On Scandal: Moral Disturbances in Society, Politics, and Art Ari Adut Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89589-7 - On Scandal: Moral Disturbances in Society, Politics, and Art Ari Adut Index More information

Index

Abbott, Andrew, 292, 299 Aremberg, Walter, 272–3 ABC News, 127, 177, 218 Arendt, Hannah, 289, 310 Absinthe Drinker, 239 Armstrong, Lance, 16 Abstract Expressionism, 264–70, 274, art (general), affinities with scandal, 225; 277–8, 315, 317 art market, 247, 255, 278, 280–1, 318; abstraction, 254, 256–7, 259, 264–70, capitalism and, 233, 255–6, 278;asa 317 contested concept, 228; emotional Abu Ghraib Affair, 74, 126 element in, 228; indeterminacy of Adams, John, 88, 89, 186 meaning in, 232–4; institutionalist Adams, John Quincy, 186, 187–8 theories of, 281–2; moral ambiguity in, Adams, Sherman, 97–8 232–3; nudity in, 243–5;asa Adorno, Theodore, 230 self-fulfilling prophecy, 281; adultery, American politicians and, transgression in, 225–34 177–8; attitudes in France and U.S., art, contemporary, 271–86; crisis of the 178; attributed to Marie-Antoinette, art object 271–83; eclecticism of, 271; 182; of Beecher, 192–3; Carter and, installations, 274, 278; return to real, 208; of Clinton, 178, 203, 213–14;of 283–6; See also conceptual art Hamilton, 186; Jackson, 187;of art, modern, 238–171; the avoidance of Jefferson, 89; in literature, 41, 183;of decoration of, 258, 264, 268–70; Mike Bowers, 209; moral societies and, dissonance, 316; the formal 190; Victorian attitudes toward, 42 radicalization of, 254; the idea of Aestheticism, 69–70, 296 progress in, 271; intention and, 233–4, Agnew, Spiro, 102 270; intertextuality, 270;moral Alexander, Jeffrey, 291 ambiguity in, 249–50; radicalization Alfieris, Bruno, 270 of, 254; the rejection of mimesis of, All in the Family, 198 255–7, 265, 268, 269; the role of The American Dream Goes to Pot, 283 critics in, 269–70; subversive content ancient Greeks, 14, 185 of, 249–254; transgression and, 234–5, Andre,´ Carl, 226–7, 274, 278, 279 316; uncertainty in, 270;useof anticorruption, 105, 138–9, 147, 149, distortion in, 256–61;See also abstract 156, 168, 170, 303 expressionism, abstraction, cubism, anti-Semitism, 30–1 fauvism, impressionism, surrealism Apollinaire, Guillaume, 269 art scandal, 224–34; the decreasing appearances, 27, 42, 56, 59, 63, 72, 78, effects of, 230; emotional effect of, 85–6, 103–4, 119, 132, 171, 247, 248, 226–7; the ideational element of, 226; 297 motives in creating, 225;provocation Arbuckle, Roscoe “Fatty,” 195 in, 231–2; the public of, 226; shock in,

343

index

art scandal (cont.) Browning, Oscar, 45 228–30; the size of, 226; unintended Bruguire, Jean-Louis, 158 consequences of, 232–4 Buchanan, James, 309–10 Asquith, Herbert Henry, 50 Bunuel,˜ Luis, 251, 313 Austen, Jane, 292 Buren, Daniel, 270 automatism, 253, 265–6 Burgelin, Jean-François, 164 avant-garde ideology, 255 Burial at Ornans, 238, Burne-Jones, Edward Coley, 69 Bacon, Francis, 261 Burr, Aaron, 96, 187 Balfour, Arthur, 63 Bush, George H. W., 123, 125, 284 The Ballad of Reading Gaol, 68 Bush, George W., 73, 85, 112, 122, Balladur, Edouard,´ 151, 155, 164, 307 125–7 Balthus, (Count Balthasar Klossowski de Rola), 249, 251, 267 cable television, 80, 198, 203 Baltimore, David, 29–30 Cadmus, Paul, 249, Balzac, Honorede,´ 143, 165 Callender, James, 186 Baudelaire, Charles, 238, 242 Canard Enchaine´, 169, 175 Bay of Pigs, 98 Cantaloube, Amed´ ee,´ 243 Beardsley, Aubrey, 69 Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, Beasley, David, 209 234, 236–7 Becker, Howard, 130 Carco, Francis, 258 Beckett, Samuel, 307 Carignon, Alain, 151, 159, 163, 171 Beecher-Tilton affair, 192–3 Carrefour du developpement´ affair, 137, Bellows, George, 285 141, 144 Bennett, William J., 178 Carson, Edward, 49, 57–61, 64, 65 Ber´ egovoy,´ Pierre, 137, 151, 161, 164 Carter, Jimmy, 117, 118, 122, 208 Bergman, Ingrid, 197, 311 catastrophes, 15, 31 Bernstein, Carl, 100, 108 Cathedral, 267–8 Bible, 41, 184, 234 Catholic Church, allegations against, 24, Blackstone, William, 43 28, 29, 79, 176, 177, 178;causesof Blaine, James, 187 the abuse scandal, 201, 208;crusade blogs, 15, 80, 123, 203, against obscenity of, 196; defied by bodily waste, 226, 233, 251, 280, 282–3, Luther, 225; division between laity and 285–6 clergy, 280; public opinion about, 177; Boizette, Edith,´ 156, 158, 306 slant against, 29 Bokassa Diamonds scandal, 136 Cattlegate, 124 Bork, Robert, 102 CBS, 178, 201 Boucher, François, 244 celebrity culture, 292–3 Boulton and Park scandal, 46–7, 67 Censorship, 65, 95, 192, 194, 235, 286, Bourdieu, Pierre, 291 296 Bowers, Mike, 206 Cezanne,´ Paul, 256–61 (passim), 269, Boy Scouts, 202 314 Bradlaugh, Charles, 52 Chappaquiddick affair, 311 Brandeis, Louis, 193 charisma, 85, 94 Braque, George, 259 Cheney, Dick, 126 Brecht, Bertolt, 317 Chicago Tribune, 177 Bridge, Justice John, 64 Chirac, Jacques, 151–2, 159–60, 166, Brillo Box, 274–5, 279 168–71 passim, 173 Brinkley, David, 198 cinema, 256, 317 Brown, Helen Gurley, 204 civil disobedience, 231

