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Place and the Politics of Knowledge in Rural Bolivia: a Postcoloniality of Development, Ecology, and Well-Being

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Place and the Politics of Knowledge in Rural Bolivia: a Postcoloniality of Development, Ecology, and Well-Being PLACE AND THE POLITICS OF KNOWLEDGE IN RURAL BOLIVIA: A POSTCOLONIALITY OF DEVELOPMENT, ECOLOGY, AND WELL-BEING A Dissertation Presented by KAREN MARIE LENNON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May 2012 School of Education Educational Policy, Research, and Administration © Copyright by Karen Marie Lennon 2012 All Rights Reserved PLACE AND THE POLITICS OF KNOWLEDGE IN RURAL BOLIVIA: A POSTCOLONIALITY OF DEVELOPMENT, ECOLOGY, AND WELL-BEING A Dissertation Presented By KAREN MARIE LENNON Approved as to style and content by: _________________________________________________ Sangeeta Kamat, Chair ________________________________________________ Ann Ferguson, Member ________________________________________________ Elena T. Carbone, Member ________________________________________________ Laura A. Valdiviezo, Member ________________________________________ Christine McCormick Dean of the School of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The contributions to this dissertation began long before my actual fieldwork, and involve many people from diverse backgrounds and different continents. At the forefront of it all are my two closest allies and compañeros , my husband, Brian B. Johnson, and our son, Natán. They have given me immeasurable support, collaboration, intellectual stimulation, and comfort. Conducting fieldwork with them opened up so many doors, personally as well as to the homes and places of others. Natán shared with me his youthful lucidity, observations, interpretations and thoughts. As always, he provided a passage to more freely enter the world of children, and of play: in the classrooms, on the streets, in the fields, and alongside the river banks. Brian and I both did our respective fieldwork in the municipality of Rumi Mayu, Bolivia; our focus was different, but our themes crossed over— indigenous issues, politics, and health. Brian shared with me books, contacts, insights, challanges, indignations, music, and hope; he read my chapters, helped to shape and clarify my thinking, weather the storms, and enjoy our laughter together. I am immensely grateful for all of his sincerity, care, generosity, and love. This dissertation would not exist without the openness, solidarity, interactions, and insights of both long-time and newly acquired friends in Rumi Mayu. There are four people who were extremely integral to the implementation and fruition of my fieldwork: Margarita, doña Julia, don Sabino, and Katty. This dissertation would not be what it is today without their keen, gracious perspectives, and critical thinking. iv My longtime close friend, Margarita Laime is, simply, an amazing person. Our friendship and luchas go back to our days and years of working together in Cochabamba, in the mid to late 1990s. Our journeys and aspirations continued to intertwine as Margarita and her partner, Jaime Rivera, introduced my family and I to her adopted town of Rumi Mayu, provided us with a home when we arrived, shared food and conversations. Margarita shared profound insights and advice, traveled with me to many of the communities, conducted my interviews in Quechua, and brightened up my life in an infinite number of ways. Doña Julia and don Sabino provided Brian, Natán and I with our first (and still only) home in Rumi Mayu. They were initially our landlords, but we have developed a very deep friendship with them, their children, and their respective mothers, which has ripened and strengthened with time. We did not only talk and discuss profound issues; we also worked together in their fields, baked bread, sampled their home distilled singani during the wee hours of the night (often enough, on our way to the outhouse past their outdoor still), and learned so much about self-sufficiency, and being in the moment. Katty Marcani has been part of our family since Natán was three months old, and when she was fifteen, in Cochabamba. Our times together are always filled with great conversations and warmth. Katty visited with us in Rumi Mayu at critical junctures, and she conducted several of my interviews in Quechua. Katty is, and has always been, one of the most genuine, hard-working, fun, well-meaning, and loving people that I know. v As mentioned above, we developed many friendships in Rumi Mayu, and made many acquaintances. Unfortunately, there are far too many people to list all of them here, but each one is forever etched in my mind as a person who I hold in high esteem and am extremely appreciative of. I would like to extend a special thanks to Mario, Santusa and Damián, Carmen, Alfredo and Julia, Zulema, Roxanna, Gertrudes, Marcelino