Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

Sustainable End-to-End Climate/Flood Forecast Application Through Pilot Projects Showing Measurable Improvements

Base Line Report

March 2006

A public trust under the Ministry of Water Resources

Table of Contents

1.1 Introduction ...... 5 1.2 Methodology...... 5 1.2.1 Problem Analysis ...... 6 1.2.2 Preparation of Questionnaire/ Checklist ...... 6 1.2.3 Field Survey ...... 7 1.2.4 Data Compilation and Analysis ...... 7 1.2.5 Report Preparation ...... 7 1.3 Study Area...... 7 1.3.1 Rajpur Union...... 9 1.3.2 Uria Union ...... 10 1.3.3 Kaijuri Union ...... 11 1.3.4 Gazirtek Union...... 13 1.3.5 Bhekra Union ...... 14 1.4 Socio-economic status of pilot unions ...... 16 1.4.1 Livelihood activities ...... 16 1.4.2 Agriculture ...... 18 1.4.3 Fisheries...... 21 1.4.4 Livestock...... 22 1.4.5 Infrastructures...... 23 1.4.6 Flood shelters...... 24 1.4.7 Water Supply and Sanitation...... 27 1.4.8 Institutions...... 29 1.5 Natural Hazards and mitigation measures...... 32 1.5.1 Natural Hazards...... 32 1.5.2 Causes of Flood and its Effects...... 32 1.5.3 Affected Mouza / Village ...... 37 1.5.4 Effect of recent extreme flood on agriculture...... 40 1.5.5 Effect of recent extreme flood on fisheries ...... 42 1.5.6 Effect of recent extreme flood on infrastructure ...... 43 1.5.7 Effect of recent extreme flood on household ...... 45 1.5.8 Present copping strategies/ mitigation measures for flood...... 46 1.6 Early Warning System and preparedness activities for Flood...... 53 1.6.1 Existing Early Warning System...... 53 1.6.2 Need Assessment of Community for Early Warning System ...... 53 1.6.3 Possible Activities of the community with Early Warning ...... 54 1.6.4 Dissemination tools for Early Warning System ...... 61 1.7 Conclusion and Recommendation...... 61

1 List of Tables

Table 1: Major cropping pattern in each pilot union...... 19 Table 3: Water bodies and fisheries production in pilot unions...... 22 Table 4: Infrastructures in pilot unions...... 23 Table 6: Existing flood shelter facilities in Rajpur union ...... 25 Table 7: Existing flood shelter facilities in Uria union...... 26 Table 8: Existing flood shelter facilities in Gazirtek union ...... 27 Table 9: Existing flood shelter facilities in Bekra union...... 27 Table 10: Percentage (%) of Household Using Different Drinking Water Sources ...... 28 Table 11: Percentage (%) of Household Using Different Toilet Facilities...... 28 Table 12: Organizations engaged in flood management in pilot unions...... 29 Table 13: Major Natural Hazards in the Study Area...... 32 Table 14: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Kaujuri Union ...... 33 Table 15: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Rajpur Union...... 34 Table 16: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Uria Union...... 35 Table 17: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Gazirtek Union...... 36 Table 18: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Bekra Union ...... 37 Table 18: Flood affected sectors at each union according to priority ...... 39 Table 19: Ranking and time of flood effect on each sector in study area...... 40 Table 20: Effect of recent extreme flood on agriculture...... 41 Table 21: Effect of recent extreme flood on fisheries...... 42 Table 21: Effect of recent extreme flood on fisheries (Continued)...... 43 Table 22: Effect of recent extreme flood on infrastructure...... 43 Table 23: Present copping strategies with flood in different sectors ...... 48 Table 24: Existing Early Warning System in the pilot unions...... 53 Table 25: Needs of the community for Early Warning System ...... 54 Table 26 : Major activities of the community with different early warning options ...... 55 Table 27: Dissemination tools for Early Warning System in pilot unions...... 61

2

List of Figures

Figure 1: Methodology of the baseline study...... 6 Figure 2: Selected pilot unions in context of Bangladesh...... 8 Figure 3: Study Area: Rajpur Union, Lalmonirhat ...... 9 Figure 4: Study Area: Uria Union, Gaibandha ...... 11 Figure 5: Study Area: Kaijuri Union, Sirajganj ...... 12 Figure 6: Study Area: Gazirtek Union, Faridpur ...... 13 Figure 7: Study Area: Gazirtek Union, Faridpur ...... 15 Figure 8: Livelihood groups in pilot unions...... 17 Figure 9: Agriculture is the main activity in pilot unions ...... 18 Figure 10: Loom is the special livelihood activity in Kaijuri union ...... 18 Figure 11: Vegetables grown in Homestead area ...... 20 Yield rate (ton/ha)...... 21 Figure 12: A Cattle farm at homestead in Kaijuri union...... 23 Figure 13: Tube-well installed by DPHE in Kaijuri union beside the road...... 28 Figure 14: Time of flood occurrence in the pilot unions ...... 33 Figure 15: Flood affected mauzas in Kaijuri union ...... 34 Figure 16: Flood affected mauzas in Rajpur union...... 35 Figure 17: Flood affected mauzas in Uria union...... 36 Figure 18: Flood affected mauzas in Gazirtek union...... 37 Figure 19: Flood affected mauzas in Bhekra union ...... 38 Figure 20: Average Damage (Tk) per Household in Pilot Union ...... 45

3 4

1.1 Introduction The Climate Forecast Applications in Bangladesh (CFAB) project has been implemented in Bangladesh since November 2000, with the involvement of the Program on Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (PAOS) at the University of Colorado/ Georgia Institute of Technology (GATECH), Atlanta, USA, with assistance from the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), Bangkok, Thailand, and supported by the USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA). The PAOS/GATECH group has been engaged in research aimed at increasing the lead-time of flood forecasting in Bangladesh, while ADPC has been identifying broader forecast application opportunities and seeking ways to institutionalize CFAB in Bangladesh.

The project is being conducting with the active participation of key organizations and institutes which includes the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE), Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Institute of Water Modeling (IWM), and CARE Bangladesh.

The Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre (FFWC), under BWDB, utilized experimental hydrological forecasts provided by CFAB in preparing short-range flood forecasts during the 2003 monsoon. IWM evaluated these forecasts, which were disseminated to selected groups and organizations.

The forecast products will be functional in disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness, local disaster action planning, contingency planning, public awareness, training and facilitating information collection. Forecast applications should consider who the users are, where they are, their information needs, and the information dissemination method. Public awareness, understanding of the warning system, and community participation are key links in the forecast generation - application chain.

The aim of the project is to develop a real time flood forecast for Disaster preparedness in Bangladesh and making them functional. There is also need to apply the forecasts in different vulnerable sectors to manage the risks. As farmers and other poor vulnerable communities are constantly affected by floods, it is necessary to translate the climate/flood forecast information in a usable and easily understandable form to make use of them for risk management.

Five pilot study areas were selected based on standard criteria for flood forecasting system. The five pilot areas are Kaijuri union of Shahjadpur thana under Sirajganj district, Uria union of Fulchhari thana under Gaibandha district, Rajpur union of Lalmonirhat sadar thana under Lalmonirhat district, Gazirtek union of Char Bhadrasan thana under Faridpur district and Bhekra union of Nagarpur thana under Tangail district.

Vulnerability analysis and livelihood profiling has been conducted in five pilot study area to understand the nature and aspects of livelihood groups and their vulnerability to natural hazards in selected project sites. This report presents the summary findings of the analysis.

1.2 Methodology

Vulnerability analysis and livelihood profiling was conducted through community consultation

5 workshop, household survey and secondary information from government institutions. Before going to the baseline survey, a methodology was developed for the study (Fig. 1). The steps of the study are discussed in the following sections.

1.2.1 Problem Analysis

Community level flood forecasting and early warning system requires information on local livelihoods, characteristics of flood and damage, communication facilities for information dissemination, etc. At this stage, the required information, primary and secondary data are analyzed to meet the objectives of study.

Problem Analysis C

Questionnaire / Checklist o n s

Preparation for consultation u l

t a

workshop, household survey and t i Review o n Literature secondary information collection

Field Survey

Community Household Survey Information from Workshop Organizations

Data compilation and Analysis

Report Preparation

Figure 1: Methodology of the baseline study

1.2.2 Preparation of Questionnaire/ Checklist

Based on the requirements of the study, several questionnaire and checklist are prepared. A checklist is prepared for community consultation workshop; one questionnaire is prepared for household survey

6 and four questionnaires are prepared for agriculture, fisheries, infrastructure and institutional information. Several literatures were reviewed and experts’ consultation was conducted to develop the questionnaire. All questionnaires and checklist contain major four parts: present status of livelihood, characteristics of flood hazard, information on damage due to recent extreme flood and information on present status and future needs of Early Warning System (EWS). All questionnaires and checklist are given in Annex A.

1.2.3 Field Survey

To collection primary and secondary information, field survey is conducted through community workshop, household survey and questionnaire survey in government and non-government organizations.

Community workshop: Three community workshops were conducted at three venues of the union. Two-community workshop was conducted with groups of different livelihood groups and one community workshop was conducted with members of Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC). For community workshop, livelihood groups were selected according to proportion of household’s major occupation given in Population Census, 2001. There were 20-25 participants of different occupation in each workshop.

Household Survey Household survey was conducted through structured questionnaire. Total 20 households of different occupational group, classified according to proportion of major occupational group given in Population Census 2001, were selected randomly throughout the study area.

Questionnaire survey in organizations Questionnaire survey in government and non-government organizations were conducted for agriculture, fisheries, infrastructures and institutional information. Department of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, Project Implementation Office, Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), Union Parishad, Upazila Parishad and local NGOs working disaster were visited.

1.2.4 Data Compilation and Analysis

The collected primary and secondary data are compiled and analyzed to generate information and results.

1.2.5 Report Preparation

After data analysis, final report is prepared which contains baseline condition of the socio-economic status, floods, damage; and existing status and future needs of early warning system.

1.3 Study Area

The study area has been selected based on biophysical and socioeconomic criteria. Riverine flood

7 prone area, climate\ hydrological data availability, accessibility, availability of FWC forecast data has been considered as biophysical criteria. Demand from the user, per capita food grain production, literacy, population exposed to the Flood Hazard has been considered as social criteria. Primarily five districts were selected for pilot operation of the project (Fig. 2). Based on the biophysical and social criteria, one union of each district was selected through consultation workshop, which was conducted at district headquarters with GO and NGO representatives.

Figure 2: Selected pilot unions in context of Bangladesh

8 1.3.1 Rajpur Union

The Rajpur Union is under Lalmonirhat Sadar Upazila of Lalmonirhat district (Fig. 3). The Upazila is located at the foot hill of Himalayas and the river basin of Teesta and Dharla. It comprises 9 wards with 11 mauzas. The area of the Rajpur union is 16 sq. km. Rajpur union is surrounded by the union Harati, Gokunda to the north and east, Khuniagachh union to the west and Kaunia upazila to the south. The population of the Lalmonirhat thana is 2,89,272 (2001) and the Rajpur union is about 15,979 (2001).

Figure 3: Study Area: Rajpur Union, Lalmonirhat

Most of the land of Rajpur union is medium high land to low land. On the basis of flood depth the high land of the thana is 3239 ha and the medium high land is 4833 and the low land is 3178. But in the Rajpur union almost 80% land is low land (Source: Rajpur UP). Rest is medium high land.

9 Rangpur meteorological station is the nearest station to Rajpur union, Lalmonirhat. So climate data of Rangpur station has been considered as similar for Rajpur union. The Bangladesh meteorological data at Rangpur station shows that the monthly maximum temperature varies from 28 0C to 38 0C and maximum average temperature during monsoon is about 36 0C. Monthly minimum temperature ranges from 4 0C to 21 0C and minimum temperature occurs in December to January is around 4 0C to 14 0C. The monthly average relative humidity varies from 40% to 98% in a year. During monsoon it varies from 73% to 91%. The monthly average evaporation in this area is 3.9 mm/day and maximum evaporation occurs in the summer season. Maximum evaporation is 9.5 mm/day, which occurs in the month of July. The annual average rainfall in this area is about 2200 mm/yr. Monthly maximum rainfall was recoded 390 mm in the month of July and the monsoon rain fall was about 1700 mm. Teesta River has flown through the Rajpur union. Very few numbers of ponds are located here. There are wetlands where people do seasonal fishing.