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civilizing process, 189, 310 223, 251, 254, 289; general discussion Civil War, 189, 190, 191 of, 23–31, 40, 55–7, 81; Clarke, Sir Edward, 57–8, 61, 67, 68 coordination costs, 19–20 Claretie, Jules, 243, 246 Corcoran Gallery of Art, 251 Clemenceau, Georges, 134 corruption, 8–9, 76–7; corruption Cleveland Street scandal, 44–6, 67–8 scandals in Europe, 76; corruption Cleveland, Grover, 87, 187 scandals in France during the 1980s, Clinton, Bill and the Lewinsky scandal, 9, 136–41; corruption scandals in France 11, 26, 27, 56, 84, 120, 175–80, 198, during the 1990s, 141–60;intheearly 199, 201, 203, 209–222, 312, 313; republic, 88; Eisenhower, 97;in general scandal activity of, 85, 117, France, 133–6;inItaly,115;and 123–4; and Gennifer Flowers, 203; Jefferson, 77; and Lincoln, 92;and impression management activities of, media, 77; prosecution of 132–5, 142, 122; and leaks, 106; media and, 122, 152–4, 160, 163; statistics in France, 124, 209; and Paula Jones case, 82, 129, 139; statistics in United States, 206, 209–222; and Whitewater, 10 76; and transparency; 119 Clinton, Hillary, 176 Cosmopolitan, 204 CNN, 203, 218 courage, 146, 230–2, 289 Coates, Robert, 267 Courbet, Gustave, 235, 236, 238, 245, Cocteau, Jean, 228, 229 314 Cold War, 93, 128 Cour des Comptes, 135, 169 collective responsibility, 25, 28, 30–1, Courroye, Philippe, 158–9, 170 132 Cox, Archibald, 101, 112 Collins, Gail, 89, 187, 194 Craig, Larry, 176 common knowledge, 19, 79 credence goods, 269 communication technology (advances in), Cresson, Edith,´ 152 123 Cronkite, Walter, 79 Comstock, Anthony, 191–3 Cuban missile crisis, 98 conceptual art, 226–7, 274–5, 279–80, Cubism, 258–9, 267, 315, 317 283 confessional culture, 207 Daily Mirror, 227 Conﬁdential, 196 Daily Telegraph, 63, 67 Congress, U.S., declining power of, 93, Dali, Salvador, 251, 253–4, 271, 313 95; divided government and scandal, Danto, Arthur, 318 83–4; impeachment efforts in Davenas, Laurent, 162, 307 nineteenth century, 90–2;in19th De Gaulle, Charles, 134, 309 century, 86; oversight activities after De Kooning, Willem, 261–2, 265–6 Watergate, 121–2; oversight powers of, De Profundis, 53 82; polarization within, 121; treatment Dean, John, 101, 110–1 of Lincoln, 92–3; surveillance of The Death of Sardanapalus, 244 presidents by, 121 The Death of the Virgin, 236 conservatives, 70, 84, 90, 175, 178, 179, Deep Throat, 78, 107–8 181, 199, 201, 203, 207, 223, 266, defamation, in English history, 45;in 267, 283 France, 220; laws in United States, 78, conspiracy, 30, 50, 54, 75, 100, 102, 180, 301 110, 123, 202, 221 Degas, Edgar, 246–7, 314 contamination, of associates, 24–5;of Le Dejeuner´ sur l’herbe, 2, 35, 36, audiences, 25–7; empirical instances of, 239–42 42–3, 58–66 passim, 69–71, 161, 170, Delacroix, Eugene,` 235, 38 175, 184, 185, 189, 198, 203, 221, Delaunay, Robert, 264

