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Caracterización Fisiológica De Híbridos De Peral, Para La Obtención De Nuevos Patrones Tolerantes a Clorosis Férrica Y De Vigor Reducido

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Caracterización Fisiológica De Híbridos De Peral, Para La Obtención De Nuevos Patrones Tolerantes a Clorosis Férrica Y De Vigor Reducido ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA ANIMAL, BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL Y ECOLOGÍA Caracterización fisiológica de híbridos de peral, para la obtención de nuevos patrones tolerantes a clorosis férrica y de vigor reducido TESIS DOCTORAL PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN BIOLOGÍA Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA VEGETAL Claudia Paola Mora Córdova Directores: Dr. Ramon Dolcet-SanJuan Dra. Roser Tolrà Perez Dr. Ramon Dolcet-SanJuan Dra. Roser Tolrà Perez Claudia Paola Mora Córdova Barcelona, junio 2017. AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios, gracias. A CONACYT por el apoyo económico otorgado para la realización de mis estudios de doctorado en el extranjero. A la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, al Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) y al Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG) por permitirme realizar mi trabajo de investigación bajo su respaldo institucional. A mis directores Dr. Ramón Dolcet-Sanjuan y Dra. Roser Tolrà Perez, y a la coordinadora de posgrado Dra. Charlotte Poschenrieder por todo su tiempo, dedicación, apoyo y consejos durante estos cuatro años. A Elena y Rosa, por su paciencia y apoyo en todo momento. A todos los amigos que he conocido en esta bella ciudad de Barcelona por todos los momentos de alegría y risas que compartimos y sobre todo por su gran amistad. A mis papás y hermano por todo el apoyo otorgado durante toda mi vida, pero sobre todo durante esta última etapa. A Toby. A mis amigos de toda la vida, por esa amistad que ni el tiempo ni la distancia han quebrantado, sino que al contrario, se ha hecho más fuerte. A todos ellos, muchas gracias. RESUMEN La clorosis férrica es una alteración nutricional que afecta a una gran parte de los cultivos de interés económico en la zona del Mediterráneo, limitando su crecimiento y ocasionando grandes pérdidas económicas (Sanz y Montañés, 1997 y Tagliavini y Rombolà, 2001). La clorosis férrica típica de los suelos mediterráneos no es consecuencia de una deficiencia del hierro en el suelo, sino por un desequilibrio fisiológico que se asocia al carácter calizo y alcalino de los suelos y a las dificultades que presenta la planta para la absorción de este elemento (Pestana et al., 2003 y Asín et al., 2007). En Europa, los programas de mejoramiento de portainjertos de peral han puesto un gran énfasis en mejorar la resistencia a la clorosis férrica desarrollando nuevos patrones Pyrus (Sanz y Montañés, 1997 y Asín et al., 2007) tolerantes a la baja disponibilidad de hierro en suelos calcáreos y con una mayor capacidad de absorción de este elemento (Dolcet- Sanjuan et al., 2004 e Iglesias et al., 2004). A partir de 1998 se desarrolló un plan de trabajo entre el Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) y el Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ubicado en Angers, Francia, para la creación y selección de un patrón de peral resistente a clorosis férrica y de vigor reducido mediante cruzamientos inter específicos entre Pyrus communis (Pyriam) y cuatro especies del género Pyrus de origen mediterráneo tolerantes a clorosis férrica: Pyrus communis cordata, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Pyrus amygdaliformis subespecie persica y Pyrus elaeagrifolia. Las técnicas de propagación y regeneración in vitro de plantas permiten la obtención de individuos con las mismas características del progenitor en un menor tiempo y en espacio reducido, lo que resuelve el problema de la variabilidad genética presentada cuando las plantas heterocigóticas son propagadas por medio de semilla. El cultivo in vitro se ha desarrollado para una amplia gama de cultivares y genotipos de Pyrus spp. (Iglesias et al., 2004 y DolcetSanjuan et al., 1991). En este trabajo se describen los experimentos conducidos para la propagación in vitro de patrones híbridos de Pyrus provenientes de campo, así como el análisis de las respuestas fisiológicas de los individuos durante el ensayo in vitro de tolerancia a clorosis férrica y las respuestas presentadas frente a estrés oxidativo. ABSTRACT Iron chlorosis is a nutritional disorder affecting many crops of economic interest in the Mediterranean area, limiting their growth and causing great economic losses (Sanz and Montañés, 1997 and Tagliavini and Rombolà, 2001). The iron chlorosis typical of Mediterranean soils is not due to low availability of iron in the soil, but due to a physiological disequilibrium associated with the limestone and alkaline character of soils and the difficulties presented by the plant for the absorption of this element (Pestana et al., 2003 and Asín et al., 2007). In Europe, pear rootstock breeding programs have placed great emphasis on improving resistance to iron chlorosis by developing new Pyrus rootstocks (Sanz and Montañés, 1997 and Asín et al., 2007) tolerant to the low iron availability from calcareous soils and with a higher iron absorption capability (DolcetSanjuan et al., 2004 and Iglesias et al., 2004). Since 1998, a work plan has been developed between the Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) and the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), placed in Angers, France, for the generation and selection of an iron chlorosis tolerant pear rootstock with reduced vigor, by inter-specific crosses between Pyrus communis (Pyriam) and four Pyrus species of Mediterranean origin tolerant to iron chlorosis: Pyrus communis cordata, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Pyrus Amygdaliformis persica and Pyrus elaeagrifolia. The plant in vitro culture propagation and regeneration technics allow to obtain individuals with the same characteristics of the progenitor in a shorter time and space, which solves the problem of the genetic variability presented when heterozygous plants are propagated by means of seed. In vitro culture has been developed for a wide range of cultivars and genotypes of Pyrus spp. (Iglesias et al., 2004 and Dolcet-Sanjuan et al., 1991), The present work describes the experiments conducting to the in vitro propagation of hybrid Pyrus rootstocks coming from field, as well as the analysis of the physiological responses of individuals during the in vitro assay for tolerance to iron chlorosis and the presented responses to oxidative stress. ÍNDICE ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................................................. iv ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ................................................................................................................................ vi ABREVIATURAS ..................................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCCIÓN...................................................................................................................................... 1 Pera (Pyrus spp.) .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Morfología y filogenia ....................................................................................................................... 1 Origen y distribución ......................................................................................................................... 2 Domesticación y cultivo del peral ..................................................................................................... 4 Importancia económica del peral ..................................................................................................... 5 Producción de pera y utilización de patrones .................................................................................. 7 Ventajas y desventajas de los patrones utilizados para el cultivo de pera ...................................... 8 El mineral hierro en la corteza terrestre .............................................................................................................. 9 Disponibilidad para las plantas del hierro presente en los suelos ................................................. 11 Nutrición y función del hierro en la planta ...................................................................................... 12 Clorosis férrica ................................................................................................................................................... 17 Factores que afectan la incidencia de clorosis férrica en las plantaciones ................................... 19 Prevención y corrección de la clorosis férrica en cultivos .............................................................. 25 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................................................... 28 JUSTIFICACIÓN .................................................................................................................................... 30 CAPÍTULO 1. Selección de patrones de peral resistentes a clorosis férrica en campo. Obtención, multiplicación
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