1.3.2 Uria Union

The Uria Union is under Fulchhari thana of Gaibandha district (Fig. 4). The thana is located at the foot hill of Himalayas and the river basin of Teesta and Dharla. It comprises 4 mauzas. The total area of the Uria union is about 23 sq. kilometers including river and charland. Uria union is surrounded by the Kanchi Para union, Udakhali union, Gazaria union and Fazlulpur union of Fulchhari thana. The population of the Fulchhari Upazila is 1,37,795 (2001) and the Uria union is about 14,195 (2001). Most of the land of Uria union is medium high land to low land. There is no very highland in the union. Jamuna River has flown through the Uria union. Most of the parts of the union are charland. The part of the land protected by bandh is medium high land. The area is near Bahadurabad Water Level Station. Where, the maximum river flow, 69727 cumec is shown in July. Since there is no meteorological station in Gaibandha district, the meteorological data of the nearest Rangpur station could be used to define the climatic condition of Uria union. Therefore, the climatic condition of Uria union is similar to Rajpur union. There are about 75 numbers of private ponds occupying 1500 acres of land. there is a beel having an area of 286 acres. There is also a khas pond having area of 100 acres (Source: Union parishad).

10

Figure 4: Study Area: Uria Union, Gaibandha

1.3.3 Kaijuri Union

The Kaijuri Union is under Shahjadpur thana of Sirajganj district (Fig. 5). The total area of the Kaijuri union is 45 sq. Km. It comprises 17 mauzas. It is surrounded by the union Porjana, Jalalpur, Sonatani and Gala. The population of the Kaijuri union is about 53,733 (2001).

11

Figure 5: Study Area: Kaijuri Union, Sirajganj

The nearest meteorological station of Kaijuri union is near the Bogra station, so for climate data of Bogra station has been considered for Kaijuri union. The Bangladesh meteorological data at Bogra station shows that the monthly maximum temperature varies from 27 0C to 39 0C. Monthly minimum temperature ranges from 5 0C to 15 0C. The monthly average relative humidity varies from 35% to 91% in a year. During monsoon it varies from 71% to 91%. The monthly average evaporation in this area is 4.2 mm/day and maximum evaporation occurs in the summer season. Maximum evaporation is 9.9 mm/day, which occurs in the month of July. The annual average rainfall in this area is about 1700 mm/yr and the monsoon rainfall was about 1400 mm. Most of the land of Kaijuri union is medium low land to very low land. The area is highly flood prone because of its geographical position. There was a flood control embankment which eroded in the Jamuna river and now the area is unprotected to flood.

12

1.3.4 Gazirtek Union

The Gazirtek Union is under Char Bhadrasan thana of Faridpur district (Fig. 6). It comprises 9 mauzas. The total area of the Gazirtek union is 32 sq. Km. It is surrounded by the union Char Harirampur, Sadrapur and Faridpur Sadar. The population of the Gazirtek union is about 22,544 (source: Population Census 1991).

Figure 6: Study Area: Gazirtek Union, Faridpur

Climate data of Faridpur station has been considered for the union. The Bangladesh meteorological data at Faridpur station shows that the monthly maximum temperature varies from 27 0C to 37 0C. Monthly minimum temperature ranges from 4 0C to 15 0C. The monthly average relative humidity varies from 42% to 94% in a year. During monsoon it varies from 70% to 94%. The monthly average evaporation in this area is 3.9 mm/day and maximum evaporation occurs in the summer season. Maximum evaporation is 9.9 mm/day, which occurs in the month of July. The annual average rainfall

13 in this area is about 1820 mm/yr and the monsoon rainfall was about 1360 mm. The area is highly flooded prone because of its geographical conditions, u/s water, and poor management practices are the main factors to cause the flood in the area. The Padma River is the only cause of huge flooding and erosion in this union. Flood occurs here normally in the month of July to September.

1.3.5 Bhekra Union

The Bekra Union is under Nagarpur Upazila of Tangail district (Fig. 7). The Upazila is located in the river basin of Jamuna. It comprises 8 mauzas. The area of the Bekra union is 11 sq. km. While the area of the Nagarpur upazila is 263 sq. km. Bekra union is surrounded by the union Nagarpur to the east, union Salimabad to the west, union Gayhata to the north and union Dhubaria to the south. The population of the Nagarpur thana is 2,38,422 (Population Census 1991) and the Bekra union is about 8,502 (Population Census 1991). The land of the Bekra union is plain land. There is no very highland in the union. On the basis of flood depth in this union almost 61% land is low to medium low land (Source: DAE, Nagarpur UP). Rest is moderate high land. Here, in the month of July to September is the severe for flooding and the river Jamuna is the only dominating for this main natural hazard here. There are in total 81 numbers of ponds, one beel in Barapusa Mauz, two khals and one river (Noyai/ Lowhojong) is located here. It has few closed low lands where people do seasonal fishing. Bekra union has vast river basin where farmers do their cultivation. For climate data analysis of Bekra union, Tangail station has been considered. The Bangladesh meteorological data at Tangail station shows that the monthly maximum temperature varies from 27 0C to 37 0C and maximum average temperature during monsoon is about 37 0C. Monthly minimum temperature ranges from 6 0C to 15 0C and minimum temperature occurs in December to January. The monthly average relative humidity varies from 57% to 89% in a year. During monsoon it varies from 77% to 89%. The monthly average evaporation in this area is 3.6 mm/day and maximum evaporation occurs in the summer season. Maximum evaporation is 9.1 mm/day. The annual average rainfall in this area is about 1860 mm/yr and the monsoon rainfall was about 1300 mm.

14

Figure 7: Study Area: Gazirtek Union, Faridpur

15 1.4 Socio-economic status of pilot unions

1.4.1 Livelihood activities

Major livelihood groups in the pilot unions are classified into eight classes, such as Farmer / Share cropper, Agriculture Labour, Non-Agriculture Labour, Fisherman, Service holder, Business, Loom, Cottage industry, Transport and Others. These classes were defined according to definition of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. According to people’s perception in the community workshops, major livelihood groups in the pilot unions are Farmer/ Share cropper, Agriculture labour and Non-agriculture labour (Figs. 8 and 9). About 50 % households are mainly dependent on agriculture in all pilot unions. But the statistics given in population census of 1991 and 2001 shows deviation from the workshop results. according to population census, the percentage of farmer is much lower than the workshop result in the pilot unions, i.e. 17%, 59% and 38% of household was farmer in Kaijuri, Rajpur and Uria union respectively in 2001; and 43% of household was farmer in Bekra union in 1991. Other than agriculture, Non-agriculture labour is one of the main activities, which includes daily labour in industries, construction works, earth works, handling of goods, etc. It is found that about 15% households are in Non-agriculture labour in Kaijuri and Rajpur union but in Uria and Gazirtek union, it is about 9% and 8% respectively (Fig. 8). In Bekra union, more than 80% households are dependent on agriculture where 71% are Farmer/ share cropper and 13% are agriculture labour. However, there is variation in livelihood activities with respect to local opportunities. For instance, there are about 10% of household have Loom and 10% of household have Business as their main income source at Kaijuri union, Sirajganj (Figs. 8 and 10). Shahajadpur thana of Sirajganj district is famous for loom. Business activity in this thana is also related loom and cloths. Therefore, a major portion of households is engaged in this sector. Other than agriculture, there is no special localized activity in Rajpur, Uria, Gazirtek and Bekra unions. In all pilot unions, 2 – 4 % households are engaged in one of the activities such as Fisherman, service holders, cottage industries, and transport.

16 Cottage Business Loom Business industry 1% Transport Service 2% 3% 1% 3% 4% Service Fisher Others 1% Others 2% 1% Fisher 1% 4% Non- Agriculture Non- Labour Agriculture 20% Labour Farmer / Farmer / 9% Share Share cropper cropper 48% Agriculture Agriculture 55% Labour Labour 15% 30%

Livelihood groups in Rajpur Union< Lalmonirhat Livelihood groups in Uria Union, Gaibandha

Cottage Transport industry Transport Others Loom 2% 1% 1% 18% 10% Business Business Others 2% 10% 1%

Service Farmer / 1% Service Farmer / 2% Share Fisher Share cropper 1% cropper 52% Non- 55% Fisher Agriculture 2% Non- Labour Agriculture 15% Agriculture Labour Labour 8% 5% Livelihood groups in Kaijuri Union< Sirajganj Livelihood groups in Gazirtek Union, Faridpur

Business 4% Transport Service 1% 4% Fisher Others 2% 1% Non- Agriculture Labour 4%

Agriculture Labour Farmer / 13% Share cropper 71%

Livelihood groups in Bekra Union, Tangail

Figure 8: Livelihood groups in pilot unions

17 Figure 9: Agriculture is the main activity in pilot unions

Figure 10: Loom is the special livelihood activity in Kaijuri union

1.4.2 Agriculture

Farmers are engaged in agricultural activities throughout the year in all pilot unions. Information of agriculture was taken from Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) and farmers of each pilot area. Cropping pattern in the pilot union depends on the local weather and soil characteristics. So, some crops are different in each pilot area, although major rice crops are similar. According to DAE, major cropping pattern in each pilot area is given in Table 1. In Uria union, most of the lands are medium high land – low land. In this union, Fallow – T. Aman – Boro is the major cropping pattern covering about 57 % of cultivable area (Table 1). Other major cropping patterns are Fallow – T. Aman – Pulse (22% area) and Jute – T. Aman – Millet (11% area).

18 Most of the lands are medium low land – low land in Kaijuri union. Therefore, Boro/ B. Aman rice cultivation is preferred to the farmers. Due to the soil and weather condition, Mustard, Groundnut, Mashkalai, Sesame are popular crop in this union. Thus the major cropping pattern is Fallow – Fallow – Mustard/ Boro covering 43 % cultivable area (Table 1). Other major cropping patterns are Sesame / B. Aman – Fallow – Mustard and Groundnut – Fallow – Fallow. Napya grass are also widely cultivated with Mashkalai, which is used as fodder for cattles.

Table 1: Major cropping pattern in each pilot union

Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi Union % of area (March-June) (July-October) (Nov-February) Fallow T. Aman Boro 57 Uria Fallow T. aman Pulse 22 Jute T. Aman Millet 11 Fallow Fallow Mustard - Boro 43 Kaijuri Sesame + B. Aman Fallow Mustard 18 Groundnut Fallow Fallow 11 Fallow T. Aman Boro 62 Rajpur Jute T. Aman Tobaco 15 Jute T. Aman Wheat 8 B. Aus B. Aman Wheat 25 Gazirtek B. Aus Fallow Wheat 15 B. Aman B. Aman Onion/ Pulses 30 B. Aman Fallow Boro 64 Bhekra Jute T. Aman Oilseed 21 Jute T. Aman Wheat 10 Source: DAE, Upazila Parishad, 2006

The major land type of Rjpur union is medium high land to low land. Rice and Jute are the main agricultural crop in this area. thus the major cropping patterns are Fallow – T. Aman – Boro (covering 62% area), Jute – T. Aman – Tobaco (15 % area) and Jute – T. Aman – Tobacco (8 % area) (Table 1). Tobaco is special crop grown in this northern region of Bangladesh. Gazirtek union comprises mainly char lands. So depending on the soil and weather condition, major crops grown in Gazirtek union are Rice, Wheat, Pulses, Sugarcane and Jute. thus the major cropping pattern in Gazirtek union is B. Aus – B. Aman – Wheat (25% area), B. Aman – B. Aman – Onion/ Pulses (30% area) and B, Aus – Fallow – Wheat (15% area) (Table 1). Bekra union is regularly flooded every year. thus the major cropping pattern adopted in this area are B. Aman – Fallow – Boro (64% area), Jute – T. Aman – Oilseed/ Wheat (31% area) (Table 1). Beside the major crops, vegetables are grown in field and homestead in all pilot unions (Fig. 11). Most common vegetables are cucumber, pui shak, lal shak, carrot, tomato, potato, etc.

19

Figure 11: Vegetables grown in Homestead area

Yield of a crop is not same in all pilot unions. It varies due to soil condition, weather and growing season. Yield of major crops in all pilot unions is given in Table 2. average yield rate of different crops are collected from Upazila DAE office. The yield rate shows that the crop production rate is similar to national crop production rate.

20

Table 2: Yield of major crop in pilot unions

National Production rate of Cultivated Yield rate Union Name of crop different crops in 2003-2004 Area (ha) (ton/ha) (BBS, 2004) Jute 30 1.8 Yield rate Crops T. Aman 700 2.2 (ton/ha) Uria T. Boro 500 3.8 B. Aman 1.26 Pulse 22 0.8 T. Aman (Local) 1.55 Mustard 700 1.3 T. Aman (HYV) 0.25 Boro 650 6 Boro (Local) 1.95 Kaijuri B. Aman 400 1.5 Boro (HYV) 3.39 Groundnut 200 1.5 B. Aus (Local) 1.19 Boro 1030 5.44 B. Aus (HYV) 2.07 T Aman 1747 3.46 Wheat 1.95 Wheat 85 2.47 Potato (HYV) 17.37 Maize (HB) 117 6.92 Maize 4.82 Rajpur Potato (HYV) 118 17.30 Jute 1.17 Jute 252 1.19 Ground nut 1.31 Mustard 24 0.99 Mustard 0.75 Sugarcane - 59.31 Sugarcane 39.6 Tobacco 206 1.61 Tobacco 1.27 B. Aus 600 1.2 Onion 5.24 Wheat 540 2 Pulse 0.79 T Aman 600 4 Gazirtek Onion 520 10 Pulses 575 0.9 Boro 427 6 Boro 466 6 T-Aman 240 3 B-Aman 200 1.2 Bhekra Jute 220 2 Wheat 70 2.5 Mustard 140 1 Source: Department Agricultural Extension, 2006

1.4.3 Fisheries

Since the pilot areas are flood plain of Jamuna river, they comprise rivers, khals, ponds and natural depressions. These water bodies are rich in fisheries and supports livelihoods of the locality for earnings, irrigation to crop field and domestic water supply. Major fisheries species in ponds and wetlands of the pilot areas are Silver carp, Bata musa, Sharpunti, Catla, Rui, Taki, gochi baim, punti, tengra, gura chingri, kholisha, etc. Majro fisheries in rivers are Katchki, Ghero, Bele, Boirali, Ilish, Chingri, Ayeer, Boal, Catla, etc. Area, number/ length of water bodies anf fishreis production in each pilot unions are given in Table 3.

