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The Environment

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The Environment THE ENVIRONMENT CONTEXT 4.1 The environment of Somerset and Exmoor is a major resource in its own right and is important for the well being of people in every part of the plan area whether in remote rural areas, villages, suburbs or the centre of the largest towns. The overall aim of the policies in this chapter is to provide a framework of protection, conservation and management of the natural and built environment. The County Council and National Park Authority will also seek the enhancement of the environment, where people live, work, recreate and enjoy. 4.2 There is tremendous variety to the landscape of Somerset and Exmoor. In comparison with many other parts of England, it is both more diverse and it remains substantially undeveloped. The varied geology results in a mixture of high moorland, several hill ranges, open wetlands, low ridges and a coastline that includes cliffs, beaches, inter-tidal mudflats, dunes and an estuary. The smaller-scale elements of the landscape include limestone rock outcrops and gorges, dry stone walls, rivers and streams, small woodlands, hedges, orchards, withy beds farmsteads and canals. The diverse habitats present in the county add to the biodiversity, local distinctiveness and environmental stock. The hamlets, villages and market towns within the Joint Structure Plan area are no less varied, containing a rich variety of architecture and street patterns. Each element, whether urban or rural, requires careful attention to maintain its contribution to the overall quality of the environment. This requires many different skills that are essential for the maintenance of a vibrant rural economy. 4.3 Development can have a significant impact on the quality of the local environment of which it will form a part. It has an important influence on the inter-relationship that exists between neighbouring landscape types and particularly in the transition between urban to rural environments that occurs on the edge of settlements and especially in relation to the larger towns. This type of area is sometimes referred to as the 'urban fringe' and can be represented by a visually degraded landscape and environment. The overall strategy of the Joint Structure Plan seeks to concentrate future development primarily in the larger settlements. Some of this may need to be accommodated on the edge of settlements within the urban fringe. A challenge for the land-use planning process, and the development plan in particular, will be the management of future development in such areas. This will need to be done in such a way as to ensure an improvement in the visual quality and other environmental considerations in the transitional zones between urban and rural landscapes. The context for this, in design terms, is provided through advice contained in PPG 1: General Policy and Principles (1997), and PPG 3: Housing (2000). 4.4 The character and quality of the various aspects of the physical environment, and the level of importance ascribed to each, can contribute to it acting as a constraint to development. The implications of this potential restriction on development can be compounded if it is the subject of a statutory and/or national policy designation (e.g. Conservation Area, high grade agricultural land classification, land identified as liable to flooding via Section 105 mapping, etc.,). A study was carried out as part of the Joint Structure Plan process (Somerset Structure Plan Review - Environmental Constraints Project: Final Report), that assessed the development potential of the fifteen Towns in the context of their environmental capacity. The study identified 22 environmental factors which it divided into two types; critical (subject to statutory and/or national designations), and non-critical (subject to local and/or lower grade designations). It concluded that the settlements could accommodate the majority of the development the Strategic Planning authorities proposed, particularly in relation to, Policy 16: Provision of Land for Industrial, Warehouse and Business Development and, Policy 33: Provision for Housing, within the plan period. 4.5 The study identified that eight of the settlements would be approaching the limits of their potential physical expansion by 2011 if the development occurred at the level proposed by the Strategic Planning Authorities. However, any further growth in these settlements would involve breaching the threshold of one or more of the critical environmental factors. A consequence of these findings is that the overall strategy of focusing development on all these fifteen settlements may have to be re-appraised when the Joint Structure Plan is reviewed and updated. The reason for this would be to determine if the critical factors may need to be regarded as tradable in order to maintain the most sustainable pattern of development for the affected settlements in economic, environmental and social terms. 4.6 Care for the environment in all parts of the plan area, will help to support economically and socially healthy communities across Somerset and Exmoor and contribute to the well being of the area. The objectives and policies are set out under the headings of Countryside, Historic Environment and Coast. They reflect the importance of fostering understanding among the public of how the environment works and its value. COUNTRYSIDE 4.7 Public understanding of the need to conserve the diversity of wildlife resources as essential elements of the ecosystem on which we all depend is better developed. It is also Government policy to safeguard the countryside for its own sake, for the benefit and enjoyment of existing and new residents and visitors. Government guidance on the countryside is set out in PPG 7: The Countryside - Environmental Quality and Economic and Social Development (1997). 4.8 The guidance, emphasises the special considerations that should apply in designated areas, for example National Parks or Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, so that the reasons for their designation are given due weight in development decisions. In general, across the countryside it points out that a high quality environment will more readily attract investment in villages and small towns, bringing opportunities to enhance the rural environment. It therefore highlights, within a working landscape, the need to protect and enhance the landscape, wildlife and wildlife habitats and historic features. Such an approach can help to protect and enhance designated landscapes such as Exmoor, the Somerset Levels and Moors, and the Blackdown, Mendip and Quantock Hills for the benefit of future generations. It also draws attention to the need to promote diversification of the rural economy and to the value of protecting the best quality agricultural land from development wherever possible. 4.9 PPG 9: Nature Conservation (1994), sets out Government policy for the conservation of the natural environment. This guidance emphasises the importance of nature conservation sites and the protection of species and advises on the treatment of nature conservation issues in development plans. It also provides a development control framework for the protection of nature conservation sites. The guidance also emphasises that our natural wildlife heritage is not confined to just designated sites and that nature conservation issues should be taken into account in all aspects involving the regulation and development of land. The role of structure plans is to identify key designations of nature conservation importance, to establish a strategic framework and to exemplify their characteristics in both the national and international context. Structure plans must also include policies in respect of the conservation of the natural beauty and amenity of land. 4.10 These requirements accord with the strategy of the Joint Structure Plan and its objectives for the countryside. Objectives • To conserve and enhance the biodiversity and natural beauty of the countryside in general and designated areas of international, national and local importance. • To conserve the agricultural resources of Somerset and Exmoor. 4.11 In terms of the first of these objectives, advice from Central Government contained in PPG 7: The Countryside - Environmental Quality and Economic and Social Development (1997), and PPG 9: Nature Conservation (1994), recommends that greater weight and emphasis should be placed on protecting areas and interests of international and national importance. This is due to the fact that designated areas have been confirmed through relevant primary legislation. This in turn gives national and internationally designated areas a greater degree of legal protection than those that are designated at the local level. POLICY 1 NATURE CONSERVATION The biodiversity of Somerset and the Exmoor National Park should be maintained and enhanced. The greatest protection will be afforded to nature conservation sites of international and national importance. In addition, Local Plans should include policies to maintain and enhance sites and features of local nature conservation importance including landscape features which provide wildlife corridors, links or stepping stones between habitats. 4.12 It is of vital importance to the proper planning of Somerset and Exmoor that the value of its biodiversity is recognised, protected and enhanced. In Somerset alone, some habitats have been recognised as being of international importance, for example, the Severn Estuary is designated as a Ramsar site, Special Protection Area and a possible Special Area of Conservation
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