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I. This Term Is Borrowed from the Title of Betty Friedan's Book, First Notes POST·WAR CONSERVATISM AND THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE I. This term is borrowed from the title of Betty Friedan's book, first published in 1963, in order not to confuse the post-Second World War ideology of women's role and place with such nineteenth-century terms as 'woman's sphere'. Although this volume owes to Freidan's book far more than its title, it does not necessarily agree with either its emphasis or its solutions. 2. Quoted in Sandra Dijkstra, 'Simone de Beauvoir and Betty Friedan: The Politics of Omission', Feminist Studies, VI, 2 (Summer 1980), 290. 3. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978), pp. 216-17. 4. Richard J. Barnet, Roots of War (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1973), pp 48-9, 118, 109. First published by Atheneum Publishers, New York, 1972. 5. Quoted in William H. Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles, 1920-1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 187. 6. Mary P. Ryan, Womanhood in America: From Colonial Times to the Present, 2nd edn (New York and London: New Viewpoints/A division of Franklin Watts, 1979), p. 173. 7. Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia F. Farnham, MD, Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1947), p. 319. 8. Lillian Hellman, An Unfinished Woman: A Memoir (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969), pp. 5-6. 9. Barbara Charlesworth Gelpi and Albert Gelpi (eds), Adrienne Rich's Poetry (New York: W.W. Norton, 1975), pp. 97, 126-7, 129, 95, 12. Emphasis in the original. 10. Sylvia Plath, The Bell Jar (New York: Bantam, 1972), p. 69. Published by arrangement with Harper & Row. II. Adrienne Rich, Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution (New York: W.W. Norton, 1976), pp. 26 and 223. Emphasis in the original. 12. Carol Lopate, 'Daytime Television: You'll Never Want to Leave Home', Feminist Studies, m, 3/4 (Spring-Summer 1976), 80. 13. David Sonenschein, 'Love and Sex in the Romance Magazines', in Harry Russel Heubel (ed.), Things in the Driver's Seat: Readings in Popular Culture (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1972), pp. 223 and 219. Originally published in Journal of Popular Culture, IV, 2 (Fall 1970). 14. As reprinted in Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon and Susan Reverby (eds), American's Working Women (New York: Vintage/Random House, 1976), pp. 302-8. 15. Lundberg and Farnham, Modern Woman, pp. 396, 228-9. 261 262 AMERICAN WOMEN SINCE 1945 16. Mirra Komarovsky, Women in the Modern World: Their Education and Their Dilemmas (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), pp. 77 and 298. 17. Valerie Kincade Oppenheimer, The Female Labor Force in the United States: Demographic and Economic Factors Governing Its Growth and Changing Composition (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1970), pp. 112-13. 18. Nancy Pottishman Weiss, 'Mother, The Invention of Necessity: Dr. Benjamin Spack's Baby and Child Care', American Quarterfy, XXIX, 5 (Winter 1977), 539 and 537. 19. As quoted in Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, p. 207. See their section 'Bad Mothers', pp. 203-11. As might be expected, Lundberg and Farnham found that somewhere between 40 to 50 per cent of mothers were rejecting, oversolicitous or overprotective, domineering or overaffectionate. 20. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1974), p. 180. Originally published by W.W. Norton, 1963. 21. Frank S. Caprio, Female Homosexualiry: A Psychodynamic Study of Lesbianism (New York: Grove Press, 1962) as quoted in Jonathan Katz (ed.), Gay American History: Lesbians and Gtry Men in the U.S.A., A Documentary (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976), p. 185. See also Katz's Introduction to 'Treatment 1884--1974', pp. 129--34. 22. Sidney Abbott and Barbara Love, Sappho Was a Right-On Woman: A Liberated View of Lesbianism (New York: Stein and Day, 1973), p. 96. 23. Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream, revised edn (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978), pp. 169--70. 24. Maya Angelou, Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas (New York: Bantam, 1977), p. 14. Published by arrangement with Random House. 2 WOMEN AND WORK 1945-1970 I. Valerie Kincade Oppenheimer, The Female Labor Force in the United States: Demographic and Economic Factors Governing Its Growth and Changing Composition (Berkeley: Institute oflnternational Studies, University of California, 1970), pp. 14-- 15. 2. National Manpower Council, Womanpower: A Statement by the National Manpower Council with Chapters by the Council Staff (New York: Columbia University Press, 195 7)' pp. 328--9. 3. Esther Peterson, 'Working Women', Daedalus: journal of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, xcm, 2 (Spring 1964), 683. 