and family, Carmelo, Mercedes, Jenny, Isabel, Marta, Mercedes, María Elena, Fátima, Limbert, Agustín, Jenny, Nora, Carmela, Fernando, Gonzalo, Pedro, Eugenio, José and Telma, and all of the auxillary nurses, teachers, and students. In addition, shortly after the period of my initial field work many of the older residents passed away, several of whom who were extremely kind and instrumental in sharing information with me that gave me new insights and understandings of the region. I am extremely thankful to have had the opportunity to know doña Basilia, don Braulio, and don Luis. In Sucre, Eva María Paucar Calderón generously and patiently helped improved our understanding of the Quechua language, translated all of my interview guides into Quechua, and transcribed most of my tape recordings. Her soon-to-be- husband, Ramiro, assisted Eva with some of the transcriptions. Their collaboration was essential. I would also like to thank the volunteer university students (ASE), an inspiring group of interdisciplinary environmental activists who exchanged much joy, knowledge and ingenuity with the youth (and others) of Rumi Mayu, including me. In addition to ASE, there are a number of organizations in Sucre that provided me with multiple perspectives and stimulating conversations. I especially want to thank Verónica Cereceda (ASUR), Aurora Gutiérrez and Nancy Urzagaste de Plaza vi (Plan International Sucre), Lilián Acosta (Prefecture of Chuquisaca), Niurka Villalpando (UNICEF), and María Elena Arancibia (SEDES Chuquisaca). Most of the writing for my dissertation took place in La Paz, where I also owe my gratitude to numerous individuals. First, the Flores Bedregal sisters: Verónica, Olga, Teresa and Eliana, four incredible, unique, cariñosa and dedicated intellectuals and activists—each one of them embodies such strength of character, together with a deep commitment for social change and solidarity. Each in their own way and together filled my mind up with thoughts and critiques about Bolivian politics and indigenous concerns and, in their own unique ways, contributed to the interdisciplinary nature of my thesis. Also, much conversation and inspiration came from Xavier Albó (CIPCA), Denise Arnold and Juan de Dios Yapita (ILCA), and Albina Torres (Socios para la Salud), among so many others. Here and elsewhere in Bolivia, we have many friends who supported and contributed to my “well being” and intellectual growth beyond the actual scope of this dissertation. In Cochabamba, I would like to extend my deepest heartfelt appreciation and love to our longtime friends, extended family and compadres Marlene Baldivieso, Luis Reque, and Nayra and Kenia. Also, a special thanks to Yolanda, Marta, María Lohman, and to Charles McFarren, the latter now sadly departed. In Sucre and Tarija, Elsa, René, Gabriela and Miguel. In La Paz, a special thanks to Lucho, Carito, Johnny, Mane, and Pelusa; and, finally, to our dearest friends who have also been part of our family for almost 15 years, Patti Zurita and Yuri Cerezo, and their children. Some months after we moved to La Paz, Patti and Yuri died in an automobile accident: losing them still causes such great pain, yet vii remembering them brings such great joy, and fond memories of strength of character, and just plain fun over so many late nights. We are forever indebted to them for their inspirational daughters Andrea, Grecia and Lunita (our godchild), who each in her own way has taught me about the importance of enjoying life. The diverse ideas, interests and commitment that led up to my fieldwork and dissertation began many years ago, when I first became enamored with the people of Bolivia and the land. This happened in Villa Montes, and it was where my life crossed paths with Ruth Crespo: Ruthie has had a major impact on me as a friend, co-worker, roommate, teacher, gardener and kin spirit. While all of my work colleagues in those days influenced me, those that I had more profound interactions with were Mercedes Valeriano, Noé César Quisberth, Garth Pollack, Alonzo Wind, Daniel Ayala, Palmira Villarroel, Carlitos Cortes, Virgilio Porcel and Pethy Borda, Ernesto, César Ayala, Samuel Durán, Silvio, and Trinidad Camacho. But above all, it was the people in the diverse communities of Villa Montes and Yacuiba who made it all so real for me, and to whom I hold the greatest admiration: they first taught me about what it means to fight for what is right, or at least mostly right. And, a special recognition of the friendships that I shared with Beatriz, Hans, Laura, Paul, and Andrés. On the northern continent, I would like to express my deep gratitude for the unending collaboration and support of our good friends in Amherst, Janet Lansberry, Tom Flittie, and Helene. And, there are so many others as well, with whom I had enjoyed fruitful discussions: Marlene, Gihan, Leticia,
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