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Anachronistisches Kriegsbild, Selbstinszenierung Und Posthume Heroisierung Manfred Von Richthofen: Der Rote Kampfflieger (1917)

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Anachronistisches Kriegsbild, Selbstinszenierung Und Posthume Heroisierung Manfred Von Richthofen: Der Rote Kampfflieger (1917) Jörg Bernig Anachronistisches Kriegsbild, Selbstinszenierung und posthume Heroisierung Manfred von Richthofen: Der rote Kampfflieger (1917) This paper depicts Richthofen’s autobiographical text as an obsolete chivalrous image of the First World War. Its narrative structure is shown as an addition of numerous episodes based on the same dramatic pattern. The paper points out the narrow horizon of the text’s narrative structure as the result of Richthofen’s intel- lectual limitations in reflecting the new quality of the war, and it links these limita- tions with the reception of the text throughout the 20th century. Der Kampfflieger Manfred von Richthofen wird am 21. April 1918 im Alter von fünfundzwanzig Jahren an der Westfront abgeschossen. Ob von einem kanadischen Flieger oder ob von Soldaten am Boden ist ungewiß.1 Die seit- her und über Ländergrenzen hinweg kontinuierliche Präsenz seines Namens äußert sich jedoch nicht nur in den Auflagen seiner autobiographischen Auf- zeichnungen Der rote Kampfflieger2 und in den seinem Tod folgenden 1 Lothar Freiherr von Richthofen: Berichte des Bruders Lothar Freiherr von Richt- hofen. In: Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen: Der rote Kampfflieger. Berlin 1933. S. 242-252, hier S. 248. Vgl. auch: P. J. Carisella u. James W. Ryan: Who Killed the Red Baron? The final answer. London, New York 1974. 2 Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen: Der rote Kampfflieger. Berlin 1917 (Ullstein Kriegs-Bücher 30). 1933 lag die Gesamtauflage bereits bei über 700.000 Exempla- ren. Ausgaben: Manfred von Richthofen: Der rote Kampfflieger. Berlin: Ullstein, 1917; Richthofen. Ein Heldenleben. Berlin: Ullstein, 1920; Der rote Kampfflieger. Vorwort von Hermann Göring; Einleitung von Bolko von Richthofen. Berlin: Ullstein, 1933; Der rote Kampfflieger. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag, 1933; Der rote Kampfflieger. Berlin: Ullstein, 1936; Der rote Kampfflieger. Berlin: Ullstein, 1937; Der rote Kampfflieger. Darmstadt: Winklers Verlag Grimm, 1937 (Ausgaben in deutscher Kurzschrift; 4. Auflage, 7. Aufl. 1941); Der rote Kampfflieger. München: Matthes & Seitz, 1977; Der rote Kampfflieger. Augsburg: Weltbild, 1987; Der rote Kampfflieger. Kiel: Arndt, 1988; Der rote Kampfflieger. Einführung von Manfred Wörner. Hamburg: Germa Press, 1990. Die aus den Ausgaben ablesbaren Auflagen- zahlen laufen insgesamt auf ca. 1 Million Exemplare zu. 98 diversen Gedenkstunden oder Namensgebungen für militärische Einheiten3. Die Spur seiner Existenz sedimentiert sich darüber hinaus neben der Militär- historie und neben militärischen Traditionslinien auch im gegenwärtigen Comic, wo Richthofen als ‘Roter Baron’4 der Antipode von Snoopy, dem selbsternannten ‘Fliegeras des Ersten Weltkriegs’ ist.5 Daneben bietet sie Rollenmuster in Computerspielen, oder sie gerät in die zeitgenössische po- puläre Musik, z. B. in einen Songtext Tori Amos’: “[…] Not the Red Baron I’m sure / Not Charlie’s wonderful dog / not anyone I really know / just another pilot down […].”6 Oder Richthofen wird als Name für eine Rock- band gewählt.7 Die Kinderliteratur des Jahres 2000 sieht Manfred von Richt- hofen als Roten Baron verbündet mit einem Zeitreisenden.8 Wenn Richthofen auch nicht das ist, was in Teilen der Medien als Ikone des Pop bezeichnet wird, so ist er doch eine bis in die gegenwärtige populäre Kultur fortexistierende historische Gestalt, substituiert durch die selbst- inszenierte Figur Manfred von Richthofen aus dem autobiographischen Text Der rote Kampfflieger oder vermischt mit ihr. In dieser perpetuierten Existenz verwischter Konturen scheint sie aus dem Historischen Kontext und dem militärischen Bezugssystem herausgelöst und damit als eine frei verfügbare. Comic, populäre Musik oder Kinderbuch steht dabei aber eine andere Fortexistenz zur Seite: die militärische und militärisch verehrte, wie zum Beispiel in der Traditions-Gemeinschaft Jagdgeschwader “Richt- hofen”.9 Wobei auch diese vermeintlich fachspezifischeren Tradierungen 3 Nach Richthofens Tod wurde die Jagdstaffel 11 in Jagdstaffel Richthofen umbe- nannt. Im März 1935 spricht Hitler in einem Erlaß zur Schaffung einer neuen Luft- waffe von der Schaffung eines Jagdgeschwaders Richthofen, und am 21.04.1961 (Richthofens Todestag) wird dieser Name einem Geschwader der Bundesluftwaffe verliehen. 4 Unter diesem Namen haftet Richthofen im angelsächsischen Raum – besonders in Großbritannien – eine große Popularität an. Der rote Kampfflieger erschien auf englisch mit dem Titel The Red Baron. 5 Vgl. Charles M. Schulz: Snoopy & Die Peanuts. Hoch die Tassen. Frankfurt/M. 1999. 6 Tori Amos: Boys for Pele. 1996. (CD) 7 Zuletzt: Helden der Zeit. Gun Record 1999. Auf einer CD des Heeresmusikkorps 11 findet sich ein Marsch mit dem Titel “Jagdgeschwader Richthofen”. Heeres- musikkorps 11: Fröhliche Blasmusik. Sonia 1996. 8 Dieter Winkler: Die Stunde des roten Drachen. Wien 2000. 9 Die Präambel der Satzung besagt, daß die Traditions-Gemeinschaft gegründet wurde, “[…] um aktiven Offizieren, Portepee-Unteroffizieren und Zivilbediensteten […] sowie Ehemaligen dieser Dienstgradgruppen der Jagdgeschwader ‘Richthofen’ die Möglichkeit zu geben, sich in dieser Gemeinschaft zusammenzuschließen, um die Tradition der Jagdgeschwader ‘Richthofen’ aufrechtzuerhalten und die Kontakte untereinander zu pflegen und zu vertiefen.” Der Plural der Jagdgeschwader verweist .
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