DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dynamics of Violence and Legitimacy in Contemporary Mexico (2006-2018)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dynamics of Violence and Legitimacy in Contemporary Mexico (2006-2018) The dynamics of violence and legitimacy in contemporary Mexico (2006-2018) An interplay between the Mexican government, organized crime and society Carlein Kuperus 1971786 Leiden University DECEMBER 2018 – MASTERTHESIS RESEARCH MA LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES Content Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 1 – Reflections on the theories on state-building, violence and organized crime .......... 9 1.1. The state-building debate ............................................................................................. 9 1.1.1. Theories on ‘the state’ .......................................................................................... 9 1.1.2. Theories on ‘failing’ or ‘failed’ states .................................................................. 12 1.2. State-building and the legitimation process: the monopoly on violence .................... 14 1.2.1. State legitimacy and the legitimation process .................................................... 14 1.2.2. The legitimate use of coercion and a monopoly on violence ............................. 16 1.3. State-building and (transnational) organized crime: violence and the organized crime – politics nexus ...................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.1. A typology of violence ........................................................................................ 18 1.3.2. Organized crime: the actor challenging state legitimacy .................................... 22 1.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2 –A changing nature of the Mexican state and DTOs in relation to levels of violence .................................................................................................................................................. 29 2.1. The state-organized crime uneasy equilibrium and the four presidential terms of 1994 – 2012 ................................................................................................................................... 29 2.1.1. Elite-exploitative model (pax priista, pax mafiosa) ............................................. 29 2.1.2. Four presidential terms and the changes in the state-organized crime equilibrium ........................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2. Zooming in on the levels of violence ........................................................................... 35 2.2.1. Statistical data on the homicide rates from 1994 – 2018 ................................... 35 2.2.2. Rising levels of violence and the changing nature of criminal organizations ...... 40 2.3. The years of a drastic increase in homicide rates: 2011, 2014 and 2017.................... 44 2.3.1. The war on drugs in Mexico ................................................................................ 44 2.3.2. The impact of the Ayotzinapa kidnapping of 43 students................................... 46 2.3.3. The highest number of homicides in Mexican history: 2017 .............................. 47 2.4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 3 - The complexities of violence in Mexico: intensification, diversification, normalization and the struggle between the state, DTOs and society ............................................................. 50 3.1. The dimensions of violence in Mexico......................................................................... 51 3.1.1. The factor of geography in Mexico: territorial absence of the state and the micro- dynamics of violence ......................................................................................................... 51 1 3.1.2. The modern and global dimension of violence ................................................... 54 3.1.3. The diversification of violence: a quantitative and qualitative transformation .. 56 3.1.4. The normalization and atomization of violence in Mexico: a narcoculture ........ 58 3.2. The actors of violence in Mexico ................................................................................. 60 3.2.1. The government .................................................................................................. 60 3.2.2. Organized crime .................................................................................................. 60 3.2.3. Society ................................................................................................................. 62 3.3. The effect of the dimensions of violence: a culture of violence .................................. 63 3.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 4 - The dynamics of violence and state legitimacy in Mexico: from a culture of illegality to a security, capacity and legitimacy gap ................................................................................ 65 4.1. The issue of legitimacy in Mexico: a culture of illegality ............................................. 65 4.2. The dimensions of legitimacy in Mexico: the capacity, security and legitimacy gap .. 69 4.2.1. The capacity gap ................................................................................................. 69 4.2.2. The security gap .................................................................................................. 71 4.2.3. The legitimacy gap .............................................................................................. 