21 Fisheries production is higher in Pond under culture fishery in all-pilot unions than the other water bodies (Table 3). However the fish production in natural water bodies could be higher than the estimated production.

Table 3: Water bodies and fisheries production in pilot unions Water Bodies Ponds under Union Parameter Ponds under natural Beel Khal River culture fishery fishery Number 448 - 1 1 1 Length in km - - - 4 5 Gazirtek Area (ha) 22.16 - 20.23 20.23 80.9 Prod. Rate (Ton/ha/yr) 4.616 - 1.221 0.030 7.491 Annual Prod. (Tk/yr) 62,36,515 - 17,56,763 42,674.40 492,58,104 Number 35 15 2 2 2 Length in km - - - 4 10 Kaijuri Area (ha) 5 2 42.11 - - Prod. Rate (Ton/ha/yr) - - - - - Annual Prod. (Tk/yr) 1,50,000 2,80,000 45,000 60,000 50,000 Number 76 9 - - 2 Length in km - - - - 5

Area (ha) 6.18 0.7 - - 200 Uria Prod. Rate (Ton/ha/yr) 2.783 0.050 Annual Prod. (Tk/yr) 12,04,000 - - - 15,00,000 Number 180 45 - 3 2 Length in km - - - 1.28 11

Area (ha) 15 3 - 10 2150 Rajpur Prod. Rate (Ton/ha/yr) 3.333 1.667 0.600 0.019 Annual Prod. (Tk/yr) 25,00,000 3,00,000 - 3,60,000 26,00,000 Number 59 22 1 2 1 Length in km - - 0.5 3

Area (ha) 14.84 1.88 3.05 5.48 12.19 Bekra Prod. Rate (Ton/ha/yr) 3.437 1.223 0.623 0.237 0.131 Annual Prod. (Tk/yr) 51,00,000 2,30,000 1,90,000 1,30,000 1,60,000 Source: Upazila Parishad, 2006

1.4.4 Livestock

Common livestock and poultry are grown in most of the households in pilot areas. Cattle, goat, chicken, duck, ram, buffalo are common in the area. Cattle farming are popular in Kaijuri unio due to the Milk Vita milk processing industry at Baghabari, Sirajganj (Fig. 12). Therefore, fodder crop like Mashkalai, Napya grass production is also popular in Kaijuri union.

22

Figure 12: A Cattle farm at homestead in Kaijuri union

1.4.5 Infrastructures

Road/ communication, educational, health and social infrastructures are important in a community. Information on these infrastructures of each union is taken from Union Parishad and Upazila Parishad, which are presented in the following Table 4.

Table 4: Infrastructures in pilot unions

Rajpur Kaijuri Uria Gazirtek Bhekra Infrastructures Union Union Union Union Union 26 Kancha road (km) 50 10.44 52 20 Paved road (km) 4 7.32 3 10 3 Rail road (km) - - - - - Embankment (km) 8 7 7 - - Flood shelter (no.) 3 - - - Flood Control structure (Spur) 3 - - - - Primary school (no.) 11 24 4 13 5 High school (no.) 3 4 1 4 1 College (no.) - 2 - - 1 Modrasa (no.) 2 19 3 2 1 Mosque (no.) 37 22 5 25 17

23 Rajpur Kaijuri Uria Gazirtek Bhekra Infrastructures Union Union Union Union Union Temple/ Girja (no.) 9 6 - - 2 Club (no.) - - 1 4 10 Market (Hat/Bazar) (no.) 2 6 3 3 2 Hospital (no.) - - 1 - - Non-govt. Health clinic (no.) - 4 - 1 - Govt. health clinic (no.) 1 - - - - Bridge/ culvert (no.) 19 5 10 26 6 Fire service (no.) - - - - - Post Office - 3 - - - Source: Union and Upazila Parishad, 2006

1.4.6 Flood shelters

There are different types of flood shelter exist in the pilot unions, such as permanent flood shelter, institutions, embankments, etc. Beside these, people stay at the roof of their own houses or at relative’s houses or on boat during flood. Participants at the community workshops expressed their views about their preference, acceptability and woman facility of the flood shelters, which are presented in Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8. At Kaijuri union, there is no permanent flood shelter. Most of people prefer to stay at their own houses or at their relative’s house or stay on the embankment. There is small number of educational institutes and they are not in good condition to serve the flood victims during flood (Table 5). Boat is the last option for the people. There is no special toilet facility for woman in shelters, except in the houses. The embankment can support 1000 household (HH), educational institutes can support 200 household. Although own house, embankment or relative’s house are accepted to the people as flood shelter, they want permanent flood shelters with all facilities.

24 Table 5: Existing flood shelter facilities in Kaijuri union

Preference Women Type of shelter Capacity Acceptability Recommendation rank Facilities Permanent flood shelter

Institution (school/ 4 200 HH - Increase the capacity. college/ Madrasa - Separate facility for premises) Y N Women i.e. Toilet, Room, Tube-well

Embankment 2 1000 HH Y N Make Tin shaded room. Roof of own house 1 Y Y

Relative’s house 3 100 HH Y Y N Boat 5 50 HH N

There is a permanent flood shelter in Rajpur union with capacity of 100 households (Table 6). Also educational institutes, embankment and relative’s house are used as flood shelter. Most of the flood victims stay on the embankment. Although the permanent flood shelter and education institutes have low capacity than the embankment, they got higher preference to the people. However, in all type of shelter, there is no extra toilet facility for women, except houses. People suggested to increase number, capacity and facilities of flood shelter. Table 6: Existing flood shelter facilities in Rajpur union

Type of Preference Women Capacity Acceptability Recommendation shelter rank Facilities Permanent - Increase the capacity. flood shelter 1 100 Y N - Separate facility for Women i.e. Toilet, Room, Tube-well Institution - Increase the capacity. (school/ - Separate facility for college/ 2 400 Y N Women i.e. Toilet, Madrasa Room, Tube-well premises)

Embankment 3 >5000 Y N Make Tin shaded room. Relative’s - 4 - Y Y house

Source: Upazila Parishad, 2006

25 At Uria union, there is no permanent flood shelter. Most of the flood victims prefer stay on the embankment, educational institutes (Table 7). Although people accepted the flood shelters, except relative’s houses, there is no special toilet facility for woman. People suggested to increase number, capacity and facilities of flood shelter.

Table 7: Existing flood shelter facilities in Uria union

Type of shelter Preference Capacity Acceptability Women Recommendation rank Facilities Permanent flood - Highly shelter desirable 2 Y Institution (school/ 2 primary - Increase college/ Madrasa school: 350-400 the capacity of premises) HH school building

1 high school 250-275 HH

1 madrasa: 50-60 HH Embankment 1 7 km: 2000 HH Y - Use - Regular common maintenance of facilities embankment Relative’s house 3 Few members of N - Use several families in family manner Others (specify)

Source: Upazila Parishad, 2006

Similar to Uira union, there is no permanent flood shelter at Gazirtek and Bekra union. Most of the flood victims prefer stay on the embankment, educational institutes or in the roof of their own houses (Table 8 and 9). Other than relative’s houses, People accepted the flood shelters though there is no special toilet facility for woman. People demand improved flood shelter with all facilities.

26

Table 8: Existing flood shelter facilities in Gazirtek union

Preference Capacity Women Type of shelter Acceptability Recommendation rank (HH) Facilities Permanent flood shelter Need at least one flood shelter at Institution (school/ 2 1000 Hossainpur or college/ Madrasa Y Y Hajiganj premises) Embankment 1 2500 Y N

Relative’s house 3 200 N Y

Others (specify)

Table 9: Existing flood shelter facilities in Bekra union

Preference Women Type of shelter Capacity Acceptability Recommendation rank Facilities Permanent flood shelter

Institution (school/ college/ Madrasa 4 50 H.H Y Y premises) Embankment 2 100 H.H Y

Relative’s house 3 10 H.H Y Y

Neighbor’s house / 1 100 H.H Y Y Roof of own house

1.4.7 Water Supply and Sanitation

Water supply and sanitation in an area is essential for health safety of the local people. The source of drinking water in the pilot unions is mainly tube-well, which are installed by the people themselves or by DPHE (Fig. 13). Pond water is used by some poor people. According to population census, mo st of the household in the pilot unions use tubewell for drinking water (Table 10). Although people use tubewell for drinking water but most of them prefer pond water for other domestic purposes. Sanitation (especially toilets) facilities in the pilot study areas are not remarkable. According to population census 1991 and 2001, most of the household do not use sanitary toilets (Table 11). The scenario is worst in Uria and Rajpur union where most of the people do not use any kind of toilet.

27 Figure 13: Tube-well installed by DPHE in Kaijuri union beside the road.

Table 10: Percentage (%) of Household Using Different Drinking Water Sources

Percentage (%) of Household Using Different Drinking Water Sources Union Tap Tube well Well Pond Other Kaijuri (2001) 0.43 96.59 0.37 0.08 2.34 Rajpur (2001) 0.22 97.63 0.24 0.11 1.74 Uria (2001) - 95.74 0.62 0.03 3.38 Gazirtek (1991) 0.05 94.50 1.02 3.12 1.31 Bhekra (1991) - 84.83 15.11 - 0.06 Source: Population Census 1991 and 2001

Table 11: Percentage (%) of Household Using Different Toilet Facilities

Percentage (%) of Household Using Different Toilet Facilities Union Sanitary Other None Kaijuri (2001) 10.78 86.71 2.33 Rajpur (2001) 32.46 14.93 52.56 Uria (2001) 4.23 30.01 65.54 Gazirtek (1991) 4.32 87.41 8.27 Bhekra (1991) 2.16 96.52 1.32 Source: Population Census 1991 and 2001

28 1.4.8 Institutions

Information on the non-government organizations and Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC), engaged in flood related management activities, is collected from the pilot unions. A good number of local and national organizations are engaged in flood management, i.e. in prevention, preparedness, response and recovery stages. A list of the institutions and their programmes is given in Table 12. Table 12: Organizations engaged in flood management in pilot unions

Union Organizations Programme

Union Disaster Management - Inform All NGO’s Committee (UDMC) - Inform Government office

RDRS - 6 Disaster Management Committee working in the Union - Arrange training about flood preparation. - Helps during Flood. - Arrange miking during flood.

Rajpur ESDO - Volunteer training

OVA - Rescue people with large boat during flood. - Helps people to rise up their house base. - Making sanitary latrine. - Helps people with medicine - Install high tube well - Give relief. Chinnomukul - Programme just started.

Union Disaster Management - Aware the local people regarding the flooding Uria Committee (UDMC) event through miking - Arrange boat to rescue the affected people Gano Unnyan Kendra - Homestead raising by homestead owner and give (GUK) him equivalent wages - Arrangement of Flood Shelter - Celebrate Disaster Preparedness Day - Arrange awareness building folk song - Arrange popular theatre - Arrange mobile film show - Orientation program on pre-, during-, and post flood activities

29 Union Organizations Programme

Samaj Kallyan Songstha - Homestead raising (SKS) - Establishment of Flood Shelter - Development of graveyard - Celebrate Disaster Preparedness Day - Arrange awareness building folk song - Arrange popular theatre - Arrange mobile film show - Orientation program on pre-, during-, and post flood activities PROSHIKA - Aware the local people regarding the flooding event - Distribution of winter clothes - Arrange child food - Medical support Union Disaster Management - Aware the local people regarding the flooding Gazirtek Committee (UDMC) event through miking - Arrange boat to rescue the affected people

FDA - Disaster preparedness awareness - Early warning before hazard - Meeting with local govt.& other organization - Tube well water test for arsenic - Construct house after flood, erosion, cyclone / hazard - Strengthen rights of land less people for using khash land - Emergency relief distribution (Food) AKK - Community base discussion about flood and erosion/ hazard - Training, workshop and awareness programme on disaster management & risk reduction - Discussion about flood forecasting - Meeting with local govt.& other organization - Rescue the vulnerable people - Food support during severity of flood / hazard

30 Union Organizations Programme

BSDS - Community base discussion about flood and erosion/ hazard - Food security to vulnerable and build awareness during flood / drought - Discussion about flood forecasting - Arsenic mitigation activities - Tube well water test for arsenic - Interest free credit support - Treatment of arsenic affected Patient - Employment opportunity - Rescue the vulnerable people - Food distribution with minimum price during flood - Information update to radio and television about current status of disaster prone areas.

