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The Anti-Monastic Reaction in the Reigns of Edward the Martyr and Æthelred Ii, 975-993: a Time of Opportunism

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The Anti-Monastic Reaction in the Reigns of Edward the Martyr and Æthelred Ii, 975-993: a Time of Opportunism DOĞUŞ AYTAÇ DOĞUŞ THE ANTI-MONASTIC REACTION IN THE REIGNS OF EDWARD THE MARTYR AND ÆTHELRED II, 975-993: A TIME OF OPPORTUNISM A Master’s Thesis THE ANTI THE MARTYR by - DOĞUŞ AYTAÇ MONASTIC REACTION IN THE REIGNS OF EDWARD OF REACTION REIGNS THE MONASTIC THE IN AND ÆTHELRED II, 975 ÆTHELRED AND II, - 993: A TIME OPPORTUNISM993:OF A TIME Department of History Bilkent 2020 University İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara August 2020 To my family THE ANTI-MONASTIC REACTION IN THE REIGNS OF EDWARD THE MARTYR AND ÆTHELRED II, 975-993: A TIME OF OPPORTUNISM The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by DOĞUŞ AYTAÇ In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNİVERSITY ANKARA AUGUST 2020 ABSTRACT THE ANTI-MONASTIC REACTION IN THE REIGNS OF EDWARD THE MARTYR AND ÆTHELRED II, 975-993: A TIME OF OPPORTUNISM Aytaç, Doğuş M.A, Department of History Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. David E. Thornton August 2020 This thesis aims to provide a new insight into the so-called anti-monastic reaction which took place after King Edgar’s death in 975 by analysing all the available evidence from fourteen different monasteries and bishoprics known to be affected during this period. It has been usually thought that the anti-monastic reaction was mainly caused by the politics of the period, but the present study argues that the reaction was an act of opportunism. The actions of small landowners and the great landowners are considered according to their contexts: both acted out of opportunism, but the latter’s actions were also related to their personal bonds and interests. In order to provide a broad background to this reaction, the developments in the tenth-century England, mainly administrative and legal, are considered in this thesis as well and the current consensus of the subject have also been addressed. Lastly, a brief comparison between England, France and Germany is included in this thesis to see whether similar reaction took place or not. Keywords: Æthelred II, Edward the Martyr, Monasteries, Opportunism, Tenth- Century England. iii ÖZET ŞEHİT EDWARD VE II. ÆTHELRED DÖNEMLERİNDE MANASTIR KARŞITI HAREKET, 975-993: BİR OPORTÜNİZM DÖNEMİ Aytaç, Doğuş Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi David E. Thornton Ağustos 2020 Bu tez, 975 yılında Kral Edgar’ın ölümünden sonra gerçekleşen manastır karşıtı harekete, bu dönemde etkilendiği bilinen on dört farklı manastır ve piskoposluktan mevcut tüm kanıtları analiz ederek yeni bir bakış açısı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Genellikle manastır karşıtı hareketin esas olarak dönemin siyasetinden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir, ancak mevcut çalışma, reaksiyonun bir oportünizm eylemi olduğunu savunmaktadır. Küçük toprak sahiplerinin ve büyük toprak sahiplerinin eylemleri bağlamlarına göre değerlendirildi; her ikisi de oportünisttik bir şekilde hareket etti, ancak ikincisinin eylemleri kişisel bağları ve çıkarlarıyla da ilgiliydi. Bu harekete geniş bir arka plan sağlamak için bu tezde, onuncu yüzyıl İngiltere'sindeki özellikle idari ve yasal gelişmeler de ele alındı ve konu üzerindeki mevcut fikir birliğine de değinildi. Son olarak, benzer bir reaksiyonun gerçekleşip gerçekleşmediğini görmek için İngiltere, Fransa ve Almanya arasında kısa bir karşılaştırma da bu teze dahil edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: II. Æthelred, Manastırlar, Onuncu Yüzyıl İngiltere, Oportünizm, Şehit Edward. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Apart from my personal efforts, many people helped me in my thesis writing process on various levels and without their help, it would not be possible to finish it. First of all, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. David E. Thornton who encouraged me to pursue my interest in a rather ambiguous subject, pointed me to various sources and always supported me. I also would like to thank Assist. Prof. Dr. Paul Latimer who kept in touch with me and sent me many studies which he thought might be useful for my research interests. I am also grateful for his comments and suggestions whenever we had time to chat about my progress. I would like to thank Assist. Prof. Dr. Selim Tezcan as well, whose criticisms helped me improve my thesis. I also would like to thank Dr. Dominik Waßenhoven who helped me to access some sources during the pandemic and pointed me to some interesting studies related to my subject. I should also thank the staff of Bilkent University Library, especially to