72 4.3. The effects of legitimacy in Mexico ............................................................................. 72 4.3.1. Considerations when looking at legitimacy of the Mexican state ....................... 73 4.3.2. The different types of legitimacy in Mexico ........................................................ 74 4.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 76 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 77 Reference list ............................................................................................................................ 83 2 Preface This study has been conducted and written in order to accomplish the requirements of the Research Master’s Program Latin American Studies from Leiden University. The fieldwork, in order to obtain and access all the necessary information, was conducted in Mexico, mainly Mexico City, and took place between June and October 2018. Parts of the research were challenging, because of being a female researcher and because of the current security situation in Mexico. However, the desired results were accomplished, and these complicating factors have made the fieldwork and this study all the more interesting. The timing of the fieldwork was also exciting, as the presidential elections in Mexico were held on July 1st, with as its result that, for the first time in Mexican history, a left-winged presidential candidate won. Moreover, during the finalization process of this study, the elected president Andrés Manuel López Obrador has taken office on December 1st, 2018. The photo on the cover page of this thesis I have taken myself. The location is the Zócalo, the main plaza in the center of Mexico City, on the remembrance day of the Iguala mass kidnapping, in which 43 students of the Ayotzinapa Rural Teacher’s College disappeared, to never return. Part of this study will also elaborate on this event. The photo on the last page of this document was taken the same day and on the same plaza; it was a cultural contribution to demonstrate against the violence in Mexico. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my thesis supervisor professor Soledad Valdivia, for the constructive feedback and for helping me to organize the monstrous amount of information I had in my head and put it into this thesis. Thank you Rodrigo Peña, for the endless coffees whilst discussing the central concepts of violence and legitimacy in Mexico, and for putting me in touch with the right people. Muchísimas gracias to my interviewees for taking the time to receive me and share their knowledge: Armando Rodríguez Luna, Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera, Luis Astorga, Fernando Escalante Gonzalbo, Marcos Pablo Moloeznik, Jovani Josué Rivera Gutiérrez, Mario Pavel Díaz Román, José Luis Méndez Martínez, Francisco Gómez and Raúl Benítez. Y gracias Sergio Aguayo Quezada and Raúl Benítez for letting me participate in their specialized course on Political and Criminal Violence at El Colegio de México. And last 3 but not least, an enormous thank you to my family and (Mexican) friends, for putting up with my stress and nerves during the process and for brainstorming with me when I was struggling to concretize ideas and thoughts. I hope this study will be perceived as an accessible source of information for those
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In the Shadow of Saint Death
    In the Shadow of Saint Death The Gulf Cartel and the Price of America’s Drug War in Mexico Michael Deibert An imprint of Rowman & Littlefield Distributed by NATIONAL BOOK NETWORK Copyright © 2014 by Michael Deibert First Lyons Paperback Edition, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available The Library of Congress has previously catalogued an earlier (hardcover) edition as follows: Deibert, Michael. In the shadow of Saint Death : the Gulf Cartel and the price of America’s drug war in Mexico / Michael Deibert. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7627-9125-5 (hardback) 1. Drug traffic—Mexican-American Border Region. 2. Drug dealers—Mexican-American Border Region. 3. Cartels—Mexican-American Border Region. 4. Drug control—Mexican- American Border Region. 5. Drug control—United States. 6. Drug traffic—Social aspects— Mexican-American Border Region. 7. Violence—Mexican-American Border Region. 8. Interviews—Mexican-American Border Region. 9. Mexican-American Border Region—Social conditions. I. Title. HV5831.M46D45 2014 363.450972—dc23 2014011008 ISBN 978-1-4930-0971-8 (pbk.) ISBN 978-1-4930-1065-3 (e-book) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence
    [Show full text]
  • Organised Crime and State Sovereignty
    Organised Crime and State Sovereignty The conflict between the Mexican state and drug cartels 2006-2011 Jelena Damnjanovic Honours IV 2011 Department of Government and International Relations The University of Sydney Word Count: 19,373 Student ID: 308171594 This work is substantially my own, and where any part of this work is not my own, I have indicated this by acknowledging the source of that part or those parts of the work. Abstract Since December 2006, the government of Mexico has been embroiled in a battle against numerous criminal organisations seeking to control territory and assure continued flow of revenue through the production and trafficking of drugs. Although this struggle has been well documented in Mexican and international media, it has not received as much scholarly attention due to the difficulties involved with assessing current phenomena. This thesis seeks to play a small part in filling that gap by exploring how and why the drug cartels in Mexico have proved a challenge to Mexico’s domestic sovereignty and the state’s capacity to have monopoly over the use of force, maintain effective and legitimate law enforcement, and to exercise control over its territory. The thesis will explain how the violence, corruption and subversion of the state’s authority have resulted in a shift of the dynamics of power from state agents to criminal organizations in Mexico. It also suggests implications for domestic sovereignty in regions experiencing similar problems with organized crime, perhaps pointing to a wider trend in international