Union Disaster Management - Aware the local people regarding the flooding Committee (UDMC) event through miking - Inform Upazila parishad and local organizations NGO’s and Government office - Arrange relief for the affected people - Prepare first aid medical team for the injured Kaijuri people Manab Mukti Sangstha - Relief work during flood hazard (MMS) - Housing material distribution after flood/ erosion/ storm - Interest free credit support - Awareness programme on disaster management and risk reduction CEGIS Bhekra

31 1.5 Natural Hazards and mitigation measures

1.5.1 Natural Hazards

All the pilot study areas are disaster prone area. Major natural hazards prevailing in the study areas are identified and ranked as per people’s perception (See Table 13). Since the study areas are containing similar topography (flood plain of Jamuna river), major hazards occurring in the areas are also similar. In most cases, river erosion has got the first priority among all hazards and then flood. Storm/ tornado, hail storm and drought got third priority in Kaijuri, Uria, Rajpur and Gazirtek union respectively. Although river erosion got the priority than flood, both hazards are related to water level and movement in rivers. So forecasting on water level in river would be useful for preparedness / mitigation measures for both flood and river erosion.

Table 13: Major Natural Hazards in the Study Area

Ranking Name of Hazard Kaijuri Rajpur Uria Gazirtek Bhekra union union union union union River Erosion 1 1 2 1 Flood 2 2 1 2 1 Drought 8 7 4 3 4 Hail Storm 6 3 7 3 Storm/ Tornado 3 4 3 4 2 Disease of Domestic Animals 5 Crop Disease 4 Heavy Rainfall 7 6 5 Thunderbolt 9 Arsenic 10 Fog 5 5 Sedimentation 6 Cold 5 Famine 6 Heat wave 8 Note: Blank cells represents the hazard does not occur in the union.

1.5.2 Causes of Flood and Extent The causes of flood vary with the land type, topography, hydrology and drainage system of the area. in the study areas, two main causes of flood were identified: flood due to river water and flood due to heavy rain. Flood affected mauzas of each union and seasonality of flood were identified through workshops. The affected areas are classified into high, medium and low effect classes. The flooding season in all pilot areas is shown in Figure 14.

32 Kaijuri union under Shahajadpur thana of Sirajganj district is affected by riverine flood. Flood occur in the area mainly during July – October (Asar – Ashwin). The affected mauzas are shown Table 14 and Figure 15, according their rank of effect.

Duration of Flood (Month) Union APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV Rajpur Uria Kaijuri Gazirtek Bhekra

Figure 14: Time of flood occurrence in the pilot unions

Table 14: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Kaujuri Union

Causes of Ranking Affected Mouza / Village Seasonality floods Pathalia Para, Bhat para, Gudhibari, Jagtala, High Arra, Kharua, Maukari, Kachua, Dadanbari, Riverine flood Purba char panchil, Pashchim char panchil July – October Gopalpur, Joypur, Hat Panchil, Kaijuri, Bhat Medium (Asar – Ashwin) Dighalia

Low

33

Figure 15: Flood affected mauzas in Kaijuri union

Rajpur union under Lalmonirhat Sadar thana of Lalmonirhat district is affected by riverine flood. Flood occur in the area mainly during July – September (Asar – Vadro). The affected mauzas are shown Table 15 and Figure 16, according their rank of effect.

Table 15: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Rajpur Union

Causes of Ranking Affected Mouza / Village Seasonality floods High Rajpur, Tajpur, Parulia, Bhutnath (No Settlement exist), Madhuram Riverine flood July – September Saranjami Kholaighat, Kismat Chinatali, Medium Kholaighat, Araji Chinatali, Tilak (Asar – Vadro) Kaunia. Low Changra

34 Figure 16: Flood affected mauzas in Rajpur union

Uria union under Fulchhari thana of Gaibandha district is affected by riverine flood. Flood occur in the area mainly during July – September (Asar – Vadro). The affected mauzas are shown Table 16 and Figure 17, according their rank of effect.

Table 16: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Uria Union

Causes of Ranking Affected Mouza / Village Seasonality floods Ratanpur, Uria, Kabilpur July – September; sudden flood occur High 1st decade of October (Asar – Vadro) Riverine flood Medium Kalasona July – September (Asar – Vadro)

Low

35

Figure 17: Flood affected mauzas in Uria union

Gazirtek union under Char Bhadrasan thana of Faridpur district is affected by riverine flood. Flood occurs in the area mainly during July – September (Asar – Vadro). The affected mauzas are shown Table 17 and Figure 18, according their rank of effect.

Table 17: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Gazirtek Union

Causes of Ranking Affected Mouza / Village Seasonality (Months) floods Riverine flood High Hossainpur, Hajiganj, Char- amarapur, Gazirtek

Medium Char-sultanpur, Ajodhya July – September Low Char-sultanpur (Partly) (Asar – Vadro) Heavy rain fall High - flood Medium Gazirtek Low -

36

Figure 18: Flood affected mauzas in Gazirtek union

The Bekra union is also affected by riverine flood during monsoon. The affected mauzas are shown Table 18 and Figure 19, according their rank of effect. Table 18: Causes of flood and affected mauzas in Bekra Union

Type of floods Rankin Seasonality (Months) 1.5.3 Affected Mouza / (High/ Village Medium /Low) Riverine flood High Bara Pusa, Bhalkutia, July - September Konabari (Sraban - Bhadra) Medium Bir Baratia, Bekra, July - September Musuria (Sraban - Bhadra) Low Naogaon (Nabagram), August - September Satgachha (Bhadra)

37

Figure 19: Flood affected mauzas in Bhekra union

Different sectors are affected by flood in each union. All the affected sectors are ranked in the community workshops. Priority of affected sectors is almost similar in all unions. The most affected sector is agriculture in all unions (See Table 18). But the priority of other sector varies with location of study area. For instance, in Kaijuri union, loom, communication, household and drinking water sources got the higher priority than sanitation, health and life, business, fisheries, etc. this is due to the fact that there are a large portion of people dependent on loom, next to agriculture, and communication facilities and drinking water sources are limited in Kaijuri union.

38 In case of Rajpur union, drinking water sources, health and life, sanitation and homestead are in the higher rank of affected sector than business, communication, fisheries, livestock, etc. Similar cases are found for Uria and Gazirtek union, where livestock, household, homestead, fisheries, poultry, health and life has got higher rank of affected sector.

Table 18: Flood affected sectors at each union according to priority

Kaijuri Union Rajpur Union Uria Union Gazirtek Union Bhekra Union

1. Agriculture 1. Agriculture 1. Agriculture 1. Agriculture 1. Agriculture 2. Drinking water 2. Fisheries 2. Loom 2. Livestock 2. Homestead sources 3. Communicatio 3. Household 3. Health and Life 3. Household 3. Fisheries n 4. Health and 4. Health and Life 4. Household 4. Sanitation 4. Poultry Life 5. Drinking water 5. Communication 5. Homestead 5. Poultry 5. Household sources 6. Business 6. Livestock 6. Sanitation 6. Livestock 6. Poultry 7. Communicatio 7. Livestock 7. Health and Life 7. Fisheries 7. Business n 8. Drinking water 8. Drinking water 8. Sanitation 8. Poultry 8. Sanitation sources sources 9. Drinking water 9. Sanitation 9. Livestock 9. Communication 9. Fisheries sources 10. Homestead 10. Household 10. Homestead 10. Communication 10. Business 11. Fisheries 11. Business 11. Business 11. Health and Life 11. Homestead 12. Education 12. Poultry 12. Handicraft Institutes

Intensity and magnitude of effect depends on the time of exposure to flood. Therefore, time of exposure to flood for each sector is identified in the community workshops. According the people’s perception, most of the sectors are affected in during-flood and post-flood time (See Table 19) in all unions. Effects in post –flood condition vary with location. For instance, the effects of agriculture sector remain in post-flood period in Kaijuri, Rajpur and Uria union but this sector is not affected in post-flood period in Gazirtek union. The reason of effect on agriculture in post-flood period is sand deposition on cultivable lands during flood, which is found in parts of Kaijuri, Rajpur and Uria union. Area specific sectors, like loom (at Kaijuri union), handicrafts (at Uria union) are affected in post- flood period too. Rehabilitation of loom takes time and sometimes relocation is needed due to unsuitability of previous location. So the owner of loom loses income in post-flood period for few months. Similar cases occur for handicrafts in Uria union. Other sectors are affected in post-flood period mostly due to secondary effects.

39 Table 19: Ranking and time of flood effect on each sector in study area

Time of Effect Ranking During flood Post flood

Sectors Kaijuri Union Rajpur Union Uria Union Gazirtek Union Bhekra Union Kaijuri Union Rajpur Union Uria Union Gazirtek Union Bhekra Union Kaijuri Union Rajpur Union Uria Union Gazirtek Union Bhekra Union

Agriculture 1 1 1 1 1

Fisheries 11 7 9 3 2 Livestock 9 6 2 6 7 Poultry 12 8 5 4 6 Household 4 10 3 5 3 Homestead 11 10 5 10 2 Business 6 11 11 7 10 Health and Life 7 3 4 11 4 Drinking water sources 5 2 8 9 8 Sanitation 8 4 6 8 9 Communication 3 9 7 10 5

Other (Loom) 2

Other (Handicraft) 12

Other (Education Institutes) 4

1.5.4 Effect of recent extreme flood on agriculture

The pilot study areas are affected by normal flooding every year with which local people are experienced and adapted to their livelihoods. Amid the normal floods some years the flood reaches up to its extreme condition in irregular manner. The extremity of flood appears with huge loss to the local agricultural sectors. According to the farmers, the flood often strikes the vegetative stage of transplant Aman and pre-harvesting stage of jute in Uria of Gaibandha. In Kaijuri of Sirajganj the flood hits the reproductive stage of broadcast Aman, ripening stage of Boro and vegetative stage of vegetables. Seedling stage of transplant Aman is affected by the extreme flood in Rajpur of Lalmonirhat. In Gazirtek of Faridpur the flood affect the flowering and ripening stage of broadcast Aman, and vegetative stage of transplant Aman, sugarcane and jute.

40 It is seen from the Table 20 that in Uria the recent extreme flood occurred in 2004, which prevailed 15 days and affected the crops of about 20 hectares of land. The estimated loss from the flood of 2004 in agricultural sector was about 1,36,000 Taka. In Kaijuri the 1998 flood caused the recent devastating damage to the agricultural sector and the affected crop area was about 700 hectares. The effect of flood was prevailed from 5-30 days according to crops. The loss from this sector was estimated about 82,25,000 Taka. In Rajpur the recent extreme flood occurred in 2004 that existed for 12 days and affected the crops of about 43 hectares of land. The realized loss from the flood was about 17,10,970 Taka. In Gazirtek the recent extreme flood occurred in 2004 that existed for 14-30 days according to crops and affected about 500 hectares of cropping land. The loss from this sector was estimated about 95,50,000 Taka. In Bekra union, the total loss of agriculture was 41,75,000 Taka due to flood in 2004.

Table 20: Effect of recent extreme flood on agriculture Name of Affected growing stage Union Name Duration of Cultivated Total affected (seedling/ vegetative/ (and Year) effect (days) Area (ha) Loss (Tk) crop flowering/ ripening) T. Aman Vegetative 15 15 11,000 Uria Jute Just before harvesting stage 15 5 1,25,000 (2004) Total 1,36,000 B. Aman Reproductive 20-30 400 35,75,000 Kaijuri Boro (LV) Ripening 5-10 200 27,50,000 (1998) Vegetables Vegetative 2-5 100 20,00,000 Total 83,25,000 Rajpur T Aman Seedling 12 43 17,10,970 (2004) Total 17,10,970 B. Aus Flowering & Ripening 30 200 22,00,000 T. Aman Vegetative 14 150 16,50,000 Gazirtek Sugarcane Vegetative 30 150 (2004) 49,50,000 Jute Vegetative 30 30 7,50,000 Total 95,50,000 Wheat Flowering 20 10 3,00,000 Mustard Seedling 20 50 6,00,000 Bhekra B-Aman Vegetative 60 200 24,00,000 (2004) T-Aman Seedling & vegetative 60 25 8,75,000 Total 41,75,000

41 1.5.5 Effect of recent extreme flood on fisheries

The culture fishery of the pilot study areas is affected highly and the mostly affected fish species were Rui (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigel (Cirrhina mrigala), Kalibaush (Labeo kalbasu), Bata (Labeo bata), Silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix), Sharpunti (Puntius sarana), and Common carp. The duration of flooding on this sector was more or less 15 days in all the study areas (Table 21). The estimated loss from the fisheries sector of the three study areas were 6,00,000 Taka in Gazirtek, about 44,000 Taka in Uria, 40,80,000 Taka in Bekra and 1,50,000 Taka in Kaijuri union.

