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Chapter 20 THE AGE OF NAPOLEON AND THE TRIUMPH OF ROMANTICISM

Multiple-Choice 1. The Napoleonic Constitution of 1799 (a) was outwardly dictatorial. (b) was modeled after that of the United States. (c) contained a suggestion of democratic principles and republican theories. (d) none of the above

2. With the Napoleonic Code of 1804 (a) fathers had extensive control over their families. (b) the rights of employers were greater than the rights of workers (c) labor unions were forbidden. (d) all of the above

3. Napoleon’s real reason for establishing the Bonapartist dynasty in 1804 was (a) the need to publicly demonstrate supremacy over the Church in France. (b) the need to demonstrate supremacy over the Pope. (c) that it represented a natural goal of his ambition. (d) necessary for him to get into college.

4. Which statement best describes Napoleon’s treatment of the relatives he placed in control of European kingdoms? (a) He generally allowed them to make decisions. (b) He cared little for what they did. (c) He gave them orders and expected them to be carried out. (d) none of the above

5. Which of the following would not be associated with the reforms of the Napoleonic Code as it affected France and much of Europe? (a) Roman Catholic Church’s monopoly on religion ended. (b) Feudal obligations of the peasants disappeared. (c) Class distinctions were reinforced. (d) The liberalizing ideas of the Enlightenment began to reach much of Europe.

6. Rebellion against French rule in Spain came from the (a) nobility and upper clergy. (b) peasants and monastic leaders. (c) upper classes. (d) peasants and the lower clergy. 30

7. Napoleon once explained to the Austrian foreign minister Metternich that (a) “I am an upstart soldier.” (b) “All Europe owes me a debt of gratitude.” (c) (c) “War is preferable to peace.” (d) “I shall return.”

8. Napoleon’s final exile was to the island of (a) St. Helena. (b) Corsica. (c) Elba. (d) Sardinia.

9. Friedrich Schlegel’s Lucinde (1799) shocked many contemporaries because (a) it openly discussed sexual activity. (b) it showed a woman in a heroic way. (c) it did not cater to existing prejudices against women. (d) all of the above

10. The idea that Christianity is the “religion of religion” is associated with (a) Immanuel Kant. (b) Friedrich Schleiermacher. (c) John Wesley. (d) François René de Chateaubriand.

True-False _____1. With the complete support of the government at Paris, Napoleon negotiated the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797) that took the Austrian Empire out of the First Coalition.

_____2. In 1804, though overwhelmingly supported by the people of France, Napoleon still insisted on placing the imperial crown on his own head.

_____3. While negotiations for the Treaty of Tilsit were taking place, Russian Czar Alexander had to wait patiently on a riverbank.

_____4. The German political leaders von Stein and von Hardenburg generally sup- ported democratic reform in Prussia.

_____5. Sir Arthur Wellesley commanded British forces during the Peninsular War in Spain.

_____6. The Grand Army of Napoleon, which invaded Russia in 1812, was composed of about 300,000 Frenchmen and the remaining half was drawn from all over Europe. 31

_____7. The combined armies of the other European states defeated Napoleon at Leipzig in 1813.

_____8. In Émile, Rousseau urged the importance of strict upbringing of children that they might later flourish as adults.

_____9. In his The Genius of Christianity, François Chateaubriand began his writing with this first statement, “My heart felt strangely warmed.”

_____10. Methodism generally stressed the imperfectability of the Christian life.

Completion 1. After Napoleon’s defeat of the Austrians in 1797, France’s only enemy was ______.

2. The execution of the ______put an end to royalist plots against Napoleon’s government.

3. Probably the battle at ______against the combined forces of Russia and Austria was Napoleon’s greatest victory.

4. One of the outcomes of the 1809 French victory at Wagram was Napoleon’s marriage to ______.

5. ______was the French representative to the Congress of Vienna.

6. “Our imagination is God at work in the mind” would be associated with ______and ______, who were leading figures of English Romantic movement.

7. The most rebellious of the Romantic writers was ______.

8. ______is the story of a man who, weary of life, made a pact with the Devil.

9. ______are known for their famous fairy tales.

10. ______was the most important historical writer of the entire Romantic era. 32

Short Answer 1. Explain the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. Can this be considered a classic example of man making history, or were conditions favorable to the emergence of a “Napoleon-like” leader?

2. How did France under Napoleon actually control Europe? Was there a common theme to all of Napoleon’s actions during this era? Why were the European states for so long unable to organize against the French threat?

3. Discuss the circumstances that brought about the Congress of Vienna. What were the major successes and failures of the meeting? Are there any long-term, historical factors to be associated with the Congress of Vienna? If so, what are they?

4. Define Romanticism. What do you see as the overall impact of this concept on Western civilization?