345

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Delon, Alain, 309 ethics in government statute, 118, 119 DeMille, Cecil, B., 195 Evening News, 64, 67–8 democracy, in France, 134;in19th Evening Standard, 65 century United States, 87–9, 187, 191; executive privilege, 82–3, 96–7, 101–2, and political scandal, 75–7 114, 121–2, 125–6, 171 Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 228–9, 259, Expressionism, 257, 261 261, 273 denouncers, 9, 10, 15, 17, 34, 54, 56, 79, Fabius, Laurent, 306 131, 145–6, 162, 169, 171, 185, Fauvism, 258 231–2, 288–9, 292, 293, 304 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 78, denunciation, 12, 14–6, 20–1, 34, 54, 74, 96, 99, 100, 103, 107–8, 124, 194 81, 131, 145–6, 171, 185, 231 Feminism, and art, 232, 285;and depression, 95, 195–6 Clinton, 220, 313; politicization of sex Derain, Andre,´ 261 by, 181, 203–5, 207–8; and privacy, Desart, Lord, 43 204; and rape, 185; sexual harassment Diamond Necklace affair, 75–6, 182, 299 laws and, 208; the use of publicity by, Dinthillac, Jean-Pierre, 166, 171 207; Dondero, George, 266 Le Figaro, 179, 246 Douglas, Lord Alfred, affair with Wilde, Filegate, 124 49, 51–3, 59, 66; crusade against Ross, Finley, Karen, 232, 60–1, 168 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 230 Douglas, Mary, 183–4 Fitzgerald, Zelda, 230 Drai, Pierre, 164 Flanagan, Barry, 230 Dreyfus affair, 15, 17, 30–1, 35 Flaubert, Gustave, 233, 238, 242 Drudge, Matt, 80, 179, 211 The Fleet’s In, 249, 251 Drumlanrig, Viscount, 61 Fleurs du mal, 238 Dublin Castle affair, 46 Foley, Mark, 176–7, 201–2, 311 Dubuffet, Jean, 261, 263 Ford, Gerald, 11, 103, 117 Duchamp, Marcel, 272–4, 279, 280, 285 Foucault, Michel, 42–3 Duke University’s lacrosse team, 29, 176 Fountain, 272–3, 280 Dumas, Roland, 152, 160, 163, 173, 305 Fox News, 79, 124, 179 Durand-Ruel, Paul, 247 Fragonard, Jean-Honore,´ 244 Dylan, Bob, 17 France (historical periods), Commune, 238; Old Regime, 18, 75–6; Second Echo, 64 Empire, 238; Terror, 75;Third Ecole´ des Beaux Arts, 235 Republic; 30; Vichy, 20, 304 Ehrlichman, John, 102 France, (legislature), 129, 135, 137, 141, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 93, 97–8, 114, 142, 150, 151, 152, 160, 161, 163, 311 165, 169 Elf scandal, 151–2, 305 France (judiciary), branches of, 135–6; Elias, Norbert, 189, 310 civil courts vs. criminal courts; 308; Ellis, Havelock, 43 conﬂicts within prosecution, 166; Ellsberg, Daniel, 100, 102 Conseil Superieur´ de la Magistrature, embarrassment, 26–7, 288 136, 143, 157, 163, 166 172, 166–8, Emmanuelli, Henri, 150, 151, 169 172; Ecole´ Nationale de la emotions, 54–5, 183, 228 Magistrature, 135, 161, 162; endogamy, 20 increasing independence of, 162–8; Enron scandal, 8–9, 15, 24, 28, 57 justice reform; 165–9, 173;its Equivalent VIII, 226–7, 274, 279, 281 relationship to the executive, 135; Ernst, Max, 250–1 unions, 163, 165–7

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France (penal procedure), 141–3; Hays, Wayne, 199 presumption of innocence, 156;the Hearst, William, 194, 195 secrecy of the investigation, 155–6 Hemmings, Sally, 186, 188 Frank, Barney, 201 Hersh, Seymour, 195 frankness, the sources of American, Hichens, Robert, 51 189–90 high crimes and misdemeanors, 90, 214, Freud, Lucian, 265 217 Hill, Anita, 206, 312, 313 Gaudino, Antoine, 149–50 Hilton, Paris, 14, 176 Gauguin, Paul, 258, 261, 269 Hirst, Damien, 274, 277–8, 279 gay politics, 203, 207, 285 Hitchens, Christopher, 16 Geraldo, 199 Hollywood, 98, 188, 194–7, 233 Gibson, Mel, 226 homosexuality, of Buchanan, 309–10; Gibson, Rick, 286 criminal statistics of, 38, 46; elite Gilbert and George, 285 Victorian homosexuals, 45; gay rights Gilbert and Sullivan, 47–8, 296 activism, 207, 298; Kinsey Report and, Gingrich, Newt, 175–6, 213, 216 196; laws in England, 38–9;ofLord Giotto, di Bondone, 270 Rosebery, 61–4; Newport affair, Giscard d’Estaing, Valerie,´ 136 199–200; persecution of homosexuals Giuliani, Rudolph, 209, 232 in the 1950s, 311; prosecution of Gladstone, William, 50 Oscar Wilde for homosexuality, Gloomy Game, 251–2 60–71; of Oscar Wilde, 47–53, 57–72; Godard, Jean-Luc, 317 reticence toward in Victorian and Goffman, Erving, 289, 291 surrealism, 253–4; restraint in the gossip, 8, 19–20, 36, 45, 203 prosecution of homosexuals in Gottlieb, Adolph, 269 Victorian England, 43–7, 60–1, 67–8; Government in the Sunshine Act, 122 stereotypes of homosexuals used by Goya, Francisco, 315 Victorians, 47, 296; on television, 198; Grant, Ulysses S., 82, 85, 92, Victorian attitudes toward, 38–48 110 honor killings, 28, 293 Greenberg, Clement, 264–6 honor, 28, 30, 33, 146, 231 The Green Carnation, 51 Hoover,J.Edgar,99, 108 Gris, Juan, 269 House Un-American Activities Guernica, 261, 283 Committee, 96–7 Guichard, Franc¸ois, 157 Hue, Robert, 160, 173 Guigou, Elisabeth,´ 166, 168 Hughes, Robert, 281 Guitar Lesson, 249–51 Hunt, Howard, 99, 100 Gulf War, 125 Huysmans, Karl, 246 Gurstein, Rochelle, 192, 310 hypocrisy, 13, 24, 86, 299–300

Habermas, Jurgen,¨ 55 An Ideal Husband, 64 Haldeman, H. R., 100 impeachment, 82, 83; of Andrew Halphen, Eric,´ 159–60, 170–1 Johnson, 75, 91–2; of Clinton, 84, Hamilton, Alexander, 88, 186 176–77, 180, 199, 212, 213, 217–9, Hamilton, Sir Edward, 62–3 221; and Nixon, 10; and Tyler, 83, Harding, Warren, 95, 195 90–1; and Washington, 89 Harrison, William, 90 Impression, Sunrise, 314 Hart, Gary, 177, 312 Imus, John Donald, 18–19 Harvey, Marcus, 233 immunity, 81–5, 94, 97, 114, 125, 138, Hastert, Dennis, 176 145–8, 159, 161

