WRA Species Report
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Family: Verbenaceae Taxon: Aloysia citriodora Synonym: Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér.) Britton Common Name: lemon verbena Lippia citrodora Kunth Zitronenstrauch Lippia triphylla (L'Hér.) Kuntze cidrão Verbena triphylla L'Hér. cedrón Zappania citrodora Lam. verveine citronelle Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 0 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 4/25/2011 Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae) Page 1 of 9 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score 0 Print Date: 4/25/2011 Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae) Page 2 of 9 Supporting Data: 101 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 2 - High] "Lemon-verbena is Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian apparently native to Uruguay and northern Argentina and is widely cultivated and Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop naturalized in many warm countries." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 202 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Quality of climate match data? 2 - High] "Lemon-verbena is apparently native to Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Uruguay and northern Argentina and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop warm countries." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 203 2011. Missouri Botanical Garden. Kemper Center [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Winter hardy to USDA for Home Gardening PlantFinder - Aloysia Zone 8-10 where it is best grown in moist, light, well-drained fertile loams in full triphylla. sun. " http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Pl ant.asp?code=C962 204 1994. Liogier, H.A.. Descriptive Flora of Puerto [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Rico and Adjacent Islands. Spermatophyta, "Sparingly spontaneous after cultivation, PR; native to South America, widely Volume III. Cyrillaceae to Myrtaceae. La Editorial, cultivated in tropical regions both for the flowers and the aromatic leaves." UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 204 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian "Lemon-verbena is apparently native to Uruguay and northern Argentina and is Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop widely cultivated and naturalized in many warm countries." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 205 1994. Liogier, H.A.. Descriptive Flora of Puerto [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Rico and Adjacent Islands. Spermatophyta, range?? Yes] "widely cultivated in tropical regions both for the flowers and the Volume III. Cyrillaceae to Myrtaceae. La Editorial, aromatic leaves." UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 301 1992. Verdcourt, B.. Flora of Tropical East [Naturalized beyond native range? No in East Africa] "Aloysia triphylla…The Africa - Verbenaceae. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 'sweet-scented or lemon-scented Verbena' has been cultivated in East Africa." Netherlands [no evidence of naturalization] 301 1994. Liogier, H.A.. Descriptive Flora of Puerto [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Sparingly spontaneous after cultivation, Rico and Adjacent Islands. Spermatophyta, PR; native to South America, widely cultivated in tropical regions both for the Volume III. Cyrillaceae to Myrtaceae. La Editorial, flowers and the aromatic leaves." UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 301 2010. Arianoutsou, M./Bazos, I./Delipetrou, [Naturalized beyond native range? Unknown in Greece] "Table 5 Checklist of P./Kokkoris, Y.. The alien flora of Greece: alien plant species recorded in Greece" [Aloysia citriodora = U alien of unknown taxonomy, life traits and habitat preferences. naturalisation status] Biological Invasions. 12: 3525–3549. Print Date: 4/25/2011 Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae) Page 3 of 9 301 2010. Marco, A./Lavergne, S./Dutoit, [Naturalized beyond native range? Not in French Mediterranean] "Abstract To T./Bertaudiere-Montes, V.. From the backyard to explain current ornamental plant invasions, or predict future ones, it is necessary the backcountry: how ecological and biological to determine which factors increase the probability of an alien species becoming traits explain the escape of garden plants into invasive. Here, we focused on the early phases of ornamental plant invasion in Mediterranean old fields. Biological Invasions. order to identify which plant features and cultivation practices may favor the 12: 761–779. escape of ornamental plants from domestic gardens to abandoned agricultural land sites in the Mediterranean Region. We used an original approach which consisted in visiting 120 private gardens in an urbanizing rural area of the French Mediterranean backcountry, and then visited surrounding old fields to determine which planted species had escaped out of the gardens. We built a database of 407 perennial ornamental alien species (most of which were animal dispersed), and determined nineteen features that depicted the strength of species’ propagule pressure within gardens, the match between species requirements and local physical environment, and each species’ reproductive characteristics. Using standard and phylogenetic logistic regression, we found that ornamental alien plants were more likely to have escaped if they were planted in gardens’ margins, if they had a preference for dry soil, were tolerant to high-pH or pH-indifferent, and if they showed a capacity for clonal growth. Focusing only on animal- dispersed plants, we found that alien plants were more likely to have escaped if they were abundant in gardens and showed preference for dry soil. This suggests that gardening practices have a primary impact on the probability of a species to escape from cultivation, along with species pre-adaptation to local soil conditions, and capacity of asexual reproduction. Our results may have important implications for the implementation of management practices and awareness campaigns in order to limit ornamental plants to becoming invasive species in Mediterranean landscapes....Table 5. List of the perennial alien plant species escaped (=1) and not escaped (=0) in abandoned agricultural lands of Lauris village." [Aloysia triphylla = 0, not escaped in the French Mediterranean region] 301 2011.