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An Analysis Into the Expansion of Inter-Regional Public Transportation Within British Columbia’S Lower Mainland

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An Analysis Into the Expansion of Inter-Regional Public Transportation Within British Columbia’S Lower Mainland The Next Stop: An Analysis into the Expansion of Inter-regional Public Transportation Within British Columbia’s Lower Mainland by Daniel Lam B.Sc., University of British Columbia, 2019 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Public Policy in the School of Public Policy Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Daniel Lam 2021 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2021 Copyright in this work is held by the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Declaration of Committee Name: Daniel Lam Degree: Master of Public Policy Title: The Next Stop: An Analysis into the Expansion of Inter-regional Public Transportation within British Columbia’s Lower Mainland Committee: Chair: John Richards Professor, School of Public Policy Dominique Gross Supervisor Professor, School of Public Policy Nancy Olewiler Examiner Professor and Director, School of Public Policy ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Public transportation is crucial in helping to grow cities sustainably. Good public transportation allows for less car-dependence, healthier and less polluted communities, and more equitable communities. Within BC’s Lower Mainland, the current lack of inter- regional transit options, combined with the high level of congestion, pollution, and growing population in the Fraser Valley and Metro Vancouver’s eastern communities presents opportunities to explore different methods to better connect the Fraser Valley and Metro Vancouver with mass transit. The study looks at data from a jurisdictional scan and expert interviews to analyze several different inter-regional transit proposals that have been discussed within the Lower Mainland. The findings can help to aid urban planning within the Lower Mainland and look at how to best address this gap in the region’s transportation infrastructure. Keywords: Inter-regional public transit; express bus service; interurban rail; commuter rail; West Coast Express; Lower Mainland iv Dedication To all the transit enthusiasts, including the ELMTOTs and NUMTOTs out there, who continue to believe in better transit and mobility for all. v Acknowledgements I’d like to thank my friends, family, and faculty within the SFU School of Public Policy for their support in making this possible. The countless virtual study sessions, hangouts, and good times made being in this program unforgettable, even if most of it was spent on Zoom. I’d also like to thank the interviewees as well for their contribution to this capstone – I have learned a lot more about this region’s transit because of you and will be sure to take a trip out to the Fraser Valley once I’m able to travel. vi Table of Contents Declaration of Committee .................................................................................................. ii Ethics Statement ............................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iv Dedication ......................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................... ix List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................... x Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... xi Preface ............................................................................................................................ xiii 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2. Overview of the Metro Vancouver and Fraser Valley Regional Districts ......... 3 3. A need for better connections ............................................................................. 6 3.1. Current inter-regional public transit options ............................................................ 6 3.2. Why expand inter-regional public transportation options? ...................................... 9 Congestion ................................................................................................ 9 Growth and demand ................................................................................ 14 Pollution ................................................................................................... 17 4. Plans for inter-regional transit expansion ........................................................ 19 4.1. Existing plans for expansion ................................................................................. 19 4.2. Current challenges ................................................................................................ 21 5. Policy problem and stakeholders ...................................................................... 23 6. Methodology overview ....................................................................................... 24 7. Jurisdictional scan ............................................................................................. 25 7.1. Seattle Metropolitan Area ..................................................................................... 25 7.2. Toronto / Greater Golden Horseshoe ................................................................... 28 7.3. Ottawa-Gatineau (National Capital Region) .......................................................... 32 8. Interview findings ............................................................................................... 35 8.1. Expanding Highway 1 and express buses ............................................................ 35 8.2. Rail projects .......................................................................................................... 36 8.3. Provincial support and local support ..................................................................... 37 8.4. Funding and managing transit .............................................................................. 38 9. Policy criteria, measures, and options ............................................................. 41 9.1. Policy criteria and measures ................................................................................. 41 vii 9.2. Policy options ........................................................................................................ 44 Express buses (North and South Fraser Communities) .......................... 44 Interurban rail revival (South Fraser communities) ................................. 45 Building a new rail system (South Fraser communities) ......................... 46 West Coast Express expansion (North Fraser communities) .................. 46 10. Analysis of policy options ................................................................................. 47 10.1. Express buses (North and South Fraser communities) ........................................ 47 10.2. Interurban rail revival (South Fraser communities) ............................................... 49 10.3. Building a new rail system (South Fraser communities) ....................................... 53 10.4. West Coast Express expansion (North Fraser communities) ............................... 55 11. Recommendations .............................................................................................. 59 12. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 62 12.1. Limitations and Further Research ......................................................................... 62 References ..................................................................................................................... 64 Appendix A. Financing inter-regional transit ....................................................... 74 Examples from other jurisdictions ................................................................................... 76 Seattle Metropolitan Area (Sound Transit) ............................................................ 76 Toronto/GGH (Metrolinx) ...................................................................................... 76 Ottawa-Gatineau (OC Transpo and STO) ............................................................ 77 Appendix B. Managing inter-regional transit ....................................................... 78 Examples from other jurisdictions ................................................................................... 79 Seattle Metropolitan Area (Sound Transit) ............................................................ 79 Toronto/GGH (Metrolinx) ...................................................................................... 79 Ottawa-Gatineau (OC Transpo and STO) ............................................................ 80 Appendix C. Travel times between city centres .................................................. 81 Appendix
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