347

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Impressionism, the bourgeois element in, Jefferson, Thomas, and Aaron Burr 247–8; elements of their style, 238–9; controversy, 96; affair with Sally market for its works, 247–8;its Hemmings, 186, 188; his attack on Jay scandals, 239–48; subject matter of, Treaty, 89; attacks against, 89; 239; its successes, 247–8, 256–9, 314, autonomy of, 86; election of 88;strife 315, 316; with Hamilton, 186 incest, 89, 183, 185, 208 Jenkins, Philip, 29, 202 Independent counsels, 74, 119–20, Jenkins, Walter, 200–1 123–4, 126, 175, 179, 210, 212, 213, Jews, 26, 30, 184 214–17, 219, 222 Johns, Jasper, 318 individualism, 104 Johnson, Andrew, impeachment of, 75, Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, 244 85, 90–2, 109; mother’s reputation, Inspection des Finances, 135, 169 187 Inspectors general, 126 Johnson, Lyndon, B., the gay aide of, intention, in scandals, 13–5, 184, 233–4, 200; mistress of, 95; and Vietnam, 289, 294 105, 109; wiretaps by, 108 intention, in art, 270, 280, 285, 318 Johnson, Richard, 187 Interior Scroll, 285 Johnson, William, 45 Investigating Magistrates (IMs), Joly, Eva, 151–2, 158 contradictory status of, 143;the Jones, Paula, 122–3, 206, 210–221 declassement´ of, 148; the effects of Jordan, Hamilton, 117 their investigations, 160–8; group Jordan, Vernon, 211 identity, 147–8; the increasing stature Jospin, Lionel, 305 of their targets, 150–3; leaking by, Journal of the American Medical 154–8; the politicization of their Association, 176 investigations, 170–1; powers of, Joyce, James, 317 141–3; reaction to the amnesty of Judgment of Paris, 241 1990, 143–4; relationship to Juppe,´ Alain, 151, 168 prosecutors, 142–3, 149–50, 153–4; resentment 147–8; strategies of, Kafka, Franz, 307 145–7, 148–60; their declining ability Kahnweiler, Daniel-Henry, 258, 261 to signal impartiality, 171–3;the Kandinsky, Wassily, 256, 264, 269 unintended consequences of their Katrina (hurricane), 15, 126 investigations, 168–74 Katz, Jack, 185 Internet, 14, 80, 175, 177, 179, 203, 212 Kennedy, Edward, 311 Iran-Contra affair, 74, 84, 118, 121–3 Kennedy, John F., abuse of power by, Iraq War, 78, 85, 125, 126, 222 108; affairs of, 95, 98, 99, 178, 194–5, Isikoff, Michael, 179, 210–11 199;andBayofPigs,98; charisma of, Italy, 76, 77, 78, 125, 303, 311 85; and Cuban Missile Crisis, 98; health of, 301; inviolability of, 127; Jackson, Andrew, 87, 186–7, 189 and the New York Times, 99, 107;and Jackson, Janet, 176 Sherman Adams, 97; and Vietnam, 99, Jacksonian democracy, 89–91, 187, 189 107 Jacobinism, 134 Kennedy, Robert, 99 James, Henry, 50, 69 Kerry, John, 299 Jaworski, Leon, 101, 114 Kilpatrick, Kwame, 176 Jay Treaty, 89 King, Martin Luther, 108, 130 Jazz Age, 195 Kinsey Research Institute, 176, 196 Jean-Pierre, Thierry, 144, 149–50, 151, Kinsey, Alfred, 196 166 Kissinger, Henry, 105

348

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kitsch, 271–2 Lincoln, Abraham, 86, 91, 92–3, 187 Klee, Paul, 257, 263–4 Livingston, Bob, 175–6, 178, 213 Klein, Edward, 176 Lockwood, Frank, 63, 66–7, 298 Koons, Jeff, 278, 280–1 Longuet,´ Gerard, 155–6, 160 Korean War, 93, 95–6, 104 Lott, Trent, 56–7 Kosuth, Joseph, 274, 276 Louis-Napoleon,´ 240, 245 Kundera, Milan, 230 Lowi, Theodore, 86 Luchaire scandal, 137, 140 La Baigneuse, 245 Lukacs,´ Georg, 317 Lady Windermere’s Fan, 49 Luther, Martin, 14 Lance, Bert, 118 Large Nude in a Red Armchair, 260 MacKinnon, Catherine, 130, 204 Larry King, 199 Madame Bovary, 233, 238 Le Floch-Prigent, Loık,¨ 152, 306 Madonna di Loretto, 236 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 170 Madonna dei Palafrenieri, 234, 236–8 Leaks, 15; of the bombing of Cambodia, Mailer, Norman, 209 106; in Cleveland Street scandal, 46; Malevich, Kazimir, 255, 264 and the French penal procedure, 157; Malinowski, Bronislaw, 20 and the IMs, 132, 151, 154–5, 157, Manet, Edouard,´ 238–46, 248, 256, 314, 158–61, 164, 304, 307, 309; the leak 316 investigation, 126; in the Lewinsky Mani pulite, 115 scandal, 211, 217; and Vietnam, Mapplethorpe, Robert, 285–6 105–6; and the White House, 106;in Marie-Antoinette, Queen, 182, 299 the Wilde affair, 61 Matisse, Henri, 257 Legion of Decency, 195 Maurier, George du, 47, 48, 58 Leotard,´ François, 164 McCain, John, 209 lesbianism, 43, 185, 195, 203 McCarthy, Joe, 8, 96 Lese` majeste,´ 299 McCord, James, 100 Lewinsky scandal, 9, 11, 12, 25, 26, 56, McGreevey, James, 176 80; comparison with Watergate, McKinley, William, 96 221–2; comparison with Wilde affair, media, (general), 9, 17, 77–81, 74 221; the elite activism theory of and its media, American, 10; and Adams, 97; critique, 179–81; the explanation of, bloggers, 80; and the Catholic Church, 214–23; general narrative of, 209–23; 202; conditions for journalistic interest in, 175; seriousness of, 175–6; scandalmongering, 80;intheearly the societal puritanism theory of and republic, 88–9; first half of twentieth its critique, 177–9; structural causes of, century, 93–9; and homosexuality, 220 200–1; and Hollywood, 197;inthe Libby, Scooter, 126 Lewinsky scandal, 175, 179–80, 211, libel, laws, in England, 45, 50;inFrance 212, 125–7, 219; and Lincoln, 92; 220; in the United States, 194, 301; media after Watergate, 119, 122–3, Lord Euston’s libel trial, 67; Ross libel 124–6, 139, 181;inthe19th century, trial, 60–1, 68; 49, 53, 57–65, 70, 71, 87, 187–191; relationship with 297, 298.;See also defamation Wilde Eisenhower, 98; relationship with libel trial, Kennedy, 98–9; relationship to Nixon, liberals, 62, 175, 177, 178, 199, 223 104–5; respectable and nonrespectable Liberation´ , 155 media, 203; sex and, 179–181, 187–8, Lichtenstein, Roy, 271 190–1, 194, 196, 198, 202–3, 206–7, Liddy, Gordon, 99, 100, 102 209, 211, 216–7; the significance of in Life, 271 scandals, 77–80; social norms and laws