Table 21: Effect of recent extreme flood on fisheries

Union Gazirtek (Flood: 2004) Uria (Flood: 2004) Kaijuri (Flood: 2004)

cted es es es effect effect effect

ed fish ed fish ed fish ) s y water bodies Name of affe da ( Total Loss (Tk) Affect Duration of (days) Total Loss (Tk) Affect Duration of (days) Total Loss (Tk) Affect Duration of Ponds under Rui, Catla, 15 6,00,000 Silver carp, 15 43,860 Silver carp, 15 culture fishery Mrigal, Bata musa, Sharpunti, Kal Boush Common Catla, Rui 1,50,000 carp, Sharpunti, Catla, Rui Ponds under - - - - natural fishery Beel ------Khal ------River - 15 - - -

42

Table 21: Effect of recent extreme flood on fisheries (Continued)

Union Rajpur (Flood: 2004) Bhekra (Flood: 2004)

cted es es effect effect ed fish ed fish s) y water bodies Name of affe Total Loss (Tk) Affect Duration of (days) Total Loss (Tk) Affect Duration of (da Ponds under Stocked 30 112500 Ruhee, Katla, - 40,80,000 culture fishery indigenous and Mrigal, Silver exotic carps Carp, Sharputi. Ponds under ------natural fishery Beel ------Khal ------River ------Source: Upazila Parishad, 2006

1.5.6 Effect of recent extreme flood on infrastructure The existence of adequate infrastructures symbolizes the development of an area. The study areas are located at the flood prone areas and riparian of the large rivers. Hence the hazardous events especially the flooding event wash away and damage the infrastructures of these areas. The recent floods of the respective areas have caused serious damage of the infrastructures. The damage in terms of economic loss of different infrastructures was estimated by summation of reconstruction and repair cost. The estimated damage in Rajpur was about 27,680,000 Taka, in Kaijuri about 6,025,000 Taka, in Uria about 4,820,000 Taka, in Bekra union about 8,330,000 Taka and in Gazirtek about 12,600,000 Taka. It is mentionable that some of the damaged infrastructures have already been repaired (Table 22).

Table 22: Effect of recent extreme flood on infrastructure

Damage (Tk) (Reconstruction + Repair cost)

Infrastructures Rajpur Kaijuri Uria Union Gazirtek Bhekra Union Union Union Union Year: 2004 Year: 2004 Year: 2004 Year: 1998 Year: 2004 2,50,00,000 20,25,000 23,00,000 Kancha road (km) 18,00,000 50,00,000 (50 km) (4 km) (20 km) (18 km) (52 km)

Paved road (km) - 40,00,000 4,00,000 32,00,000 -

(4 km) (0.3 km) (3 km)

43 Damage (Tk) (Reconstruction + Repair cost)

Infrastructures Rajpur Kaijuri Uria Union Gazirtek Bhekra Union Union Union Union Year: 2004 Year: 2004 Year: 2004 Year: 1998 Year: 2004 Rail road (km) - - - - -

Embankment (km) - 15,00,000 35,00,000 -

(3 km) (7 km)

Flood shelter (no.) - - - - -

Primary school (no.) 16,10,000 - 2,50,000 900,000 6,50,000

(6 no.) (1 no.) (11) (5 no.)

High school (no.) - - - - 1,80,000

(1 no.)

College (no.) - - - - -

Modrasa (no.) - - 1,20,000 - 1,80,000

(3 no.) (1 no.)

Mosque (no.) 70,000 - - - 11,00,000

(1 no.) (17 no.)

Temple/ Girja (no.) - - - - 2,50,000

(2 no.)

Club (no.) - - - - 8,00,000

(10 no.)

Market (Hat/Bazar) (no.) 50,000 - - 50,000

(1 no.) (2 no.)

Hospital (no.) - - - - -

Non-govt. Health clinic (no.) - - - - -

Govt. health clinic (no.) - - - - -

Bridge/ culvert (no.) 1,50,000 - 7,50,000 - 51,20,000

(3 no.) (3 no.) (2 no.)

44 Damage (Tk) (Reconstruction + Repair cost)

Infrastructures Rajpur Kaijuri Uria Union Gazirtek Bhekra Union Union Union Union Year: 2004 Year: 2004 Year: 2004 Year: 1998 Year: 2004 Fire service (no.) - - - -

Others (Homestead) 8,00,000 - - - -

(80 HH)

Total 27,680,000 6,025,000 4,820,000 12,600,000 8,330,000

1.5.7 Effect of recent extreme flood on household

Almost all households are affected by the recent extreme flood in pilot union. the recent extreme flood occurred in 2004 in Uria, Rajpur, Bekra and Gazirtek union; and in 1998 in Kaijuri union. the damage of the sample households are estimated for major assets, income, life, access to health and public utilities. According to the estimate, average damage (Tk) per household in pilot union is shown in Figure 20.

Average Damage (Tk.) per Household in Pilot Union

70,000 64,000 60,993

r 60,000 e p

k) 50,000 T d ( e ol 40,000 g h a e

m 28,745 us a 30,000 o D H e 20,000 ag er v 10,000 7,255 A 4058

0 Uria Gazirtek Kaijuri Rajpur Bekra Union

Figure 20: Average Damage (Tk) per Household in Pilot Union

It is observed that per household damage is higher in Kaijuri and Rajpur union. Since loss of loom was included in the damage, the average value became higher in Kaijuri. if the household having loom is excluded from the estimate, the average damage would be about Tk. 22,000. Similarly, the

45 estimate of damage become higher in Rajpur union due to inclusion of large farmer who had very high amount of loss of crops.

1.5.8 Present copping strategies/ mitigation measures for flood

Struggling to overcome from the adverse situation with the existing resources and technologies can be termed as copping. The people of the study areas have vast experiences in coping with the frequent and uneven flooding event. The present copping strategies in different sectors of the study areas are much diversified and are being fragmented in pre, during and post flood condition (see Table 23). In agricultural sector the cultivators adopt some preparatory measures for upcoming flood. The measures include stocking of cereal, dry food, seed, fodder, carrying cowdung to higher land and sowing of broadcast Aman. To mitigate the impact of flood they conduct some activities during flood that include the development of seedbed on flood free land, seedbed & vegetables plantation on the floating pile of water hyacinth & vela made of banana trunk, vegetable cultivation on tob, etc. Just after receding flood the cultivators conduct some activities such as rapid development of seedbed, clearance of hyacinth & weeds from the field, cropland preparation, sapling of paddy to buy from distant places to recover a partial loss. In fisheries sector the fish cultivators stock banna and net to hinder the fish escaping when the pond inundated by the flood. To maintain the balance of the in and out of the pond they install pipe. During flood they conduct some activities to lessen the loss that includes encircling the pond with net/banna to prevent fish escaping, harvesting of fish and delaying release of fish off spring, supplying more food to reduce mobility of fish, stocking of small fish in Hapa and selling out fish to the market. In post flood condition they usually conduct repair the pond dyke, pond preparation for fish release, fish fry buy from the market & release to the pond and liming for protecting disease as soon as possible. The preparatory action of the stakeholders of the livestock and poultry sector is mainly concentrated in stocking of fodder and cereal to face the forthcoming flood. During flood they carry out some activities that include the raising the plinth of farmhouse, arranging safer shelter (e.g. embankment/school/madrasa) and arranging treatment and medication through NGO and Upazila livestock officer to cope with the situation. After receding the floodwater they conduct repairing the farmhouse, getting back to the own place and continuing treatment and medication. To reduce the loss of household assets and homestead contents from upcoming flood the probable affected people usually arrange the idle home appliances for rapid shifting to the safer places in accidental period. They also stock cereal, fuel, dry food, firebox and portable mud oven. Even they heighten the platform of house as well as the homestead premise so that remain flood free During flood they usually conduct shifting of home appliances and furniture to safer places (i.e. embankment/school/madrasa/nearby relative's house) and arranging of boat. They also conserve the sapling of economic importance for post flood planting. In post flood condition they repair the destroyed stuffs, cleanse the house and homestead premise. The pre-flood activities of the local business community include the stocking of food grains and other necessary items. During flood they arrange boat for shifting of goods to safer nearby market place and make sub-roof for storing goods. In post flood condition they repair the godown that was destroyed due to flood. In case of health and life people collect medicine for their own and for livestock and poultry also that are provided by local NGOs. People concern the village doctor (quack) or go to health complex if get sick during flood and post flood condition. They also arrange pure drinking water somehow to protect

46 from the water borne diseases. To face the upcoming flood they arrange reservoirs for reserving drinking water. During flood they usually fetch drinking water from distant places due to capsize of tubewell. They also stock water- purifying medicine such as potash alum, halotab tablet, etc. and conserve rainwater. After receding the flood they conduct cleanliness and repair the tubewell and other drinking water sources. People stock of bamboo, rope, jute carpet, bamboo fence, etc. for constructing flood time latrines. During flood they make temporary latrine using bamboo, rope, and jute carpet/bamboo fence on respective shelter. They also use vela made of banana trunk and boat. In the post flood condition they dismantle the temporary latrine and repair the regular latrines. People stock materials for constructing temporary bridges for the easement of the small-scale communication during flood. They arrange boat and vela for large-scale communication. After receding flood they dismantle the temporary bridges and repair the roads with the help of Union Parishad. Details of the present copping strategies of each sector in each pilot area are given in Appendix A.

47

Table 23: Present copping strategies with flood in different sectors

Present Copping Strategies Affected Sectors Pre-Flood During-Flood Post-Flood Agricultural Fallow Carry cow dung to higher land Clearance of hyacinth & weeds Harvesting of green grain Fallow Cultivation of IRRI Cultivation of early verities Harvest immature crops Loan from NGO Cultivation of Deep Water rice (DWR) Preserve agricultural equipments and seed in No tillage crop (mustard, groundnut, high platform Stock of dry food, cereal, seed & straw. Seed bed & vegetables plantation on the Cropland preparation floating pile of water hyacinth & 'Vela' made off banana trunk Prepared Seedbed at higher places. Seed bed on safe land Cultivate short time vegetable. Stock cereal, dry food (flat rice, fried rice) Take Loan from NGO Rapid seed bed preparation Stock seed & straw Vegetable on tob Sapling (especially of T. aman) to buy from distant places B. Aman cultivation Carry cow dung to higher land Emergency IRRI crop storage. Fisheries Arrange loan for buying gears and crafts Sell Catch fish after water recession Catch fish with vashal net Using net to prevent fish loss Fish fry buy from the market & release to the pond Fish consume/sell to the market Buy gears & crafts; extensive open water Pond preparation for seed release/ repair fishing; encircle the pond with net/banna to the pond dyke prevent fish escaping; harvest fish and delay release of fry, fish sell to market. Install pipe in the pond dyke to balance During flood the water level is high so they Liming for protecting disease water can't catch fish, Fishing at nearer side of house Prepare net for encircling the cultured pond. Repay the loan

48 Present Copping Strategies Affected Sectors Pre-Flood During-Flood Post-Flood Repair & heighten cultured pond boundary. Supply fish seed through Upazila fisheries extension officer Repair boat and net before flood Take loan from fishery department & NGO, Livestock & No pre activities Sale with low price Get back to the own place Poultry Construction of temporary high platform Use of water hyacinth to prevent mud Repair the farm house formation Nothing to do Eat for family purpose Sell Plinth level rise of cattle shed Make sub-platform; arrange safer shelter (on Treatment and medication continues embankment/ nearby relative's house) and sell in low price, vaccination for protecting diseases. Sell to market Rise the plinth of farm house; arrange safer Arrange medication if get sick shelter (on embankment /School /Madrasha nearby relative's house) Stockpiling of fodder Shifted to higher place, relatives house or Vaccination for protecting diseases embankment Vaccination their livestock Get back to the own place Household & Preserved fuel wood for emergency period Prevent base washout using water hyacinth and Cleansing of house and homestead Homestead banana tree premise Heighten the house base as well as the Take shelter in the road, embankment or any Reconstruction homestead premise so that remain flood free. high place Preparing of mud oven Try to protect flood water with sand bag Cultivate short duration vegetable. Stock fire box and wax Arrange boat for shifting household assets Heal up the broken places with soil or through Union Parishad sand; cleansing of house and homestead premise. Temporary platform construction Prevent base washout using banana tree. Loan

49 Present Copping Strategies Affected Sectors Pre-Flood During-Flood Post-Flood Tie up idle home appliances Shifting of home appliances and furniture to Repair the destroyed stuffs. safer place (on embankment /closer school/Madrasha/nearby relative's house) Try to stay in his/her own house Sale trees, vegetable etc. with low price Uprooted sapling of economic importance and Take loan from NGO, conserve for post flood planting Business Transfer of materials Close business activity Loan Sell excess materials Manage boat for transport goods Repairing of damaged store Stock food/ food grains and other necessary Relocation Take care about difficult business items. Try to go non-flooding are for business Large of businessman stop their work Make sub-roof Shift to safer nearby market place; make sub- roof; manage boat for transport goods.

