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Forces Year 8 Science Activity Pack Physics

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Forces Year 8 Science Activity Pack Physics Year 8 Science Activity pack Physics Forces Task Description Equilibrium - Learn how to: • Identify forces and their directions 1 • Describe how opposing forces can result in equilibrium • Calculate resultant force • Friction and Drag - Learn how to: • Describe the effects of drag on objects as they move 2 • Describe factors that affect the size of drag forces • Evaluate how well technology reduces drag forces Hooke’s Law – Stretch and Compression – Learn how to: • Identify the forces involved in changing an object’s shape 3 • Explain what is meant by elastic behaviour • Design an experiment to investigate stretch Pressure on Solids – Learn how to: • Explain what is meant by pressure 4 • Describe effects of varying pressure • Calculate pressure Pressure on Fluids – Learn how to: • Describe how pressure in a liquid changes with depth 5 • Explain pressure changes using the particle model • Describe how pressure in a gas changes with height Sinking and Floating - Learn how to: • Explain why objects float or sink 6 • Describe the forces involved in sinking and floating • Describe how to measure upthrust • Your work for this topic is separated into lessons. • You should aim to complete one lesson in every Science slot on your timetable. • Don’t worry if you can’t complete all the tasks. Choose things that are at a level you feel confident at. • If you need some help and support, use the information in blue on the pages. If you have access to the internet, then use BBC Bitesize KS3 “Forces” “Pressure” and “Density” topic areas to find any extra information – although you may not need it! A quiz for this topic will be available on Educake from 22/06/20. If you need your username please e-mail [email protected] Glossary Fill this in as you work through the booklet 2 Key term Definition Equilibrium Deformation Linear Relationship Newton Resultant Force Friction Tension Compression Contact Force Fluid Pressure Upthrust Atmospheric Pressure Lesson 1 Equilibrium Google The Maltesers Try this at home: Malteser Challenge! “Feed Me” commercial 1. Get a Malteser and a paper straw. 2. See if you are skilled enough to make the Malteser hover above the straw. 3. Draw and label a diagram in your booklet that shows the forces that must be acting on your Malteser in order for it to stay hovering. What 3 things can a force do? ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Forces can be contact forces, where objects must touch each other to exert a force. Other forces are non-contact forces, where objects do not have to touch each other. These include: •gravity •magnetism •forces due to static electricity Drawing Forces We draw arrows to represent forces. The arrow tells us 2 things: 1. The direction of the force 2. The size of the force Lift pushing the If 2 forces the same plane up size act on an object in opposite directions, they are balanced – this is also called equilibrium. Weight pulling the plane down Resultant Forces If we have multiple forces acting on an object, we can calculate a resultant force. A resultant force is a single force that has the same effect on the object as all the individual forces acting together. Here, the forwards force is the same size as the backwards force. They are balanced, and the resultant force is 0 N. The car travels at steady speed. 3000 N 3000 N Here, the forwards force is the larger than the backwards force. There is a resultant force of 1000 N to the left. The car speeds up (accelerates). 2000 N 1000 N Here, the forwards force is smaller than the backwards force. There is a resultant force of 2000 N to the right. The car slows down (decelerates). 1000 N 3000 N Overcoming Unbalanced Forces Watch Bear Grylls in quick sand and describe what is happening in terms of the forces that are acting on him. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7uK7TT40Hg _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Lesson 2 Friction and Drag Rub your hands together for 20 second? What happens? ________________________________ What is the force called that causes this? ____________ Friction is a resistive force that acts between solid surfaces. In a fluid (a substance that will flow – liquids or gases) this resistive force is called drag. This swimmer is experiencing drag due to the water This cyclist is experiencing drag due to the air Drag Whenever we move, we have to use energy to push particles out of the way. The particles in a liquid are packed more closely together than in a gas – we can say the liquid is more dense. This makes it harder to move through and slows you down. Why can’t you move through a solid? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Streamlining Racing cyclists crouch down low on their bikes to reduce the air resistance on them. This helps them to cycle faster. They also wear streamlined helmets. These have special, smooth shapes that allow the air to flow over the cyclist more easily. Modern vehicles are also streamlined. Their smooth shapes make the air resistance smaller, which allows them to travel further on the same amount of fuel. Suggest why streamlining is an advantage for each of these: - - - - - Now make and test two shapes. Using plasticine or playdoh (maybe even blu- tack if you have it). Can you make one shape that takes much longer to move through the same depth of water as another shape? Draw your designs here before you make and test them. Imagine you were preparing to do a very fast downhill ski run. As well as needing to be able to ski very well, you also need your equipment and the way you use it to assist. a) What kind of clothing do you think would help? b) What kind of position would you adopt, and why? c) When people are first learning to ski, streamlining isn’t important – why is it more important the faster you go? Lesson 3 – Hooke’s Law – Stretch and Compression This should be a practical lesson – so instead you need to read through the method and look at the set of results obtained by another student who completes the practical. From this you can draw a graph and make some conclusions. Background Information Come up with ideas of any types of elastic objects or materials that you know. Elastic objects / materials All of these objects go back to their original shape after being stretched or compressed – they all show elastic behaviour. If an object is stretched or compressed too far or too often it won’t go back to its original shape – it is permanently deformed. Objects that break easily rather than stretch or compress are called brittle. Investigating Hooke’s Law This is an example of a common experiment used to investigate Hooke’s Law. It should help you understand how to work scientifically. Aim of the experiment To investigate how adding mass to a spring affects its extension. Method 1.Set up the apparatus as in the diagram 2.Add a 10 g mass to the holder and record the spring length. 3.Add another 10 g mass and record the new spring length. 4.Take away the previous spring length from the new length to calculate the extension (the difference). 5.Repeat by adding 10 g masses until 100 g is reached. Variables •The independent variable is the mass. •The dependent variable is the extension. •Controlled variables include using the spring and masses used. Risks Care must be taken with masses. Expected Results Here are the results. In Y7 you learnt that Force can be calculated by multiplying mass (in kg) by gravity (approximately 10N/kg on Earth). The extension is calculated by subtracting the original spring length (20mm) from the new spring length. You can see from the table that there is a clear pattern. You now need to plot these results onto a graph. Mass (kg) Force (N) Spring Length (mm) Extension (mm) 0 0 20 0 0.1 0.1 25 5 0.2 0.2 30 10 0.3 0.3 35 15 0.4 0.4 40 20 0.5 0.5 46 26 Graph On the next page there is some graph paper. You need to plot a graph of Force (N) against extension (mm). Force needs to be on your x-axis and extension on your y-axis. This is because the Forces is the independent variable (thing you change) and the extension is the dependent variable (thing you measure). These are the rules we always use when drawing our graphs in Science. Once you have drawn your graph, draw a line of best fit with your ruler (NOT dot to dot). Conclusion What is the relationship between the Force and the extension (as shown in your graph)? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Would the line carry on being straight forever? Why is this? _______________________________________________________________________ Hooke’s Law Hooke’s law – the extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied If even more force is added, the object will eventually break. If the force is too big, the object reaches its elastic limit and becomes permanently deformed. The graph starts to curve. Evaluation • Your measurements are accurate if they are close to their true value. • Your measurements are precise if they are similar when completed again. • Your experiment is repeatable if you get precise measurements when it is repeated. • Your experiment is reproducible if others get precise measurements when they repeat it. Lesson 4 – Pressure on Solids Which of these puts more pressure on the ground? How do you know this? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ What will have a larger pressure on the ground? Watch the video to find out! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQY UGQg3QB8 If the force is applied to a large area, the pressure will be smaller.
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