349

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media, American (cont.) Morris, Dick, 218 constraining their activity, 78; status Moscow show trials, 75 differences within, 79–80; temporizing Moss, Kate, 33–4 tendencies of, 78–9; and Watergate, Mother Teresa, 16 100, 104, 107 Mother and Child Divided, 278 media, French, 134, 139; its role in MTV, 209 corruption investigations, 144, 150, Myra, 233 153, 155–9, 161–2, 165; and respect of privacy, 180; support for judges, 195–6 Naked Maja, 315 media, Victorian, 45;Wildeand,48–9, Napoleonic Wars, 46 51; the Wilde scandal and, 61, 63–7 Nation, 124 Meese, Edwin, 123 National Observer, 63 Mercer, Lucy, 194 Navy, 199–200 Merda d’artista, 282 Nazis, 26 Michelangelo, di Lodovico Buonarroti NBC, 198 Simoni, 244 New Deal, 93 Miller, Henry, 196 New England Courant, 89 Miller, Judith, 78 Newport affair, 199–200 Miller, William Ian, 184 New York Evening Post, 186 Miller, William, 200 New York Times, and Clinton’s Millet, Kate, 283 impeachment, 177; coverage of the mimesis, and normalization of Jenkins affair, 201; coverage of the corruption, 134; rejection of in art, Newport affair, 200; its attitude 249, 255–7, 264–5, 268–9, 271, 285, toward Vietnam, 107; its coverage of 316, 317 presidents, 122; and Iraq war, 78;its Minimalism, 279 criticism of Kenneth Starr, 120, 216; Mitchell, John, 99 its Hanoi correspondent, 99;its Mitterrand, Franc¸ois, his illegitimate language, 194, 198–9; masthead logo, daughter, 180; against judges, 164, 10; Pentagon Papers, 100, 105;and 166–7; use of illegal funds by, 134, 138 presidential privacy, 97; support of the modesty, its decline in the United States, Supreme Court decision, 124 197–203; deﬁnition, 41; diacritical New Yorker, 267 functions of, 310; the lack of as a cause Newman, Barnett, 265, 266 of the Lewinsky scandal, 216, 220; News of the World, 65 relationship to sex scandals, 181–2, Newsweek, 80, 179, 210–11 206–7, 222; its rise in American Nietzsche, Friedrich, 21, 293 history, 190–7; and sexual politics, 8, 11, 69, 82–5, 99–114.See also 204, 207 285; of Titian’s Venus, 315; Watergate">Nixon, Richard, in Victorian England, 41–2 norm entrepreneurship, 130–3, 208 Moliere` (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 32, norm underenforcement, 39–40, 71, 130, 293–4 132–5, 197, 209 Molinari Amendment, 215, 312 norm work, 4 Le Monde, 147, 155, 156, 161, 305, 307 Novak, William, 232 Mondrian, Piet, 254, 256, 264, 270 Nucci, Christian, 137, 141, 144 Monet, Claude, 248, 314 nudity, in Ancient Greece, 185;inart, Monroe, Marilyn, 194 234, 242, 249, 256, 259, 261, 283, moral attack, 15, 23, 36, 75; likelihood 285, 315; in Hollywood, 195, 198;in and effectiveness of, 83;and Playboy, 196, 199; as taboo, 184;in vulnerability, 81–2 the Western tradition, 243–6 Morning, 64–5 Nude in Sunlight, 246

