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Learned Societies and English Literary Scholarship in Great Britain

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Learned Societies and English Literary Scholarship in Great Britain m. »- s UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES US£C js N COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN ENGLISH AND COMPARATIVE LITERATURE LEAENED SOCIETIES AND ENGLISH LITERARY SCHOLARSHIP COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS SALES AGENTS New York : LEMCKE & BUECHNER 30-32 West 27th Street London : HUMPHREY MILFORD Amen Corner, E.C. Toronto : HUMPHREY MILFORD 25 Richmond Street, W. LEAENED SOCIETIES AND ENGLISH LITEEARY SCHOLAKSHIP IN GEEAT BRITAIX AND THE UNITED STATES BY HARRISON ROSS STEEVES, Ph.D. INSTRUCTOE IN ENGLISH IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY £lt\o porfe COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1913 A II rights reserved CopjTight, 1913 By Columbia University Press Printed from type August, 1913 Press of The New Era printing Compant Lancaster. Pa. REFER?:^K This Monograph has been approved by the Depart- ment of English and Comparative Literature in Columbia University as a contribution to knowledge worthy of publication. A. H. THORNDIKE, Secretary. t^v^>^r^t \r^ c^ TO JOHN FRANCIS STEEYES AND IMOGENE UPSON STEEVES PREFACE The following chapters were written as a dissertation for the doctorate in the Department of English, Columbia Uni- versity. The work was originally planned as a bibliog- raphy, with a brief introduction covering the substance of the present volume ; but with the growth of the introductory material, it became apparent that this alone would be suffi- cient to satisfy the special requirement. The volume is therefore plainly limited in its scope, and more or less arbitrarily planned and presented. The writer is under obligation to Professor George Philip Krapp, Professor William Peterfield Trent, and Professor Harry ^Morgan Ayres, of the Department of English at Columbia, all of whom have read the manuscript and given Mm generous and valuable help. He owes much also to the personal kindness of Mr. Frederic W. Erb, of the Columbia Library, and Mr. C. W. Kennedy, of the British Museum, and to the courtesy of the officials of the Library of Con- gress and the libraries at Yale and Cornell. CONTENTS Chapter Page Introduction xiii I. The Field 1 II. The Elizabethan Assembly of the Antiquaries . 5 III. The Seventeenth Century 36 IV. The Eighteenth Century 60 V. Nineteenth Century Book Clubs and General Publishing Societies 98 VI. Philological and Text Societies 138 VII. American Societies and Clubs 204 Bibliography 218 Index 231 XI INTRODUCTION It is certain that one of the most important features of modern scholarship—as, indeed, of every progressive intel- lectual interest of to-day—is organization. The force of specialization in modern investigative methods, which is a distinct outgrowth of collective effort, is of course too ap- parent to require comment. Probably few of us, however, who have mentally noted the general efficiency of the liter- ary societies of to-day have stopped actually to measure the quantity and quality of their contributions to criticism and literary history. Originally devised to concentrate indi- vidual interests in the common purposes of study, they be- came eventually to a large extent the purveyors of patron- age for scholarship, increasing its remuneration, moral as well as material, and hence its efficiency; and in the last half century they have created a public interest in the products of conscientious research which has literally opened the storehouse of literary antiquity. It does not seem too much to say that the greater part of the scholarly accom- plishments in the field of literature during the last century was due to the activities of the learned societies. Scarcely a noted student of that period could wholly separate his success from that of the societies with which he was con- nected. Such bodies have made generally accessible a quantity and kind of material that could not under other conditions have reached a supporting public in anything like the same limited time. What is perhaps almost as important in the end, co-operation in these societies has given definition to method and conscience in scholarly pursuits. ziii Xiv INTRODUCTION The society of to-day, however, is not the result of a day 's growth. The reliable and monumental products of a mod- ern text publication society owe much of their value to the recognition of the hasty, erring, and at times unconscien- tious scholarship of a mid-century specialists' society; and these societies in turn represented a generally marked ad- vance in motive and accuracy of scholarship over the aristo- cratic book clubs of the early part of the century. Before all of these, of course, were the inevitable beginnings in private meetings among small numbers of students, with no defined scholarly