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Hamilton, Alan James (2013) In mitiorem partem: Robert Leighton’s journey towards Episcopacy. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4152/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] In Mitiorem Partem: Robert Leighton’s Journey towards Episcopacy Alan James Hamilton Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Theology and Religious Studies School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow July 2012 © Alan James Hamilton 2012 Abstract-2 Abstract Robert Leighton (1610/11-1684) was a significant Scottish churchman of the seventeenth- century. He has been the subject of religious confessional history-writing which continues to skew our understanding of him. This thesis offers a radical reassessment of the first fifty years of Leighton’s life based upon the available primary evidence. The formative influences of Leighton’s Puritan anti-Episcopal father and his student years at the Town College of Edinburgh are re-evaluated. The possibility that he studied in Huguenot France in the 1630s is posited. Using his relationship with the Earl of Lothian to illuminate his involvement in the Covenanting movement, he is placed in Scotland from 1638. Leighton’s commitment to the Covenant and to Presbyterianism is reconsidered by charting Leighton’s career as minister of Newbattle (1641-1653) and his appointment as Principal of the Town College by the English occupiers in 1653. His decision to become a Restoration bishop in 1661 is reviewed having regard to a new understanding of his journey towards Episcopacy and by careful attention to his own words and actions. This study concludes that our comprehension of the Church of Scotland during the Covenanting, Interregnum and Restoration periods is heightened by re-discovering the real Leighton. Contents-3 Contents Acknowledgement 4 Abbreviations: 5 Chapter 1: Reassessing Leighton: Historiographical Challenges 9 Chapter 2: The Early Years: Birth to Graduation 36 Chapter 3: 1631-1641: Lost and Found: 93 Chapter 4: 1642-1653: Parish and Presbytery 147 Chapter 5: 1653-1662: From Edinburgh to Episcopacy 211 Chapter 6: Conclusion 264 Bibliography 268 Abbreviations-4 With thanks to my supervisor The Reverend Canon Dr Charlotte Methuen who always said it could be done; to my parents, Jim and Isla, and to my brother, Douglas, for their encouragement; to my sons, Calum, Gavin and Finlay, for their shrewd perspective on all things academic; and, above all, to my wonderful wife, Hazel, for her patience and for telling me to when to stop. To her, I dedicate this thesis. … the transcendent and supreme end of all is THE GLORY OF GOD; all things returning in a most beautiful circle to this, as the original source from which they at first took their rise. Robert Leighton, ‘University Lecture II’ in WW, II, 86 Abbreviations-5 Abbreviations 1683 Burnet, Gilbert, ‘Harl. MSS, 6584’ in A Supplement to Burnet’s History of My Own Time, ed. by Helen Charlotte Foxcroft (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902), 2-99. AGACS The Acts of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland from the year 1638 to the year 1649 inclusive (Edinburgh: [Mosman], 1691). A&P Acts and Proceedings of the General Assemblies of the Kirk of Scotland from the year 1560, ed. by Thomas Thomson, 3 vols (Edinburgh: [Maitland Club], 1839-1845). Ancram-Lothian Correspondence of Sir Robert Kerr, First Earl of Ancram and his son William, Third Earl of Lothian, ed. by David Laing, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1885). APS The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland: 1124-1707, ed. by Cosmo Innes and others, 12 vols ([Edinburgh]: [Great Britain Record Commission], 1814-1875). Baillie Baillie, Robert, The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, A.M., ed. by David Laing, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Ogle, 1841-42). Burnet-Leighton ‘Certain Papers of Robert Burnet, afterwards Lord Crimond, Gilbert Burnet, afterwards Bp. of Salisbury and Robert Leighton, sometime Archbishop of Glasgow’, ed. by Helen Charlotte Foxcroft, in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, 13 vols (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1893- ), II: 1904, 312-370. Abbreviations-6 Charters 1583-1858 Charters, Statutes, and Acts of the Town Council and Senatus: 1583- 1858, ed. by Alexander Morgan (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1937). CSPD 1628-1629 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I: 1628-1629, ed. by John Bruce (London: Longman, 1859). CSPD 1629-1631 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I: 1629-1631, ed. by John Bruce (London: Longman, 1860). CSPD 1638-1639 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I: 1638-1639, ed. by John Bruce and William Douglas Hamilton (London: Longman, 1871). CSPD 1640 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I: 