350

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Nue blue, Souvenir de Biskra, 258 Republican Party, 151, 155–6; Socialist Party, 137–41, 149–52, 155, 159–61, obscenity, 192–3, 196, 198, 293, 294 164, 166–7, 170 Ochs, Adolph, 10, 194, 291 political parties, United States, declining Oedipus, King, 14, 185 power of, 93;Democrats,9, 11, 17, Ofili, Chris, 232, 285 84, 90, 91, 92, 97, 99, 105, 121, 125, Olympia, 242–3, 245 126, 179, 187, 210, 213, 216–20;in One and Three Chairs, 274, 276 early republic, 88; Federalists, 88, 186; Ophuls,¨ Marcel, 20 in the nineteenth century, 89–90; outing, 207 Radical Republicans, 88, 91; during the Reformist Era, 193–4; relationship Packwood, Bob, 206 to presidency, 84, 111; Republicans, Pall Mall Gazette, 42, 49, 51, 65 9, 11, 17, 18, 56, 69, 84, 88, 91, 97, Panama affair, 30 99, 110, 111, 112, 113, 121, 124, 176, Paris Match, 180 177, 178, 180, 187, 200, 206, 209, Parnell, Charles, 50 213–22;WhigParty,90–2 Pasqua, Charles, 152 political scandal, capability to create it, Passion of the Christ, 226 145; chance in, 81; comparative Pederasty, 185 attitudes to adulterous politicians, pedophilia, 24, 28, 60, 79, 177, 182, 202 178–9; constructivist account of and its Pelat, Roger-Patrice, 151 criticism, 76–80; definition and nature Pentagon Papers, 100, 105 of, 73–4; and democracy, 74, 75–6;its performance art, 232, 278, 285, 286 difference from politics as usual, 74–5; phenomenology, 23, 35, 185, 257 frequency of, 81–2;theinternal photography, 256, 278, 283, 285, 316 contradictions of, 169; names of, 74; The Physical Impossibility of Death in objectivist account of and its criticism, the Mind of Someone Living, 276–7 76–7; public costs of, 81–2; Picasso, Pablo, attitude toward abstract relationship between intensity and expressionism, 267; as a celebrity, 280, frequency, 127–8; relationship to 228, 255, 259–61, 267, 270–1, 280; declining prestige of politicians, his art as the reflection of an 139–40; self-feeding momentum of, extraordinary person, 270; the shock 161 of Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 228–9, political polarization, 121, 214, 220, 221 259–60, 272–3 use of distortion by, Pollock, Jackson, 257, 264; criticism of, 259–61 267–8, 279; moral question of, 265; The Picture of Dorian Gray, 48–9, 51, 58 politics of, 317; reputation of, 270–1, Pieta` de Villeneuve-les-Avignons, 280; uncertainty about the value of this 249–261 art of, 270; use of automatism by, Piss Christ, 226, 233 265–6 Plato, 185 Pompidou, George, 309 Playboy, 196, 199, 208 pornography, and art, 232–3; affinity political art, 283–5 with political attack, 185; attributed to political authority (degradation of), Wilde, 44; and contemporary art, 283; 114–6, 123, 127 Le Dejeuner´ sur l’herbe, 241–2;in political parties, France, 134–5;Centerof 19th-century U.S., 190; and Thomas Liberals, 151; Center of Social nomination hearings, 206, 313;and Democrats, 151; Communist Party, Victorians, 41–2; after World War II, 151; Ecologists, 140, 171, 192; 196 National Front, 140, 170; Rally for the PortraitofMr.W.H.,48 Republic, 151, 168, 171, 173; Posner, Richard, 207–8

351

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post-Civil War Era, 190–1 Proust, Antonin, 248 post-impressionism, 258 provocateurs, 33, 52, 59, 61, 63, 71, postmodernity, 224, 251, 271, 279, 281 224, 231–2, 272, 288–9 preference falsiﬁcation, 32 provocation, 15, 23, 31–4, 146, 185, presidency, centrality, 86 charisma, 85; 224–90 contradictions of 73, 103, 106–7; public sphere, American public sphere, control over presidential papers, 120, 175, 223; French judges and, 158; 125–6; declining presidential power Gurstein on the concept, 310; justice after Watergate, 118–99; declining and, 287; 19th century American press trust in the presidency, 125; expanding and, 188; as an order of appearances, staff, 106; high level of scandals in the 56, 72; paradoxes of, 289; pollution of 19th century, 87–93; impression ; 10, 222; regulation of, 27; theories of, management after Watergate, 122; 55–6; the Victorian public sphere, 41, increasing centrality, 94–5;increasing 71 surveillance of presidents after publicity, and art, 248, 280–1;bad Watergate, 118–22; international publicity, 25; and contamination, 25; crises, 84–5; leaking in White House, contradictions of, 289; deﬁnition, 105–6; its relationship with Congress, 19–21; as double-edged sword, 169, 82; its ascendance, 93–4; mode of 171, 173; effects of, 22–4, 32, 34, 72; governance, 85–6; polarization and of homosexuality, 40, 42–4, 50, 53–4, modern presidency, 121; popularity of 71, 309; and justice, 145, 154, 156; presidents, 117; presidents and their and media, 79–80; as opposed to parties, 84; public dependency after gossip, 36; and politics, 75–7;and September ; 11, 125; relationship with signaling, 56–7;andsocialstatus,21; media until Vietnam, 94–5; strategic use, 145, 158, 224–5; relationship with media after terrorism and, 37; of things sexual, 14, Watergate, 122–3, 125; structural 18, 181, 191–2,,197, 201, 214, 221, factors affecting presidential scandal, 294 83–6; variations in scandalous Pulitzer, Joseph, 194 presidential misconduct, 82–3; Punch, 47–8, 51, 58–9, 296 vulnerability of presidents, 81–2, 214; punks, 33 weakness of the traditional presidency, purges, 75, 130 86–7;See also executive privilege, high Puritanism, 18, 30, 38, 177–9, 181, 189, crimes and misdemeanors, presidential 197, 222 records act, impeachment; Presidential Records Act, 126 Queensberry, marquis of, 49;crusade prestige, 33, 75, 82, 114–5, 116, 132, against Wilde, 52–3; general reputation 138 of, 52; hatred of Rosebery, 61–2, 65–6; privacy, biological, 27; of Clinton, 212, and the trials of Wilde, 57–8, 61–5, 220; dignity and, 193; executive 70–1 privacy, 97, 110, 125; feminism and, Quarton, Enguerrand, 249–61 181, 204; in France, 180, 220;and groups, 29; internet and, 201;JazzAge Raffalovich, Andre,´ 50 and, 195;laws,78, 180; media and, Randolph, Edmund, 89 179;in19th century, 190–1; scandal Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio), 241, 254 and, 10, 15, 288 Ray, Elizabeth, 199 private and public distinction, 207, 283, Reagan, Ronald, charisma of, 85, 120; 288, 309–10 and Iran-Contra, 121–2 123, 125 Prohibition, 32 realism, 236, 238, 239, 243, 245, 256 prostitution, 42, 201, 190–2 Rembrandt, Harmenszoon van Rijn, 261

