i Setting Off from Macau © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2016 | doi 10.1163/9789004305526_001 ii Jesuit Studies Modernity through the Prism of Jesuit History Edited by Robert A. Maryks (Boston College) Editorial Board James Bernauer S.J. (Boston College) Louis Caruana S.J. (Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Rome) Emanuele Colombo (DePaul University) Paul Grendler (University of Toronto, emeritus) Yasmin Haskell (University of Western Australia) Ronnie Po-chia Hsia (Pennsylvania State University) Thomas M. McCoog S.J. (Fordham University) Mia Mochizuki (New York University Abu Dhabi and Institute of Fine Arts, New York) Sabina Pavone (Università degli Studi di Macerata) Moshe Sluhovsky (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Jeffrey Chipps Smith (The University of Texas at Austin) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/js iii Setting Off from Macau Essays on Jesuit History during the Ming and Qing Dynasties By Tang Kaijian LEIDEN | BOSTON iv Cover illustration: Andrew Ljungstedt, An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China and of the Roman Catholic Church and Mission in China (Boston: J. Munroe, 1836). Courtesy of the Burns Library at Boston College. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tang, Kaijian, author. Title: Setting off from Macau : essays on Jesuit history during the Ming and Qing dynasties / by Tang Kaijian. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2016] | Series: Jesuit studies, ISSN 2214-3289 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015036025| ISBN 9789004305519 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004305526 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Jesuits--China--Macau--History. | Jesuits--Missions--China--Macau--History. | Catholic Church--China--History. | Macau (China)--Church history. | China--Church history. Classification: LCC BV2290 .T3613 2016 | DDC 271/.5305126--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc. gov/2015036025 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2214-3289 isbn 978-90-04-30551-9 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30552-6 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ContentsContents v Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Maps, Tables, and Figures viii Introduction 1 1 Origins and Development of Catholicism in Macau during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 5 2 Macau and the Spread of Catholicism in Mainland China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 36 3 Japanese Christians in Macau and the Guangdong Government’s Response 90 4 The Rise and Fall of Catholicism in Hainan during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 129 5 Funding Jesuit Missionary Work in China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 151 6 Catholic Art in Macau and Mainland China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 182 7 Catholic Music in Macau and Mainland China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 224 8 Jesuit Clock Diplomacy and the Use of Western Clocks during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 257 Bibliography 283 Index 299 Figures 325 vi Contents Contents Contents v Acknowledgments vii List of Map, Tables and Figures viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 5 Origins and Development of Catholicism in Macau during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 5 Chapter 2 36 Macau and the Spread of Catholicism in Mainland China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 36 Chapter 3 90 Japanese Christians in Macau and the Guangdong Government’s Response 90 Chapter 4 129 The Rise and Fall of Catholicism in Hainan during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 129 Chapter 5 151 Funding Jesuit Missionary Work in China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 151 Chapter 6 182 Catholic Art in Macau and Mainland China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 182 Chapter 7 224 Catholic Music in Macau and Mainland China during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 224 Chapter 8 257 Jesuit Clock Diplomacy and the Use of Western Clocks during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties 257 Bibliography 283 Index 299 Figures 301 AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments vii Acknowledgments This book could not have been completed without the assistance of Professor Rui Paulo da Silva Martins, who is in charge of research at the University of Macau. As this book could never have been published in the absence of the generous funding he provided for the translations and other work it involved, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to him and for all of the support he has provided. I would also like to express my thanks to Professor Yin Shuxi from the Ren- min University of China for his work in translating the book from Chinese. Thanks are additionally due to Mr. Jason L. Standquist and Hsin-Fang Wu from the University of Pennsylvania for proofreading the original manuscript, which further improved the quality of the translation. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, of the Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania, who is a fellow of Academia Sinica and a renowned scholar of Chinese Catholic history. His support was crucial in publishing this book. Finally, I would like to thank Professor Robert Aleksander Maryks, the asso- ciate director of the Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies at Boston College and the editor-in-chief of Brill’s Jesuit Studies book series, and Ivo Romein, the edi- tor of religious studies at Brill. I would also like to thank Tim Page for the copy- editing work and Raymond DePew-Paas for his work in compiling the index. viii List of Map, Tables, and FiguresList Of Map, Tables, And Figures List of Maps, Tables, and Figures Map 1 Map of Macau from A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-Tartary by Jean-Baptiste du Halde, translated by Emanuel Bowen, printed by T. Gardner, London, 1738, Jesuitica Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College 4 Tables 2.1 Students and teachers at St. Joseph’s Seminary, 1728–62 68 2.2 Students at St. Joseph’s Seminary, 1791–1848 71 3.1 Table of Japanese martyrs whose remains are preserved in Macau 127 4.1 Missionaries in Hainan, 1655–64 142 4.2 Number and location of Catholics in Hainan, 1746 150 6.1 François de Rougemont’s expenditure on Catholic paintings, October 1674– September 1675 215 Figures 1 Portrait of Álvaro Semedo from Relatione della grande monarchia della Cina by Álvaro Semedo, printed by Hermann Scheus, Rome, 1643, from the Jesuitica Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College 324 2 Portrait of Ferdinand Verbiest from A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-Tartary by Jean-Baptiste du Halde, translated by Emanuel Bowen, printed by T. Gardner, London, 1738, Jesuitica Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College. Available online at http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1846 325 3 Portrait of St. Ignatius of Loyola from vol. 5 of Galerie illustree de la Compagnie de Jesus by Alfred Hamy, Paris, 1893, Jesuitica Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College 326 4 Portrait of Matteo Ricci from vol. 7 of Galerie illustree de la Compagnie de Jesus by Alfred Hamy, Paris, 1893, Jesuitica Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College 327 5 Johann Adam Schall von Bell from China illustrata by Athanasius Kircher, Amsterdam, 1667, Jesuitica Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College. Available online at http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1847 328 List of Maps, Tables, and Figures ix 6 Death of St. Francis Xavier, from Cultus Sancti Francisci Xaverii Soc. Jesu., printed by Gregor Kurzbock, Vienna, 1600, Jesuitica Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College 329 7 Portrait of Alessandro Valignano, from Galerie illustree de la Compagnie de Jesus by Alfred Hamy, Paris, 1893, Jesuitica Collection, John J. Burns Library, Boston College 330 x List Of Map, Tables, And Figures IntroductionIntroduction 1 Introduction European Sinologists have devoted much discussion to the “paradigm shift” in research on the history of the spread of Catholicism in China. Those involved in this debate, including a number of Chinese scholars, are generally critical of previous research on the history of the church and Catholic missions in China. In their view, much of the existing research is outdated, underdeveloped, and fundamentally “Euro-centric.” While this may or may not be the case, this theo- retical categorization of the existing research has served as something of a distraction from the more pressing task of producing work on the early history of the Catholic Church in China. Rather than engaging in a lengthy discussion on the transformation of research from “Euro-centric” to “China-centric”—or on the conceptual transformation of “self” and “other” in research on Catho l- icism—I consequently adhere to the stance that the main problem with the existing research pertains to the sources that have been used and the language skills of those studying the subject at hand. As Chinese scholars have often had only a limited knowledge of Western languages, and Western scholars have tended to lack sufficient knowledge of Chinese, it should hardly come as a sur- prise that the early history of the Catholic Church in China has been viewed through either a Chinese or a European lens.