Health and Life Collection of emergency medicine Consult doctor (quack) or go to health UP Chairman & volunteer supply complex if get sick medicine/medication Store dry food Medication Consult doctor; use medication Stock oral saline and other pertinent Collected Saline, Medicine Medication medicine. Supply required medication through NGO Take fresh food and pure drinking water Wait for relief.

50 Present Copping Strategies Affected Sectors Pre-Flood During-Flood Post-Flood Drinking water Close tube well Supply drinking water through NGO and UP Cleanliness of tube well sources itself Collection of water in big pots, drams Use potash alum and tablet (Halotab) for Repairing Tube-well. water purification Collection of water purifying materials Conserve rainwater (tablet, …) Heighten the tube well head by adding extra Fetch drinking water from distant place pipe Use boiled water

Sanitation No such arrangement Temporary latrine construction Dismantle the temporary latrine. Stock of bamboo, rope, jute carpet, bamboo Use ferry made of banana trunk Re- constructed the existing latrine fence Construct some latrine in higher place Use hanging latrine Reconstruction of permanent latrine. If possible, make temporary latrine using Supply sanitary appliances through NGO bamboo, rope, and jute carpet/bamboo fence and UP itself on respective shelter Make temporary latrine using bamboo, rope, and jute carpet/bamboo fence on respective shelter Open Place

Communication Reconstruction Make small boat, use ferry made of banana Repair the breached road and dismantle trunk the bamboo made bridge. No such arrangement Use country boat and temporary ferry (Kolar Union Parishad repair common road bhela)

51 Present Copping Strategies Affected Sectors Pre-Flood During-Flood Post-Flood Stock bamboo, wire, rope Use Mechanize boat Reconstruction Union parisad try to modified existing roads. Boat, banana tree ferry Construct bamboo made bridge from one house to another and connect high land Construct bamboo made bridge from one house to another and connect high land; make small boat, use ferry made of banana trunk.

52

1.6 Early Warning System and preparedness activities for Flood

1.6.1 Existing Early Warning System

In all pilot unions, people are getting early warning regarding rainfall and flood through radio and television, which is delivered by Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) but the acceptability is very low (Table 24). People cannot rely on the early warning. However, people are dependent on their own experience about rainfall and flood in some areas. For instance, people at Kaijuri union can assume the near future rainfall and flooding condition in the area by observing the wind direction and clouds. The Bekra union was in pilot study area- Nagarpur thana, Tangail of EMIN project of CEGIS, where community based flood forecasting system was applied. The flood forecasting system include mobile phone technology and flag signals for future flood condition. The people were trained about the message of flag and preparedness activities. the project was successful and highly accepted by the community.

Table 24: Existing Early Warning System in the pilot unions Rajpur Gazirtek Bhekra Kaijuri union Uria union union union union

Sl Source No. tability tability tability tability tability Media Accep Media Accep Media Accep Media Accep Media Accep 1. Own experience (observing wind Deliver High ------direction and by them cloud condition) 2. TV/ TV/ Government Low Radio Low Low TV Low radio Radio 3. EMIN project, ------Flag High CEGIS

As people do not rely on the early warning message got through TV, Radio, they do not take preparedness actions sincerely. So they cannot avoid damage of their property.

1.6.2 Need Assessment of Community for Early Warning System

An assessment for need of EWS of the community was conducted in the community workshops. People were asked about the sources, time, dissemination place and media of early warning system. In all pilot areas, most of the people prefer Mike as dissemination media and the source of message could school teacher, or Religious leader (Imam), or UP member who will inform people at school/ college or mosque or bazaar (Table 25).

53 Table 25: Needs of the community for Early Warning System Union Source Where How Kaijuri • Teacher • School/collage • Miking • Imam • Mosque • Poster • Up member • Bazaar • Door to door • Door to door • Flag • Sign-board Rajpur • NGO • Union Parisad • Mike • UP office • Market • Imam • Door to door Uria • Union Parishad • Door to door • Miking • Bazaar committee • Union Parishad • Radio/ TV • NGO • Mosque • Newspaper • Bazaar • Poster Gazirtek • Local NGO • School/collage • Miking • From Union • Mosque • Poster Parisad • Bazar • Flag • Teacher, Imam • Billboard Bhekra • NGO • Mosque • Miking • Imam • Union Parissad • Messenger/ Chawkidar • Flag operators

1.6.3 Possible Activities of the community with Early Warning

Agriculture Agricultural practices of the study areas are much vital and key stimulating factor for socio- economical development. The study areas are situated on the riparian areas of large rivers for instance Jamuna, Padma, Brahmaputra and Teesta. Ironically, this sector is subjected to negative impact by the irregular and untimely riverine flood of the areas. There is no effective Early Warning System (EWS) for flood available in the study areas. In frequent years the cultivators are losing their crops what they could harvest a portion at least if they knew early message regarding the forthcoming flood. A survey was conducted where four options (2-10-20 days and 2/3 months lead time) were made to appraise the suitable lead-time for EWS for the cultivators of the study areas. According to the respondents, two days lead-time for early warning is a very narrow period to harvest crops and in most cases it is not effective. Ten days lead-time is much effective to take preparation for harvesting crops whatever it is ripening or already in matured stage. Meanwhile, they can store seeds for emergency seedbed preparation. Twenty days lead-time is much better option for the cultivators. Within this time period the cultivators can take their decision steadily to harvest crops and to prepare seedbed on flood free lands. Two- to three-month lead-time is a too coarse period to take proper decision on cropping activities. In this option they can cultivate early yielding varieties of crops that might not be useful for the cultivators (see Table 26). The survey revealed that most of the respondents emphasized on the third options that is 15-20 days lead-time for developing the EWS for flood.

54

Table 26 : Major activities of the community with different early warning options

Activities of the Community with Flood Early Warning Sectors 2 days lead time 10 days lead time 20 days lead time 2-3 months lead time Agriculture - harvesting of matured crops as - start to harvest ripening crops if situation - steady starting of crop harvesting - early yielding much as possible demands varieties of crops - UDMC could do meeting with could be cultivated as - not effective in most of the cases - stocking of seeds for emergency period the head of Para (segment of an alternate options village) regarding preparation to - not effective if crops are in - delaying of seed bed preparation rescue the assets and life from growing stages - abstaining from planting crops flood - UDMC could aware the people through - arrangement of seed bed on high miking, postering and drumming regarding land forthcoming flood Fisheries - encircling the cultured pond with - heightening the pond dyke - repairing and heightening the - only fast growing fish Banna/net to prevent escaping of pond dyke can be cultured - encircle the cultured pond with Banna/net fish to prevent escaping of fish - harvesting and selling of fish in - repairing and - harvesting and selling of fish in the the market heightening the pond - harvesting and selling of fish in the market market despite of low price dyke despite of low price - no immediate new recruitment - make temporary Hapa for preserving small fish Livestock & - construction of higher platform - construction of higher platform temporarily - raising of farm house plinth - plan to feed nutritious Poultry temporarily food to livestock to - raising of farm house plinth - stocking of fodder for emergency make healthier and - raising of farm house plinth period - shifting of lives to nearby safer places (e.g. sale to the market - shifting of lives to nearby safer embankment /school/madrasa) - arrange higher and safer places to

55 Activities of the Community with Flood Early Warning Sectors 2 days lead time 10 days lead time 20 days lead time 2-3 months lead time places (e.g. embankment) shift the lives - selling of livestock and poultry despite of - arrange higher and lower price safer places to overcome the uneven - development of sub-platform for poultry period during flood Households & - lifting up of furniture and - making arrangement of shifting the - making arrangement of shifting - preparing of portable Homestead household assets upto anticipated valuable assets to higher and safer places the valuable assets to higher and mud oven for cooking level of flood water (e.g. embankment, school /madrasa) safer places (e.g. embankment, - heightening the school /madrasa) - rapid shifting of valuable assets to - preparing of portable mud oven for premise level of the nearby safer places (e.g. cooking - raising the plinth level of homesteads embankment, school /madrasa). dwelling house - stocking of fire box and fuel - arrangement of boat, - preparing of portable mud oven vela, etc. for - stocking of cereal and dry food for cooking emergency period - development of sub-platform and - stocking of fire box and fuel arrangement of boat, vela, etc. for emergency period - stocking of cereal and dry food - selling of water-vulnerable timber trees - heightening the premise level of homesteads - arrangement of boat, vela, etc. for emergency period Business - rapid shifting of goods to nearby - rapid storage of daily commodities (e.g. - steady storage of daily - steady storage of daily safer places (e.g. embankment rice, pulse, salt, oil, etc.) commodities (e.g. rice, pulse, commodities (e.g. rice, /another market place) salt, oil, etc.) pulse, salt, oil, etc.) - repairing the shops and heightening the - lifting up the goods-shelf upto godown - repairing the shops and - shifting of shops to

56 Activities of the Community with Flood Early Warning Sectors 2 days lead time 10 days lead time 20 days lead time 2-3 months lead time anticipated flood level heightening the godown the higher and safer - selling of goods places - arrangement of boat for carrying goods - repairing the shops and heightening the - regular selling of goods godown

- arrangement of boat for carrying goods Health and Life - rapid collection of emergency - collection of emergency medicine and oral - formation of medical team by - pre-flood doctor medicine and oral saline saline NGO consultation - formation of medical team by NGO - collection of emergency medicine and oral saline Drinking water - rapid arrangement of drinking - arrangement of more water reservoirs - steady arrangement of more - raising the basement sources water reservoirs water reservoirs of tube well - heightening the tube well head by adding - temporary sealing of tube well extra pipes - heightening the tube well head - heightening the tube by adding extra pipes well head by adding - temporary sealing of tube well extra pipes - collection of water purification - collection of water purification tablet tablet (Halotab) and potash alum (Halotab) and potash alum

Sanitation - construction of "vela" made off - arrangement of bamboo chati /jute carpet, - arrangement of bamboo chati - arrangement of banana trunk rope, steel wire, spike, bamboo, etc. for /jute carpet, rope, steel wire, bamboo chati /jute making temporary latrine spike, bamboo, etc. for making carpet, rope, steel temporary latrine wire, spike, bamboo, - arrangement of sanitary facility at nearby etc. for making safer places (e.g. embankment) - arrangement of sanitary facility temporary latrine at nearby safer places (e.g. - arrangement of boat embankment)

57 Activities of the Community with Flood Early Warning Sectors 2 days lead time 10 days lead time 20 days lead time 2-3 months lead time embankment) - arrangement of - arrangement of boat sanitary facility at nearby safer places (e.g. embankment) - arrangement of boat Communication - construction of bamboo made - arrangement of bamboo to construct bridge - arrangement of bamboo to - arrangement of bridge from one house to another from one house to another and to connect construct bridge from one house bamboo to construct and connect high land high land to another and to connect high bridge from one house land to another and to - construction of "vela" made of - arrangement of small boat and “vela” made connect high land banana trunk of banana trunk - arrangement of small boat - arrangement of small boat Handloom - stop weaving and rapid shifting of - arrangement of higher and safer places to - arrangement of higher and safer - heightening the plinth appliances to the higher places place the appliances places to store the appliances level of the working place

58

Fisheries Fisheries sector includes both open and culture fishery. The impact of flood on open water fisheries is yield enhancing whilst on culture fishery is detrimental. Reasonably, the survey considered the probable activities of the fish cultivators against the four options that have been set for developing EWS for flood. According to the respondents, within two days lead-time the cultivators will go for encircling their cultured ponds by bamboo made banna or by net but still it will be vulnerable to escape of fish from the pond. Some fish cultivators will go for harvesting fish and selling out to the market despite of lower prices. In case of ten days lead-time the cultivators will go for elevating the dyke of the ponds or setting the banna/net surround the pond. To preserve the newly released fish they will make Hapa and harvest the suitable fish for sale. Within twenty days lead-time the fish cultivators can take decision firmly whether they will go for pond repairing or for setting banna/net or go for harvesting. In this option they will abstain from new recruitment to the pond. Within 2-3 months lead- time the cultivators will go for culturing of fast growing fish (see Table 26) like Silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix), Bata (Labeo bata), etc. The survey divulged that the fish cultivator community also preferred 15-20 days lead-time for developing EWS for flood.

Livestock and Poultry Most of the people of the study areas fall under the poverty line. Hence, the domestic and small-scale livestock and poultry husbandry is the driving force for carrying their livelihoods. They are experienced with irregular and frequent extreme floods of the recent past. These floods washed away the valuable assets of the affected people along with livestock and poultry. If there is an established flood early warning system, they could protect their lives and wealth. To establish the Flood Early Warning System in the study areas four options contained questionnaire was placed to appraise the suitability of lead-time of EWS. Most of the respondents preferred the third option that is 20 days lead-time and within this tenure they can go for raising the plinth of the farm house or go for an arrangement of nearby safer places (i.e. embankment/school/madrasa) for shifting of lives on the onset of accidental moment. They can also stock fodder for the livestock. Some people can go for selling out their livestock and poultry despite of bad price due to lack of accommodation (see Table 26). People seem that the first option is very narrow to save the properties and lives and the second option is relatively coarse but still not content whereas the fourth option is too coarse to rely on.