352

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Renaissance, 243–5 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 170, 180 Reno, Janet, 216 Satanic Verses, 234 Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 246, 248, 314, Saturday Night Live, 292–3 315 Saturday Night Massacre, 101, 110, 112 resentment, 22, 68, 147, 292–3 scandal, active scandal, 293;actorsin reticence, in American history, 310; scandal ; 17; affinities with art, 225; Comstock Act and, 192; decline in, appearances, 56; the book’s definition 181, 202, 207, 209; definition, 41;in of, 11; coeval and long-term effects, France, 309; the lack of as a cause of 69–70; constructivist view of; 10; the Lewinsky scandal, 220, 222;in costs of scandal, 40; cover-ups, 54; Victorian England, 41–2, 51;vis-a-vis` denunciatory and provocative types of, Wilde, 50, 65 225; dictionary definitions of, 11; Return from the Conference, 238 difference from gossip, 8; difference Richardson, Elliot, 101 from law, 25; diminishing effects of ; Richmond Recorder, 186 169–70; the duration of, 12; elite The Rite of Spring, 228–30 competition, 34; expansion the public Robbe-Grillet, Alain, 317 of, 18–19; and group solidarity, 146–7; Rodin, Auguste, 281 long-term effects, 35;asmoral Rokeby Venus, 234 disturbance, 23; as moral disturbances, romanticism, 238 55; moral status and ambiguity of, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano; ; attacks 287–90; and norm entrepreneurship, against, 84; charisma of, 85;growing 131–2; the notion of succes` de staff, 83; mistresses, 178, 194; popular scandale, 33–4; objectivist view of, support for, 95; role in Newport 8–10, 76–7; passive scandal, 293; scandal, 200 popular justice in and collectivist logic Roosevelt, Theodore, 96, 194 of, 25; public (of a scandal), 16–19; Rose, Barbara, 279 226, 232; range of transgressions in, Rosebery, Lord, 61–4, 70, 71, 298 13–14; the relationship between the Rossellini, Roberto, 311 effects and frequency of scandals, Rosenberg, Harold, 266 35–6; relationship to sex, 182–5; Ross, Robert, 60–1, 67–8 scandal process, 54–5; semantics and Rothko, Mark, 265 etymology of, 45, 76, 184, 291–2; Rove, Karl, 126 secondary effects of, 33–4; signaling, Royal Academy, 235–6, 238 55–7; social status of the offender, rumor, 20 21–2; speech acts that set off a scandal, Rushdie, Salman, 14, 234 13–14; and status enhancement, 33, Ruymbeke, Renaud Van, 155–6, 305, 146, 158, 172–3, 232; strategic 306 interaction in, 34; in Thomist ethics, Ryan, Jack, 176–7 294; transgression (double meaning Ryman, Robert, 270 of), 27; unintended consequences of, 55 scapegoats, 10, 31 Saatchi, Charles, 232, 277, 281 scene, 25–7 Salmon, Andre,´ 259 Schadenfreude, 22 Salome´, 296–7 Schiele, Egon, 249, 251 Salon, decline of ; 248; and Delacroix, Schlesinger, James, 117–18 244; importance of ; 235; and Manet, Schnabel, Julian, 281 239–40, 241, 243; rejection of Schneemann, Carolee, 285 Courbet, 238; Renoir on, 315; Schudson, Michael, 79, 85, 193 Salon des Independants,´ 258 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 176 Salon des Refuses,´ 240, 258 Scott, Dread, 283–4

353

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Self-Portrait Masturbating, 249 scandal, 11, 26;See also Lewinsky Senate, 91–2, 96, 99, 100, 102, 111, 117, scandal; 118, 121, 200, 206–7, 213, 218–9, 221 Starr, Paul, 190, 192 Sensations, 232–3, 281, 285 Starr Report, 27, 175, 312 separation of powers, 75, 82, 135, 160 Stavisky Affair, 30 September ; 11, 37, 85, 125–6 Stead, William Thomas, 42, 295 Serrano, Richard, 226, 233 Stein, Gertrude, 259 sex scandal, 76; accounts for its high Stern, Howard, 176 frequency in the United States, 177–81; Stewart, Martha, 298 attractions of, 182; the explanation of Still, Clyfford, 265 its high incidence in the United States, Stone, Lawrence, 70 181–2; its decline in U.S. history, Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 152, 158, 160, 193–7;in19th century United States, 161, 173 185–93; sexual liberalization and, Stravinsky, Igor, 228 197–203; sexual politics and, 203–9 Studds, Garry, 201 sex talk, as abuse, 208; banality of, 214; Sturges, Jock, 233 and media, 198; normalization of, 181, Summers, John, 187 199, 223; the validity of, 222 Sunstein, Cass, 130 sexual harassment, feminism and, 181; Supreme Court, 82, 91–3, 102, 105, 110, Jones case, 82, 123–4, 210–11;law, 114, 122, 123, 196, 214, 216, 301 204–5, 208, 215, 219–20; and privacy, surrealism, 251, 253–4, 264, 265, 283, 204 313 sexual liberalization, and decline of surveillance, Congressional, 84, 121;and modesty, 197–203; effect on art, 285; corruption in France, 134, 162, 169; and political conﬂict, 209, 219;and by FBI, 108; 115–6, 118–9, 124, scandal activity, 181–2, 195, 202, 220, 138.See also transparency">its 313; and sexual politics, 203–5 relationship to scandal activity, sexual politics, 181, 203–8, 215, 220, Symonds, John Addington, 45 222–3 Shakespeare, William, 22, 41, 48 taboo, 26–7, 32, 183–5, 197, 230, 249 shame, 25–27, 183, 189, 202, 204 Tailhook scandal, 206 Shapiro, Meyer, 265 Tartuffe, 32, 293–4 Shaw, Bernard, 69 Tate Gallery, 227, 274, 278, 279, 282 Simpson, O. J., 18 Teapot Dome Scandal, 95, 195 Sirica, John, 100, 101, 109 Temperance movement, 130 Smith, Adam, 28 terrorism, 37 sodomy, 38, 39, 43, 46, 49, 58, 64, 201, third parties, 34, 35, 41, 43, 60–1, 70–1, 209, 251 83, 138, 169, 175–6, 221; deﬁnition Somerset, Lord Arthur, 46 of, 40 Sorrow and Pity, 20 Thomas, Clarence, 206–7, 313 Spanish Singer, 239 Thompson, John, 291 special prosecutors, 82, 110, 118, 214, Tilly, Charles, 292 218 Tilton, Elizabeth, 193 Spitzer, Eliot, 176–7 Timberlake, Justin, 176 St. Louis Whiskey Ring, 110 Time, 192, 196, 267 Star, 66 Times, 47 Starr, Kenneth, criticized by the New Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), 243, 279, 315 York Times, 120; the role in the TNS Sofres, 140, 173, 179 Lewinsky Scandal, 180, 210–4, 216–7, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 84, 87, 188–9 219–20; stained by the Lewinsky Toobin, Jeffrey, 215