policy, and no notion of general publi- cation. The beginnings of organized literary study, in fact, ante- date any records of a self-styled literary society. It is not necessary to assume that the development of the society idea as applied to literary investigation has been constantly pro- gressive and uninterrupted. As a matter of fact, there is really no precedent or tradition for such established co- operation before the beginning of the nineteenth century, though there are some interesting and at times important earlier instances of society activity, wholly isolated, which represent the incentives of the first generally recognized movements. The history of this important phase of nine- teenth century scholarship has not been, so far, connectedly presented. Hence the following volume, which will, it is hoped, indicate with an approach to finality the historical growth of these movements and their influences upon the scholarship of their day and our own. LEARNED SOCIETIES AND ENGLISH LITERARY SCHOLARSHIP CHAPTER I THE FIELD Organized literary scholarsliip in England, like prac- tically all phases of Renaissance intellectual activity, was a relatively late development. Indefinite as the immediate purposes of the academies of Renaissance Italy may at times seem to us, there can be no question as to the substan- tial value of such bodies in the development of current cul- ture. In England, however, we find no traces of an ama- teur literary organization until almost the last quarter of the sixteenth century, at the moment when Italian acad- emies were at the zenith of their popularity and effective- ness; and even then such organizations neither invited nor possessed public prominence. For this reason it is difficult to trace a continuous tradition of this sort through our most important literary period. The movement, exotic in itself, and unsupported by the general humanistic enthusiasm which gave life to the Italian academies, died almost in its birth and left no important effects to succeeding ages. What activity and interest we find in learned societies and acad- emies, then, from the early seventeenth to the late eighteenth century, can generally be considered a reflection of such acti\dties and interests in Continental Europe ; and the uni- form failure of all such projects throughout almost two centuries can be attributed to a lack of responsible native 2 1 2 SOCIETIES AND ENGLISH LITERARY SCHOLARSHIP enthusiasm in such movements. The function of societies of this kind during this period was in the main critical, and aspired to profound effect upon the destinies of the ver- nacular language and literature. For this reason the lack of vitality in academy movements in England is probably connected more or less directly with the practical failure of the well defined classical critical traditions and the theories of vernacular illustration then current on the Continent. At any rate, the two facts may be regarded as co-incident evidences of the popular temper of English literary scholar- ship at the time. With the greater utility and the sharper definition of purpose in the learned societies of the nine- teenth century, England comes well to the front ; but before this time, we have only occasional and elusive traces of interest in the society idea. From the earliest period of their existence, the activity of so-called learned societies in the cultivation of English literary traditions, either creative or historical, is affected by a diversity of conceptions as to the function, scope, and methods of organized philological scholarship. These ac- knowledged differences in attitude and in forms of activity make it necessary to define the fields of interest of the many English literary learned societies. Definition and division on these grounds is not difficult, and is not necessarily arbi- trary. A glance at the various early organized movements in the general direction of philological criticism and research shows three fairly well marked types of society. The first type, first in importance in its time because of its critical authority in Italy and France, is what is gen- ' ' erally known as the ' academy, ' the purpose of which is to establish canons of literary taste, and to facilitate and cor- rect the growth of the vernacular. Such an established academy has never really existed in England. Even the actual incorporation of the British Academy in 1902, after THE FIELD 3 suggestion and pressure from the Council of the Royal Society/ though it aimed in part to represent philological scholarship in England at the meetings of the International Association of Academies, could do no more in this direc- tion than to revive the acknowledgment that there never has been, and probably never can be, an authoritative acad- emy of English language and letters. The many efforts to found such an academy, however, extending over a century of critical scholarship from Bolton to Swift, form
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