Households & Homestead The intensity of flood is significantly high in the study areas and often washes away the valuable household assets and the contents of homestead. The flood also causes severe erosion to the areas especially at the Uria Union under Gaibandha on its recession course. Due to this eventual disastrous event several hundreds of families have already been displaced and have taken shelter on the embankment and on other khas lands. Most of the respondents believe if they could get flood early warning 15 to 20 days prior to the incident they could save their household properties by shifting to the safer places preferably on the embankment. Additionally with this lead-time they could stock the daily inevitable requirements like cereal and dry food, portable oven for cooking, fire box, wax, etc. Moreover, they could sell the water vulnerable trees and arrange boat for transportation. Some people could go for heightening the premise of the homestead (see Table 26). Other three options are not suitable for the inhabitants of the study areas.

59

Business Flood sometimes can be blessing and sometimes can be curse for the business-oriented people. However, the blessing or curse they feel the lack of flood early warning. The survey found out that the business community prefers flood early warning with 20 days lead-time. Within this time period the businessmen could stock daily commodities for instances rice, pulse, salt, oil, firebox, etc. They could go for repairing and heightening the platform of the godown and could arrange boat for carrying goods (see Table 26). Other options are not preferable to this community.

Health and Life Flood always keeps stress on public, livestock and poultry health. People suffer from various diseases for instance diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, coughing, fever, skin diseases, etc. Livestock suffer from bow soar, diarrhea, etc. along with insect infestation. Poultry suffer from various diseases like Ranikhet, diarrhea, etc. People become helpless when a single living being get any kind of ailment during flood. So people should stock medicines for common diseases that can be helpful for the accidental moment. If the people of the study areas could know several days prior to the incident, they could consult the doctor and livestock officer for necessary help and could stock emergency medicines and oral saline (see Table 26). In this regard, most of the people prefers the at least 10 days lead-time for flood EWS.

Drinking water sources Floodwater contaminates the drinking water of various sources. It is held by over topping the pond dyke, inundating tubewell and well. If people could know a certain period prior to the incident they could take measure to arrange drinking water however by purification or by collecting. The survey revealed that in case of flood early warning they could heighten the head of tubewell by adding extra pipes and could stock water purification tablet like halotab and potash alum (see Table 26). They also could arrange reservoirs for collecting rainwater to overcome the accidental moment. In this regard they prefer 10 days lead-time for flood EWS.

Sanitation Sanitary facilities of the study areas are mostly hanging and quite vulnerable to flood inundation. The intensity of flood often washes away the latrine of the study areas. In that circumstance, the affected people either use boat or vela for sanitary activities. If people could know the early message regarding flood they could arrange boat, vela, etc. for serving their purposes. They could stock bamboo chati, jute carpet, rope, etc. for accidental use. In this regard they prefer at least 10 days lead-time for flood EWS.

Communication The major impact of flood is the disruption of the communication. The homesteads and even the houses get isolated from each other. It needs to construct temporary bridge made of bamboo from one house to another and to connect the higher land and also needs to arrange boat and vela. The survey found out that if the people get early message regarding flood they could stock required materials for constructing Bamboo Bridge and could arrange boat (see Table 26). In this case, they prefer 10 days lead-time for flood EWS.

60

Handloom Handloom activities are prominent at Kaijuri of Sirajganj among the study areas. Flood has deep impact on this sector. People could save their handloom appliances and their products (see Table 26) from the damage of flood if they could know the early warning several days prior to the incident. The people of this community prefers to get early warning message about 15-20 days lead-time for flood. Detail activities of each sector in each pilot unions are given in Appendix B.

1.6.4 Dissemination tools for Early Warning System

People prefer locally available and easily understandable early warning dissemination system in all unions. Most of the people prefer Mike, TV, Radio, flag and mobile phone technologies for information dissemination (Table 27).

Table 27: Dissemination tools for Early Warning System in pilot unions Kaijuri Rajpur Gazirtek Bekra Uria Union Union Union Union Union

Dissemination materials tability tability tability tability tability Rank Availability Accep Rank Availability Accep Rank Availability Accep Rank Availability Accep Rank Availability Accep Land phone Fax Mobile 2 Y Y 4 Y Y 3 Y Y 3 Y Y Wireless Radio 8 Y N 2 Y Y 7 N Y 6 Y N TV 6 9 Y N 3 N Y 6 Y Y 7 Y N Mike 1 Y Y 1 Y Y 1 Y Y 1 Y Y 1 Y Y Flag 4 3 Y Y 5 Y Y 2 Y Y Messenger 5 Y N 7 Y N 4 Y Y 8 Y Y Door to door 3 4 Y N 6 Y Y 2 Y Y 4 Billboard 5 6 Y N 8 N N 5 Poster 2 7 Y N 8 N Y 9 N N Others (Drum) 5 Y Y

1.7 Conclusion and Recommendation The people and livelihood of the pilot study area are affected by flood every year. as of estimates from local government offices, the recent floods of the respective areas have caused serious damage of the agriculture, fisheries, homesteads and infrastructures.

To overcome their losses, people are taking several preparedness, response and recovery measures for each sector. People are interested more to preparedness activities to reduce their losses and hope to get permanent solution through embankment or more stable structure.

61 At present, people are getting early warning regarding rainfall and flood through radio and television, which is delivered by Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) but the acceptability is very low. People cannot rely on the early warning. However, people are dependent on their own experience about rainfall and flood in some areas. The Bekra union was in pilot study area- Nagarpur thana, Tangail of EMIN project of CEGIS, where community based flood forecasting system was applied. The project was successful and highly accepted by the community. Need assessment of EWS of the community was also conducted when people were asked about the sources, time, dissemination place and media of early warning system. Most of the people prefer Mike as dissemination media and the source of message could school teacher, or Religious leader (Imam), or UP member who will inform people at school/ college or mosque or bazaar. Also possible activities for each sector in different lead time of early warning were identified. People prefer locally available and easily understandable early warning dissemination system in all unions. Most of the people prefer Mike, TV, Radio, flag and mobile phone technologies for information dissemination.

62

Appendix A: Present Copping strategy with flood

Study Area: Kaijuri union, Sirajganj

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Agricultural • Fallow • Preserve agricultural equipments and seed in • No tillage crop (mustard, high platform groundnut, • Harvesting of green grain • Fallow • Cultivation of IRRI • Cultivation of early verities • Cultivation of Deep Water rice (DWR) Fisheries • Using net to prevent fish loss • Using net to prevent fish loss • Release new fry • Rising up pond boundary • Sell • Renovation of pond • Catch fish after water recession Livestock & • Vaccination • Sell • Vaccination Poultry • Stockpiling of fodder • Transfer in safe place • Sell • Plinth level rise of cattle shed • Use of water hyacinth to prevent mud • Repairing of cattle shed formation • Construction of temporary high platform Household & • Plinth level rise • Protect house • Reconstruction Homestead • Temporary platform construction • Prevent base washout using water hyacinth • Loan and banana tree • Preserve fuel wood Business • Stock • Relocation • Loan • Sell excess materials • Close business activity • Repairing of damaged store • Transfer of materials Health and Life • Collection of emergency medicine • Wait for relief • Medication • Store dry food • Medication

63

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Drinking water • Collection of water purifying materials • Purify water before use • Repairing sources (tablets) • Close tube well • Collection of safe water from another place • Collection of water in big pots, drams

Sanitation • Temporary latrine construction • Reconstruction

Communication • Reconstruction • Boat, banana tree ferry • Reconstruction

Study Area: Rajpur union, Lalmonirhat

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Agricultural • Stock of dry food, cereal, seed & • No activity • Rapid seed bed preparation; straw. clearance of hyacinth & weeds; • Prepared Seedbed at higher places. cropland preparation for cultivation Fisheries • Repair & heighten cultured pond • Buy gears & crafts; extensive open water • Repair the pond dyke; pond boundary. fishing; encircle the pond with net/banna to preparation for seed release prevent fish escaping; harvest fish and delay • Prepare net for encircling the • Fish fry buy from the market & release of fry, fish sell to market. cultured pond. release to the pond. • Fish consume/sell to the market. Livestock • Fodder stock • Raise the plinth of farm house; arrange safer • Arrange medication if get sick; shelter (on embankment /School /Madrasa get back to the own place; repair nearby relative's house) the farmhouse. Poultry • Cereal stock • Make sub-platform; arrange safer shelter (on • Arrange medication if get sick; • Sell to market embankment/ nearby relative's house) and sell get back to the own place in low price, vaccination for protecting diseases.

64

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Household • Temporary platform construction • Shifting of home appliances and furniture to • Repair the destroyed stuffs. • Preserve fuel wood, preparing of safer place (on embankment /closer mud oven. school/Madrasa/nearby relative's house) • Food stock. Homestead • Heighten the house base as well as • Prevent base washout using banana tree. • Heal up the broken places with the homestead premise so that • Uprooted sapling of economic importance and soil or sand; cleansing of house remain flood free. conserve for post flood planting. and homestead premise. Business • Stock food and other necessary • Shift to safer nearby market place; make sub- • Repairing of damaged store items. roof; manage boat for transport goods.

Health and Life • Stock oral saline and other pertinent • Collected Saline, Medicine • Consult doctor; use medication medicine. • Wait for relief. Drinking water • Heighten the head of tube well. • Use boiled water • Repairing Tube-well. sources • Collection of water in big pots, • Rain water harvesting drams. Sanitation • No such arrangement • Open Place • Dismantle the temporary latrine. • If possible, make temporary latrine using • Reconstruction of permanent bamboo, rope, and jute carpet/bamboo fence on latrine. respective shelter • Use banana trunk made 'Vela'; bamboo made 'Tong'; boat. Communication • No such arrangement • Construct bamboo made bridge from one house • Repair the breached road and to another and connect high land; make small dismantle the bamboo made boat, use ferry made of banana trunk. bridge.

65

Study Area: Uria union, Gaibandha

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Agricultural • Stock cereal, dry food (flat rice, • Seed bed on safe land • Rapid seed bed preparation fried rice) • Stock seed & straw • Seed bed & vegetables plantation on the • Clearance of hyacinth & weeds floating pile of water hyacinth & 'Vela' made off banana trunk • B. Aman cultivation • Vegetable on tub • Cropland preparation • Carry cow dung to higher land • Sapling (especially of T. aman) to buy from distant places Fisheries • Arrange loan for buying gears • Buy gears & crafts • Repay the loan and crafts • Arrange bamboo made banna and • Extensive open water fishing • Repair the pond dyke net for encircling the cultured pond • Repair & heighten cultured pond • Encircle the pond with net/banna to • Pond preparation for seed release dyke prevent fish escaping • Install pipe in the pond dyke to • Harvest fish and delay release of fry • Fish fry buy from the market & release balance water to the pond • Fish consume/sell to the market • Supply more food to reduce mobility of • Liming for protecting disease fish • Small fish can be stocked in Hapa • Supply fish seed through Upazila fisheries extension officer • Sell to market; • Livestock • Fodder stock • Raise the plinth of farm house • Arrange medication if get sick

66

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood • Arrange safer shelter (on • Repair the farm house embankment/School/Madrasa nearby relative's house) • Treatment and medication through NGO • Get back to the own place and Upazila livestock officer • Treatment and medication continues Poultry • Cereal stock • Make sub-platform • Vaccination for protecting diseases • Sell to market • Shift to safer shelter (on embankment/ nearby relative's house) and sell in low price • Arrange safer place • Tie up with rope; medication through • Tie up with rope NGO and Upazila livestock officer • Make sub-roof Household • Preparing of mud oven • Shifting of home appliances and furniture • Repair the destroyed stuffs to safer place (on embankment/closer school/Madrasa/nearby relative's house) • Fuel stock, dry food stock • Arrange boat for shifting household assets • Tie up idle home appliances through Union Parishad • Stock fire box and wax Homestead • Heighten the house base as well • Uprooted sapling of economic importance • HEAL up the broken places with soil as the homestead premise so that and conserve for post flood planting or sand remain flood free • Cleansing of house and homestead premise Business • Stock food grains and other • Shift to safer nearby market place • Repair the destroyed godown necessary items • Make sub-roof • Manage boat for transport goods Health and Life • Collection medicine (e.g. saline, • Consult doctor (quack) or go to health • Consult doctor; use medication paracetamol, etc.) provided by complex if get sick NGOs • Take fresh food and pure drinking water • Supply required medication through NGO