354

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Tragic muse, 50 Virgin Punishing Jesus in Front of Three transgression, 8–12;andart,224–30, Witnesses, 251 234; as component of scandal, 13–4; Vollard, Ambroise, 247 impressionism and, 242–8; modern art and, 251–4, 286, 289, 292–4, 311;and Wall Street Journal, 124, 201 political scandal, 73–5, 79, 81, 87; Walsh, Lawrence, 123 publicity of, 19–37; and the publicizer, War Powers Resolution, 118, 125 14–18;andthescandalprocess,53–7, Warhol, Andy, 271, 274–5, 278–9, 285 59, 63, 68, 70–1, 72; Warren, Samuel, 193 underenforcement of, 39–41, 44, 50;in Washington Post, 18, 78, 100, 122, 206, Watergate, 103–7, 109, 113, 114, 132, 211 145, 153–4, 158, 170, 180, 184, 185, Watergate scandal, 8, 9, 11, 15, 81; 197, 202, 208–9, 219–21 burglary and its trial, 99, 102; transparency, 77, 115, 122, 127–8, compared with Lewinsky scandal, 138–9, 158, 161 221–2; consequences of, 114–6; Travelgate, 124 cover-up, 101, 103, 109, 111–12;the Trial of the Templars, 182 effect of the deteriorating economic Tripp, Linda, 210, 211, 216, 220 situation in, 113; Erwin Committee Trobriand Islands, 20 Hearings, 100–101; explanation of the Tropic of Cancer, 196 transgressions of, 103–7; explanation Truman, Henry, 82, 84–5, 95–7, 110 of the unfolding of, 107–14; general The Tub (Bathing Woman), 247 narrative, 99–103; House Judiciary Twain, Mark, 243 Committee, 101–3, 113; judicial Tyler, John, 83, 90–1 attitudes during, 109; long-term effects of, 69–70, 114–19; Nixon’s buoyancy Ulysses, 196 in, 110–13; Nixon’s lying, 109, URBA scandal, 137–8, 140, 149–51 111–12; Nixon’s pardon, 103, 117; perceived costs of, 111–13; polls Van Buren, Martin, 187 during, 100, 109, 111–13;roleof Van Gogh, Vincent, 258 chance in 81; Saturday Night Vaughan, Charles John, 45 Massacre, 101, 110, 112; smoking Vauxcelles, Louis, 258 gun, 103, 114; Supreme Court’s Velazquez,´ Diego, 234, decision against Nixon, 102;tapes,11, Venus of Urbino, 243, 315 81, 101–2, 106, 110, 111–14;White Vertical Judicial Grouping, 230 House transcripts, 102, 113 Victor, Prince Albert, 44 Watteau, Antoine, 244 Victorians, famous homosexuals, 46–7; We Keep Our Victims Ready, 232 their morality in the last decade of Wedtech scandal, 123 nineteenth century, 70; their legal and Weinberger, Caspar W., 123 social attitudes toward homosexuality, What Is the Proper Way to Display a 39–47; the modesty and reticence of, U.S. Flag?, 283–4 41–44; their parodies about Wilde, Whiskey Rebellion, 89 48–51; subpublics of, 67–9 Whistler, James, 48 Vietnam War, compared to Korean War, Whitewater scandal, 211, 214; ; 105; 104; the decision to go to, consequences of, 10, 117; Starr and, 106–7; decreasing public conﬁdence as 119, 124, 210, 216 aresultof,104–5, 109; the media and, Wilde, Constance, 49–50, 69 78–9; Tet Offensive, 78–9 Wilde, Oscar, affair with Lord Douglas, Villepin, Dominique de, 170 49, 51; allegations about Rosebery and Virgin Mary, 285 others, 61–5 passim; attitudes against

355

index

Wilde, Oscar (cont.) 52–3; second criminal trial, 66–8; him during and after the trials, 68–70; self-feeding dynamic of the scandal, class attitudes towards 50–1; 66–9; speculations about his sexuality, comparison with Clinton, 221; 48; strategic thinking for suing comparison with Mark Foley, 311; Queensberry, 53, 58; zeal of the comparison with Ross, 60–1; authorities against, 62–8 corruption of youth, 58–9; cruising, A Willing Exile, 50 49; disincentives against publicizing his Wilson, Woodrow, 89, 93, 194 homosexuality, 50–1; ﬁrst criminal Winfrey, Oprah, 207 trial, 64; gossip about his Wolfe, Tom, 316 homosexuality, 48–51; gross Wolff, Albert, 246 indecency, 295; his artistic critics, 51, Woman I, 261 297; indiscretions of, 48–9; libel trial, A Woman of No Importance, 51 57–60; link to Rosebery, 62–3; media Woman with the Hat, 258 attitude during the trials, 63–9; Woodhull, Victoria, 193 parodies of, 47–8, 50–1, 296; Woodward, Bob, 78, 100, 107–8, path-dependency of his fate, 70–1; 117 police’ ; knowledge of his Wright, Judge Webber, 211, 213, 215 homosexuality, 49; popular fury, 298; provocations in the libel trial, 58–60; Young British Artists, 232, 281 public appearance and persona from YouTube, 80 late 1870stomid1880s, 47–8; Queensberry’s crusade against him, Zola, Emile,´ 14–15, 242

356