4. Black people were about 90 per cent of those labelled 'non-white' in the United States. References are mainly to this group, as government statistics on people of 'Spanish origin' did not begin until 1973. In 1950, only Chinese-American women closely resembled whites in terms of their occupations. 5. Michel Crozier, The World of the Office Worker. Translated by David Landau (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), as quoted in Harry Braverman, Labour and Monopofy Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1974), pp. 13~1. 6. Oppenheimer, Female Labor Force, pp. 181, 171-7,37. 7. Ibid., pp. 135 and 104. 8. Womanpower, pp. 69, 72-3; Oppenheimer, Female Labor Force, pp. 13~1; Mirra Komarovsky, Women in the Modern World: Their Education and Their Dilemmas (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), p. 167. 9. Alva Myrdal and Viola Klein, Women's Two Roles: Home and Work, 2nd edn (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968), p. 66. NOTES 263 10. Marion G. Sobol, 'Commitment to Work', in F. Ivan Nyc and Lois Wladis Hoffman (eds), The Employed Mother in America (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1963), pp. 40-63; Robert Weiss and Nancy Samuelson, 'Social Roles of American Women: Their Contribution to a Sense of Usefulness and Importance', Journal of Marriage and the Family, xx (November 1958), 358--66. II. Nancy Seifer, Nobody Speaks for Me!: Self Portraits of American Working Class Women (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), p. 262. 12. James E. Conyers, 'Employers' Attitudes toward Working Mothers', in Nye and Hoffman, The Employed Mother, pp. 381-3; Margaret O'Brien Steinfels, Who's Minding the Children?: The History and Politics of Dl!)i Care in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), p. 72. 13. Margaret Hennig and Anne Jardim, The Managerial Woman (New York: Pocket Books, 1978), p. 160. Published by arrangement with Doubleday. 14. Intra-racially, black women have done better in professions than white women. For example, the 1960 Census showed that black female physicians represented 9. 7 of all black physicians, while white women were 6.4 per cent of white physicians. However, the percentage of white women in professional occupations was nearly double that of black women. 15. Frieda L. Gehlen, 'Women Members of Congress: A Distinctive Role', and Marcia M. Lee, 'Toward Understanding Why Few Women Hold Public Office: Factors Affecting the Participation of Women in Local Politics', in Marianne Githens and jewelL. Prestage (eds), A Portrait of Marginaliry: The Political Behavior of the American Woman (New York: David McKay, 1977), pp. 304-19, 127; Kirsten Amundsen, A New Look at the Silenced Majoriry: Women and American DemocralJ (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1977), p. 75. Emphasis in the original. 16. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage/Random House, 1972), pp. 138--9, 136. Originally published by Pantheon Books, 1971. 17. Margaret Mead and Frances Balgley Kaplan ( eds), American Women: The Report of the President's Commission on the Status of Women and Other Publications of the Commission (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965), pp. 30 and 32. 18. Womanpower, p. 255. 19. The effects of maternal employment were drawn from the following articles in Nye and Hoffman, The Employed Mother: Alberta Engvall Siegel, Lois Meek Stolz, Ethel Alice Hitchcock and Jean Adamson, 'Dependence and Independence in Children', pp. 67-81; F. Ivan Nye, 'The Adjustment of Adolescent Children', pp. 133-41; Elizabeth Douvan, 'Employment and the Adolescent', pp. 142-64; Lois Wladis Hoffman, 'Effects on Children: Summary and Discussion', pp. 19(}-212; Robert 0. Blood, 'The Husband-Wife Relationship', pp. 282-305. 20. Quoted in Womanpower, p. 349. 3 WOMEN AT HOME: CHANGES IN THE PRIVATE SPHERE I. Mirra Komarovsky, Blue-Collar Marriage (New York: Vintage/Random House, 1967), p. 60. 2. Lillian B. Rubin, Women of a Certain Age: The Midlife Search for Self (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 55. Emphasis in the original. Helena Z. Lopata, Occupation: Housewife (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 47-8. 3. Sheila Rowbotham, Woman's Consciousness, Man's World (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973), p. 76. 4. Chase Manhattan Survey, 'What's a Wife Worth?' in Betsy Warrior and Lisa Leghorn (eds), Houseworker's Handbook, 3rd edn (Cambridge, Massachusetts: 264 AMERICAN WOMEN SINCE 1945 Woman's Center, 1975), pp. 17-18. Other estimates are lower, but still a sizable percentage of the gross national product. 5. Gerda Lerner, 'Just a Housewife', in The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 139. 6. Lillian Breslow Rubin, Worlds of Pain: Life in the Working-Class Fami{y (New York: Basic Books, 1976), pp. 60-7; Edwin 0. Smigel and Rita Seiden, 'The Decline and Fall of the Double Standard', in Jean E. Friedman and William G. Shade (eds), Our American Sisters: Women in American Life and Thought (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1973), p.
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