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The Natural World in Ancient Pastoral Literature and Art

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The Natural World in Ancient Pastoral Literature and Art FRUSTRATED DESIRE AND CONTROLLING FICTIONS: THE NATURAL WORLD IN ANCIENT PASTORAL LITERATURE AND ART _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by DEANNA L. WESOLOWSKI Dr. Dennis Trout, Dissertation Supervisor DECEMBER 2011 © Copyright by Deanna L. Wesolowski 2011 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled FRUSTRATED DESIRE AND CONTROLLING FICTIONS: THE NATURAL WORLD IN ANCIENT PASTORAL LITERATURE AND ART presented by Deanna L. Wesolowski, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Dennis Trout Professor Raymond Marks Professor Anatole Mori Professor David Schenker Professor Susan Langdon For my family. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my dissertation advisor, Dr. Dennis Trout, and my committee, Dr. Raymond Marks, Dr. Anatole Mori, Dr. David Schenker and Dr. Susan Langdon, for all of their time and advice throughout this process. I would also like to thank the other faculty members of the Classical Studies Department: Dr. Barbara Wallach, Dr. Daniel Hooley, Dr. Michael Barnes, and Dr. Richard Foley. Everyone at the University of Missouri has been incredibly supportive of my work, and it is very much appreciated. I would also like to thank Dr. Richard Monti, Dr. David Mulroy, and Dr. Kevin Muse at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The courses I took with them as an undergraduate and graduate student planted the seeds (sorry) of this dissertation. Additional thanks to Dr. Julie Laskaris at the University of Richmond, to Dr. Nicole Monnier, and to my comrades at keyboards, Sarah Terez Rosenblum and Aaron Bergeron. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF IMAGES ...............................................................................................................v ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 Frustrated Desire The Natural World and Plant Scholarship Pastoral Literature Pastoral Writers Theocritus, Virgil, and Longus Overview 2. SETTING THE SCENE: LOCA AMOENA ............................................................35 The locus amoenus as a framing device Loca amoena, wall painting, and desire The locus amoenus as a part of desire Conclusion 3. IMAGINING DESIRE: ADYNATA ........................................................................98 The adynaton as a rhetorical figure Adynata and imagined desires Adynata: imagining a Golden Age A reexamination of Roman wall painting Conclusion 4. ALLEVIATING DESIRE: BOTANICAL MAGIC .............................................138 What is known about binding spells iii Practitioners of magic in Theocritus and Virgil Pastoral magic variations: prayers and garlands Apples in pastoral magic A reevaluation of Idyll 11 and remedies of desire Conclusion CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................198 IMAGES ..........................................................................................................................202 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................218 VITA ................................................................................................................................234 iv LIST OF IMAGES Image Page 1. Black room, north wall at Boscotrecase (Blanckenhagen and Alexander 1990, Plate 5) .................................................202 2. Detail of Black room, north wall at Boscotrecase (Blanckenhagen and Alexander 1990, Plate 1) .................................................203 3. Detail of Black room, west wall at Boscotrecase (Blanckenhagen and Alexander 1990, Plate 13.1) ............................................204 4. Detail from Black room, east wall; at Boscotrecase (Blanckenhagen and Alexander 1990, Plate 13.2) ............................................204 5. Detail from Red room, north wall; at Boscotrecase (Blanckenhagen and Alexander 1990, Plate 24) ...............................................205 6. Detail from Red room, east wall; at Boscotrecase. (Blanckenhagen and Alexander 1990, Plate 31) ...............................................206 7. Detail from Red room, west wall; at Boscotrecase. (Blanckenhagen and Alexander 1990, Plate 30) ...............................................207 8. Detail sacro-idyllic scene from the triclinium, at Oplontis. (Ling 1991, 143) ................................................................................................208 9. Cubiculum from the villa of Publius Fannius Synistor in Boscoreale. (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/03.14.13a-g) ..........................209 10. Detail from the cubiculum from the villa of Publius Fannius Synistor in Boscoreale. (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/03.14.13a-g ) .........................210 11. Interior Garden Room from Oplontis. (Fergola and Pagano 1998, 36 [figure 45]) .......................................................211 12. Plan of Oplontis. (Bergmann 2002, color plate 1) .........................................................................212 v 13. Oplontis room 87, looking southeast. (Guzzo and Fergola 2000, 86) ...........................................................................213 14. Servant/domestic quarters at Oplontis. (de Franciscis 1975, Plates 38-39) .....................................................................214 15. Garden Room from Livia‘s villa at Prima Porta. (Pappalardo 2008, 104) .....................................................................................215 16. Garden Room from Livia‘s villa at Prima Porta. (Pappalardo 2008, 105) .....................................................................................216 17. Polyphemus and Galatea from Boscotrecase. (Blanckenhagen and Alexander 1990, Plate 42) ...............................................217 vi FRUSTRATED DESIRE AND CONTROLLING FICTIONS: THE NATURAL WORLD IN ANCIENT PASTORAL LITERATURE AND ART Deanna L. Wesolowski Dr. Dennis Trout, Dissertation Supervisor ABSTRACT This dissertation examines three intersections of plants and desire in the pastoral literature of Theocritus, Virgil, and Longus. First, the locus amoenus describes a pleasing botanical place that can create a narrative frame around depictions of desire or can inspire desire itself. The visuality of the descriptions of loca amoena is then compared with examples from Roman landscape wall painting, which provide fictional representations of plants that can physically create a space in which desires can be inspired, enunciated, or acted upon. Second, inversions of nature, adynata, in pastoral literature offer a way for the herdsmen to imagine an impossible botanically based desire being fulfilled when their actual (usually erotic) desire cannot be. Adynata can be expanded to impossible ultra-lush Golden Age imagery. This imagery reminds the reader of the Roman wall paintings at Prima Porta and Oplontis, which are reconsidered as adynata. The final intersection of desire and plants occurs in a pastoral and botanical variation on magic, by which the practitioner can attempt to alleviate a desire. This chapter, which culminates in a reevaluation of Idyll 11, shows that although plants and desire are intimately linked with magic, the one true way to remedy a desire is to take control of one‘s own emotions and not dwell on what is not attainable. The botanical world, then, functions alongside the frustrated desires and within the controlling fictions vii of loca amoena, adynata, and magic in the pastoral literature of Theocritus, Virgil, and Longus. viii Chapter 1: Introduction Pastoral, unlike other categories of literature, is unique because it asks the reader to inhabit the natural, outside world with its subject. In no other type of literature is the natural world foregrounded more. Because of this, plants and the botanical world gain importance and add additional layers of meaning to the pastoral writing of Theocritus, Virgil, and Longus. Instead of looking at individual plants in isolation, this dissertation examines three broader contexts in which plants appear, namely, loca amoena, adynata, and magic, and their relationship with desire in the pastoral writing of Theocritus, Virgil, and Longus.1 The loca amoena describe locations which frame the enunciation of desires of characters, and adynata in pastoral literature allow the one who desires to imagine a world which he can control and in which he can bring about impossible changes. This imagined world can be made to correspond both positively and negatively to the human condition and seems to provide a momentary escape from the desires at hand. Magic echoes the escapism found in the adynata by providing a tangible means to attempt to alleviate and escape desires. Thus the major botanical contexts can frame a desire or they can be means
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