1640, ed. by William Douglas Hamilton (London: Longman, 1877). CSPD 1651-1652 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series: 1651-1652, ed. by Mary Anne Everett Green (London: Longmans, 1877). CSPD 1657-1658 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series: 1657-1658, ed. by Mary Anne Everett Green (London: Longmans, 1884). CSPD 1661-1662 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles II: 1661-1662, ed. by Mary Anne Everett Green (London: Longman, 1861) DSCHT Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology, ed. by Nigel M. de S. Cameron (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1993). Epitome Leighton, Alexander, An Epitome or Briefe Discoverie, from the beginning to the ending, of the many and great troubles that Dr. Leighton suffered in his body, estate, and family, for the space of twelve years and upwards (London: I. D., 1646). Abbreviations-7 ERBE 1642-1655 Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1642 to 1655, ed. by Marguerite Wood (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1938). ERBE 1655-1665 Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1655 to 1665, ed. by Marguerite Wood (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1940). FES Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae: the Succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation, ed. by Hew Scott and others, 11 vols (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; St Andrews Press; Clark: 1915-2000). HMOT Burnet, Gilbert, Burnet’s History of My Own Time, ed. by Osmund Airy, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898-1900). RCGACS 1646-1647 The Records of the Commissions of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland Holden in Edinburgh in the Years 1646 and 1647, ed. by Alexander F. Mitchell and James Christie (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1892). RCGACS 1648-1649 The Records of the Commissions of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland Holden in Edinburgh in the Years 1648 and 1649, ed. by Alexander F. Mitchell and James Christie (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1896). RKS Records of the Kirk of Scotland, ed. by Alexander Peterkin, Alexander (Edinburgh: Sutherland, 1838). RPCS Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 2nd Series, ed. by P. Hume Brown, 8 vols (Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House, 1896-1908). RSLT The Records of the Synod of Lothian and Tweeddale: 1589-1596, 1640-1649, ed. by James Kirk (Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1977). Abbreviations-8 SP Leighton, Alexander, An Appeal to the Parliament; or Sions Plea against the Prelacie ([Amsterdam]: [n.pub.], [1629]). WD 1632-1639 Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston: 1632-1639, ed. by George Morison Paul (Edinburgh: Constable, 1911). WD 1650-1654 Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston: 1650-1654, ed. by David Hay Fleming (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1919). WD 1655-1660 Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston: 1655-1660, ed. by James D. Ogilvie (Edinburgh: Constable, 1940). WW The Whole Works (as yet recovered) of the Most Reverend Father in God Robert Leighton D.D., ed. by William West, 6 vols (London: Longmans Green, 1869-1875). 1-9 Chapter 1 Reassessing Leighton: Historiographical Challenges Introduction Robert Leighton (1610/11-1684) was a major figure in the Restoration Church of Scotland.1 Best known for his involvement in two indulgences offered to dissenting ministers in 1669 and 1672, he remains of considerable interest to historians, theologians and proponents of certain expressions of church unity. His sermons and other theological writings are still valued, not only as fine examples of seventeenth century preaching and teaching, but as devotional material for contemporary use. Through them, Leighton has made an important contribution to Reformed spirituality.2 Leighton’s has been described as ‘an ambiguous life in ambiguous age which has attracted misunderstanding from the seventeenth century to the present day.’3 The complexities of the times through which he lived – the personal rule of Charles I, Covenanting revolution, Independent English occupation, and Restoration monarchy – were matched by the twists and turns of his personal journey towards the summit of his career as Archbishop- Commendator of Glasgow (1671-1674). Portrayed by his admirers as a deeply pious and irenical man of God, he was accused by detractors of careerist trimming and doctrinal bankruptcy. Apparently willing to fall in with whoever held power in Scotland, he has been lauded as saintly for his dogged espousal of religious tolerance and Christian unity.4 Much 1 Ouston, ‘Leighton’; Douglas, ‘Leighton’, 478-479. 2 Macleod, ‘X-Factor’, 37.
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