67

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Drinking water • Heighten the tube well head by • Fetch drinking water from distant place • Repair and cleanliness of tube well sources adding extra pipe • Use potash alum and tablet (Halotab) for water purification • Conserve rainwater • Supply drinking water through NGO and UP itself Sanitation • Stock of bamboo, rope, jute • Make temporary latrine using bamboo, • Dismantle the temporary latrine carpet, bamboo fence rope, and jute carpet/bamboo fence on respective shelter • Use ferry made of banana trunk • Supply sanitary appliances through NGO and UP itself • Use boat Communication • Stock bamboo, wire, rope • Construct bamboo made bridge from one • Repair the breached road and house to another and connect high land dismantle the bamboo made bridge • Make small boat, use ferry made of banana trunk

68

Study Area: Gazirtek union, Faridpur

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Agricultural • Emergency Irri crop storage. • Harvest immature crops • Loan from NGO, • Cultivation of deep water Amon • Take Loan from NGO • Cultivate short time vegetable. Fisheries • Repair boat and net before flood • During flood the water level is high so • Take loan from fishery department they can't catch fish, Fishing at nearer & NGO, • Catch fish with vashal net side of house • Catch fish Livestock • Nothing to do • Shifted to higher place, relatives house • Repairing of cattle shed, sell the • Vaccination their livestock or embankment affected cow Poultry • No pre activities • Sale with low price • Sale with low price • Vaccination for poultry • Eat for family purpose • Vaccination the affected poultry • Use temporary platform (macha) for protect poultry Household • The village women prepared portable • Try to stay in his/her own house • Repair oven • Preserved fuel wood for emergency • Take shelter in the road, embankment period or any high place • Plinth level raise Homestead • Try to protect flood water with sand • Sale trees, vegetable etc. with low bag price • Take loan from NGO, • Cultivate short duration vegetable. Business • Stock urgent material like rice, pulses, • Try to go non-flooding are for business • Very difficult to business onion etc. • Large of businessman stop their work Health and Life • Storage emergency medicine • Go to Upazila health complex • UP Chairman & volunteer supply • Storage dry food • Take treatment from local unskilled medicine/medication doctor • Take support from NGO medical team

69

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Drinking water • Water purified tablet, collection of safe sources water from another place, collection of safe water from another place Sanitation • Construct some latrine in higher place • Temporary latrine constructed in the • Re- constructed the existing latrine embankment or road side • Use hanging latrine . Communication • Union parisad try to modified existing • Use country boat and temporary ferry • Union Parishad repair common roads. (Kolar bhela) road • Made country boat and temporary ferry • Use Mechanize boat (bhela) for emergency communication purpose

Study Area: Bekra union, Tangail

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood Agricultural • harvesting of green grain, Jute • fallow, Harvest immature crops • Cultivate short time vegetable. harvesting and processing nearer Rapid seed bed preparation home Fisheries • Prepare net for encircling the • using net to prevent fish loss • pond preparation for seed cultured pond. release/ repair the pond dyke Livestock • Make sub-platform; arrange safer • vaccination for protecting shelter (on embankment/ nearby diseases relative's house) and sell in low price, vaccination for protecting diseases. Poultry • Construction of temporary high platform Household • Temporary platform construction, • Prevent base washout using water • Repair the destroyed stuffs. use of water hyacinth to prevent mud hyacinth and banana tree

70

Present Copping strategies Sectors Pre flood During flood Post flood formation Homestead • Cultivate short duration vegetable. Business • sell excess materials • Business/sell materials at boat • Stock food/ food grains and other during high flood necessary items. Health and Life • take fresh food and pure drinking water Drinking water • use potash alum and tablet sources (Halotab) for water purification Sanitation • Use hanging latrine, If possible, • Re- constructed the existing make temporary latrine using latrine bamboo, rope, and jute carpet/bamboo fence on respective shelter Communication • Union parisad try to modified • make small boat, use ferry made of • Repair the breached road and existing roads. banana trunk dismantle the bamboo made bridge. Union Parishad repair common road

71

Appendix B: Possible Activities for each sector with Early Warning System in all pilot areas

Study Area: Kaijuri Union, Sirajganj

Activities of the community with Early Warning Sectors 2-3 months lead time 2 days 10 days lead time 20 days lead time (Name of Month) Agricultural • crop harvesting • crop harvesting • early varieties/alternate options Fisheries • using net to prevent fish loss, • using net to prevent fish • • • rising up pond boundary loss, • rising up pond boundary Livestock & Poultry • construction of temporary high • relocation, • relocation, • preparation platform, • protection • protection • protect them Household & Homestead • • transfer • transfer • transfer Business • relocation • relocation • stock • transfer to safe place • sell Health and Life • emergency medicine collection, • same • • • medical team formation Drinking water sources • tank, identify source of safe • relocation, identify source • rise up tube well • water, of safe water, • close tube well • rise up tube well Sanitation • • • • Communication • construction of bamboo bridge, • same • same • increase road height • boat repairing/ buy, • increase road height Loom • safeguard equipments • safeguard equipments • relocation • plinth level rise

72

Study Area: Bekra Union, Tangail

Activities of the community with Early Warning Sectors 2-3 months lead time 48 hrs 10 days lead time 20 days lead time (Name of Month) Agricultural • Crop harvesting but labour cost • 100% Crop harvesting • Minimum labour • early varities/alternate is high cost for crop options harvesting Fisheries • Using net to prevent fish loss • Using net to prevent fish loss Livestock • Transfer them at high place • Construction of temporary • Relocation, • Preparation high platform, protect them, protection relocation Poultry • Transfer • Sell Household • Raising up furniture and assets • Homestead • Collect waterleaves • Preparation for protection Business • Sell the short stable material • Emergency stock as like rice, • Repair the weak • Relocation of shop pulses point of shop Health and Life • Go to safe place Drinking water sources • Reserve • Relocation, identify source of • Rise up tube well safe water, rise up tube well Sanitation • Safeguard equipments • Safeguard equipments • Relocation • Plinth level rise Communication • Repair the weak • Increase road height point Other

73

Study Area: Uria Union, Gaibandha

Activities of the community with Early Warning Sectors 2-3 months lead time 2 days 10 days lead time 20 days lead time (Name of Month) Agricultural • not effective • UDMC could aware people • UDMC could do meeting • early yielding variety can through miking, postering, with the head of Para be tried drum regarding forthcoming (segment of village) flood regarding preparation to • delay seed bed preparation rescue the assets and life • abstain from planting crop from flood • seed bed will be made on high land Fisheries • encircle the cultured pond • heighten the pond dyke • repair and heighten the pond • fast growing fish can be with banna/net to prevent • sell the fish if suitable dyke cultured escaping of fish • make temporary Hapa for • sell the fish preserving small fish • no new recruitment Livestock • raising of farm house plinth • sell to market • arrange safer place • sell to market • shift to nearby safer place • raising the plinth of farm house; • raising the plinth of farm • arrange safer place (e.g. embankment) shift to nearby safer place (e.g. house embankment/school/madrasha) Poultry • sell to market • make sub-roof • make sub-roof • make sub-roof • self consumption • sell to market • sell to market • sell to market • shift to nearby relative's house Household • rapid shifting of valuable • Preparing of mud oven, fuel • Raise the plinth of dwelling • Preparing of mud oven, assets to nearby safer place stock, dry food stock, tie up idle house; preparing of mud fuel stock, dry food (e.g. embankment, appliances and arrange safer oven, fuel stock, dry food stock, tie up idle school/madrasha) place stock, tie up idle appliances appliances and arrange and arrange safer place safer place Homestead • not effective • less effective • heighten the homestead • heighten the homestead premise level premise level Business • shift the goods to nearby • sell the goods • sell the goods • sell the goods safer place (e.g. • heighten the godown • heighten the godown • heighten the godown embankment /another • arrange boat • arrange boat

74

Activities of the community with Early Warning Sectors 2-3 months lead time 2 days 10 days lead time 20 days lead time (Name of Month) market place) Health and Life • emergency medicine • emergency medicine collection • pre-flood doctor consultation • pre-flood doctor collection • emergency medicine consultation collection • emergency medicine collection Drinking water • arrange drinking water • temporary seal of tube well • temporary seal of tube well • temporary seal of tube sources reservoir • arrange more water reservoir • arrange more water reservoir well • temporary seal of tube well • arrange more water reservoir Sanitation • make "vela" made off • arrange chati of bamboo/jute • arrange chati of bamboo/jute • arrange chati of banana trunk carpet, rope, bamboo, etc. carpet, rope, bamboo, etc. bamboo/jute carpet, rope, • arrange nearby safer place (e.g. • arrange nearby safer place bamboo, etc. embankment) (e.g. embankment) • arrange nearby safer place (e.g. embankment) Communication • construct bamboo made • construct bamboo made bridge • construct bamboo made • make small boat bridge from one house to from one house to another and bridge from one house to • make ferry with banana another and connect high connect high land another and connect high trunk land • make small boat, use ferry made land • use ferry made of banana of banana trunk • make small boat, use ferry trunk made of banana trunk

75

Study Area: Gazirtek Union, Faridpur

Activities of the community with Early Warning Sectors 2-3 months lead time 48 hrs 10 days lead time 20 days lead time (Name of Month) Agricultural • Crop harvesting • Crop harvesting • crop harvesting • Early verity /alternate options Fisheries • Using net to prevent fish loss, • Using net to prevent fish loss, • • rising up pond boundary rising up pond boundary Livestock • Construction of temporary high • Relocation, protection • Relocation, protection • Preparation platform, protect them, relocation Poultry • Transfer • Sell Household • Raising up furniture, household assets Homestead • Emergency medicine collection, medical team formation Business • Raising up furniture, household • Emergency stock as like rice, • Repair the weak point of • Relocation of shop assets pulses shop Health and Life • Safe place Drinking water • Tank, identify source of safe • Relocation, identify source of • Rise up tube well sources water, close tube well safe water, rise up tube well Sanitation • Safeguard equipments • Safeguard equipments • Relocation • Plinth level rise Communication • Repair the weak point • Increase road height Other

76

Study Area: Rajpur Union, Lalmonirhat

Activities of the community with Early Warning Sectors 2-3 months lead time 2 days 10 days lead time 20 days lead time (Name of Month) • Not effective if crops are • Delay seedbed preparation; • Seed bed will be made on • Early yielding variety Agricultural in growing stage. abstain from planting crop. high land can be tried. • Encircle the cultured pond • Heighten the pond dyke; sell the • Repair and heighten the • Only fast growing fish Fisheries with banna/net to prevent fish if suitable. pond dyke; sell the fish; no can be cultured. escaping of fish new recruitment. • Raising of farm house • Sell to market; raising the plinth • Arrange safer place; raising • Sell to market; arrange plinth; shift to nearby safer of farm house; shift to nearby the plinth of farmhouse. safer place. Livestock place (e.g. embankment) safer place (e.g. embankment/ school/ madrasha) • Sell to market; self- • Make sub-roof; sell to market. • Make sub-roof; sell to • Make sub-roof; sell to Poultry consumption; shift to market. market. nearby relative's house. • Rapid shifting of valuable • Preparing of mud oven, fuel • Raise the plinth of • Preparing of mud oven, assets to nearby safer stock, dry food stock, tie up idle dwelling house; preparing fuel stock, dry food place (e.g. embankment, appliances and arrange safer of mud oven, fuel stock, stock, tie up idle Household school /madrasha). place. dry food stock, tie up idle appliances and arrange appliances and arrange safer place. safer place. • Not effective • Less effective • Heighten the homestead • Heighten the homestead Homestead premise level. premise level. • Shift the goods to nearby • Sell the goods; heighten the • Sell the goods; heighten • Sell the goods; heighten safer place (e.g. godown. the godown; arrange boat. the godown; arrange Business embankment /another boat. market place). • Emergency medicine • Emergency medicine collection. • Pre-flood doctor • Pre-flood doctor Health and Life collection. consultation; emergency consultation; emergency medicine collection. medicine collection • Arrange drinking water • Temporary seal of tube well; • Temporary seal of tube • Temporary seal of tube Drinking water reservoir; temporary seal arrange more water reservoir well; arrange more water well; arrange more sources of tube well reservoir water reservoir

77

Activities of the community with Early Warning Sectors 2-3 months lead time 2 days 10 days lead time 20 days lead time (Name of Month) • Make "vela" made off • Arrange bamboo/jute carpet, • Arrange bamboo/jute • Arrange bamboo/jute banana trunk rope, bamboo, etc.; arrange carpet, rope, bamboo, etc.; carpet, rope, bamboo, Sanitation nearby safer place (e.g. arrange nearby safer place etc.; arrange nearby embankment). (e.g. embankment). safer place (e.g. embankment). • Construct bamboo made • Construct bamboo made bridge • Construct bamboo made • Make small boat, make bridge from one house to from one house to another and bridge from one house to ferry with banana trunk. another and connect high connect high land; make small another and connect high Communication land; use ferry made of boat, use ferry made of banana land; make small boat, use banana trunk. trunk. ferry made of banana trunk.

78