Naile Okan and Füsun Yurdakul who enabled me to access many sources and did their best to acquire all my requests for the last three years. I would like to thank my friends Özgür Elmacıoğlu, Oğulcan Çelik and Gizem Çiftçi from history department for their friendship and company. I also thank Hazal Saral, whom I hold very dear, for her support, friendship and her faith in me. I am also thankful for my family; my father Tuncer Aytaç, my mother Serap Aytaç and my brother Mehmet Selahattin Aytaç. Their support, encouragement, and v unconditional love helped me get through all the hardships I have faced, and I am grateful that they always believed that I could achieve my dreams. Lastly, I would like to thank my dearest friend İlkyaz Kabadayı who has been listening to me blabbering on about Anglo-Saxons and monasteries with great patience. I cannot possibly express how grateful I am for her friendship and support throughout the years. She helped me greatly to pursue my goals and pushed me towards them. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iii ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….…. v TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1.1. Brief Overview of Ecclesiastical Life Before the Benedictine Reform ................. 3 1.2. The Tenth-Century Benedictine Reform in Anglo-Saxon England ....................... 6 1.3. Literature Review…………………………………………………………..……22 1.4. Sources…………………………………………………………………...……...26 1.5. Thesis Plan………………………………………………………………………30 CHAPTER II: UNIFICATION OF ENGLAND AND ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES IN THE TENTH CENTURY…………………………………………...33 2.1. Politics from 899 to 955…………………………………………………………35 2.2. Administrative Changes in the Tenth Century…………………………………..42 2.3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….51 CHAPTER III: THE SUCCESSION CRISIS OF 975 AND POLITICS FROM 975 TO 993………………………………………………………………………………..55 3.1. King Edgar’s Marriages and a Question of Legitimacy…………………………58 3.2. The Succession of Edward the Martyr and Politics between 975-978…………..63 3.3. Politics between 978 and 993 in the Reign of Æthelred II………………………74 3.4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….80 CHAPTER IV: AFFECTED MONASTERIES AND THE VARIATIONS OF THE ANTI-MONASTIC REACTION…………………………………………………….83 4.1. Abingdon………………………………………………………………………...87 4.2. Ely……………………………………………………………………………….89 4.3. Evesham…………………………………………………………………………93 4.4. Peterborough…………………………………………………………………….97 4.5. Ramsey…………………………………………………………………………..98 vii 4.6. Rochester……………………………………………………………………….100 4.7. Winchester……………………………………………………………………...104 4.8. Worcester……………………………………………………………………….106 4.9. York…………………………………………………………………………….114 4.10. Other Religious Houses…………………………………………………….....115 4.11. Conclusion………………………………………………………………….…118 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………..…122 5.1. Possible Continental Counterparts……………………………………………..128 5.2. Final Comments………………………………………………………………..132 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..136 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………155 APPENDIX A………………………………………………………………………155 APPENDIX B…………………………………………………………………...…..157 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASC Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS A: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 3: MS A, ed. J. M. Bately (Cambridge, 1986). MS B: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 4: MS B, ed. Simon Taylor (Cambridge, 1983). MS C: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 5: MS C, ed. K. O’Brien O’Keeffe (Cambridge, 2001). MS D: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 6: MS D, ed. G.P. Cubbin (Cambridge, 1996). MS E: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 7: MS E, ed. S. Irvine (Cambridge, 2004). MS F: The Anglo- Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 8: MS F, ed. Peter S. Baker (Cambridge, 2000). Cited with letter symbol to indicate manuscript(s) and year, as corrected by Whitelock et al. Translations are based on The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation, trans. D. Whitelock, D.C. Douglas, and S.I. Tucker (London, 1961). ASE Anglo Saxon England ANS Anglo-Norman Studies Chron. Ram. Chronicon Abbatiae Rameseiensis, ed. W. D. Macray (London, 1886). DB Domesday Book. James Morris et al. ed. 35 vols. (Chicester, 1975-1986). Cited by folio number and subsections in the Phillimore edition. ix EHD English Historical Documents I, c. 500-1042, ed. D. Whitelock. 2nd ed. (London, 1979) EME Early Medieval Europe GRA William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. and trans. R.A.B. Mynors, R. Thomson, and M. Winterbottom, (Oxford, 1998). GPA William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, ed. and trans. Michael Winterbottom,
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