................. 355 Appendix Q: Expository Scoring Scheme ........................................................... 363 Appendix R: Persuasion Scoring Scheme ........................................................... 371 Appendix S: Guide to the SALT Variables ........................................................... 375 Appendix T: Using SALT to Assess the Common Core ....................................... 381 References ......................................................................................................... 397 Index ................................................................................................................... 407 FOREWORD Updates on our views on the language sample analysis (LSA) process and the release of a new version of SALT software (Miller & Iglesias, 2015) motivated creating a second edition of this book. This second edition addresses the challenges of assessing language production through the life span. The unfolding of language through childhood requires us to be mindful of the change in language knowledge, the demands on language use for school, home, and community, and the role spoken language plays in mastering literacy skills. This book provides an overview of how LSA provides the tools to carefully evaluate language performance in a variety of speaking contexts. It details how SALT reduces the burden of the LSA process, creating functional measurement options for everyday use. It is written to overcome the bias against LSA as too difficult to learn and too variable as a measurement tool. It is written to convince you of the value of LSA and to show you how SALT reduces the effort up front and provides consistent results. Revisions were made to reflect changes in the software. New language measures and analysis reports have been added to SALT and a number of the reports have been reformatted to provide a more transparent view of the results. The Expository reference database has been expanded and a new Persuasion database was added to include typical students in grades 9 – 12. These two major additions to the databases provide access to language expectations for adolescents as they transition into adulthood. We were fortunate to also include a contributed database of monolingual Spanish story retell samples, elicited from typical 1st – 3rd grade students in Guadalajara, Mexico. These changes to the software are documented in this second addition. A new chapter was added on additional uses of SALT, focusing on coding written samples and fluency behaviors. Written language has been of increasing interest, particularly for middle and high school students. A written language transcription format has been developed with input from Nicki Nelson. The reciprocal nature of spoken and written language has been the focus of increased research and clinical interest. The written language transcription format allows for the comparison of spoken and written language performance to advance the focus of intervention services. A flexible coding scheme was vi Assessing Language Production Using SALT Software developed to capture behaviors unique to stuttering, such as prolongations, blocks, and concomitant behaviors. Once coded, these behaviors are summarized in a new fluency report. This second edition follows the format of the first edition with an introductory chapter followed by chapters on each of the key components of the LSA process; sample elicitation, transcription, analysis, and interpretation. Each of these chapters walks you through challenges and solutions for that component to provide you with a broad understanding of the process. Each step in the process provides the foundation for the next. A representative sample, transcribed accurately, will provide valid and reliable analysis results available for your clinical interpretation. The next two chapters are included to bring attention to special populations, Spanish-English bilingual children and speakers of African American English. These chapters describe the challenges facing clinicians when evaluating oral language in these populations. The last chapter is filled with case studies, to test your knowledge of using SALT to document performance. You should be able to anticipate the analyses outcomes as they unfold for each case. These cases are intended to emphasize the power of LSA to document specific language deficits and strengths of each individual. At the same time we bring attention to the importance of integrating your clinical experience and judgment into the process. When all is said and done, SALT continues to provide you with abundant