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERT REPORT of DR. EVERARD MEADE July 12, 2016 1. Counsel
    EXPERT REPORT OF DR. EVERARD MEADE July 12, 2016 1. Counsel for has asked me to offer expert testimony to assist the Court in evaluating his claim for asylum. I respectfully submit this report, and any corresponding testimony at the hearing, in order to: (1) provide background regarding the events in question and the areas of Mexico in which they occurred; (2) explain the country conditions in Mexico, both in the present and in the period extending back to 2006; (3) offer my opinion on the consistency of the declaration of Mr. with the conditions in Mexico at the relevant times and in the relevant places; and (4) discuss the likelihood that Mr. would be harmed if returned to Mexico. 2. As the Director of the Trans-Border Institute at the University of San Diego, I monitor the conditions in Mexico on a continual basis. As a historian of Mexico and Central America focused on the relationships between violence, memory, and the law, I have tracked patterns of violence and their relationship to the criminal justice system since at least 1998. See attached (curriculum vitae). I have testified before Immigration Courts across the country in conjunction with removal proceedings and asylum applications. 3. Before preparing this report, I reviewed and consulted a number of academic, journalistic, and government sources (from Mexico and the United States), many of which are cited herein. As discussed herein, I conducted certain independent research using resources that I customarily consult when researching country conditions in Mexico and the impact of the latest developments in drug trafficking, organized crime, and law enforcement operations on basic human rights conditions, in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Entre La Invisibilidad Y El Abandono. Un Acercamiento
    Entre la invisibilidad y el abandono: un acercamiento cualitativo al desplazamiento interno forzado en México ENTRE LA INVISIBILIDAD Y EL ABANDONO: UN ACERCAMIENTO CUALITATIVO AL DESPLAZAMIENTO INTERNO FORZADO EN MÉXICO ENTRE LA INVISIBILIDAD Y EL ABANDONO: UN ACERCAMIENTO CUALITATIVO AL DESPLAZAMIENTO INTERNO FORZADO EN MÉXICO AUTORÍAS: Brenda Gabriela Pérez Vázquez Daniela Bachi Morales (autora invitada) Lígia de Aquino Barbosa Magalhães Montserrat Castillo Portillo COORDINACIÓN Y EDICIÓN: Brenda Gabriela Pérez Vázquez José Antonio Guevara Bermúdez PORTADA: Karina Álvarez Medrano EDICIÓN Y DISEÑO: El Recipiente DISEÑO DE FORROS: María Michelle Velasco ISBN: En trámite Febrero, 2019 Algunos derechos reservados Impreso en México Liga de enlace para consulta del informe: http://www.cmdpdh.org/publicacio- nes-pdf/cmdpdh-entre-la-invisibilidad-y-el-abandono-un-acercamiento-cualitati- vo-al-desplazamiento-interno-forzado-en-mexico.pdf Se autoriza la reproducción total o parcial de la presente publicación siempre y cuando se cite la fuente. CONTACTO: Dirección: Tehuantepec #142, Col. Roma Sur, Del. Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06760, CDMX Teléfono: +52(55) 5564 2582 Correo electrónico: [email protected] www.cmdpdh.org REDES SOCIALES @cmdpdh /cmdpdh /cmdpdh DIRECTORIO Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos, A.C. CONSEJO DIRECTIVO COORDINACIÓN DE COMUNICACIÓN Ximena Andión Ibáñez (Presidenta) Luis María Barranco Soto (Coordinador) Alejandro Anaya Muñoz Daniela Michelle Caballero García Beatriz Solís Leere Karina Álvarez Medrano Jacobo
    [Show full text]
  • Praying Against Worldwide Criminal Organizations.Pdf
    o Marielitos · Detroit Peru ------------------------------------------------- · Filipino crime gangs Afghanistan -------------------------------------- o Rathkeale Rovers o VIS Worldwide § The Corporation o Black Mafia Family · Peruvian drug cartels (Abu SayyafandNew People's Army) · Golden Crescent o Kinahan gang o SIC · Mexican Mafia o Young Boys, Inc. o Zevallos organisation § Salonga Group o Afridi Network o The Heaphys, Cork o Karamanski gang § Surenos or SUR 13 o Chambers Brothers Venezuela ---------------------------------------- § Kuratong Baleleng o Afghan drug cartels(Taliban) Spain ------------------------------------------------- o TIM Criminal o Puerto Rican mafia · Philadelphia · TheCuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan § Changco gang § Noorzai Organization · Spain(ETA) o Naglite § Agosto organization o Black Mafia · Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare § Putik gang § Khan organization o Galician mafia o Rashkov clan § La ONU o Junior Black Mafia Cuntrera · Cambodian crime gangs § Karzai organization(alleged) o Romaniclans · Serbian mafia Organizations Teng Bunmaorganization § Martinez Familia Sangeros · Oakland, California · Norte del Valle Cartel o § Bagcho organization § El Clan De La Paca o Arkan clan § Solano organization Central Asia ------------------------------------- o 69 Mob · TheCartel of the Suns · Malaysian crime gangs o Los Miami o Zemun Clan § Negri organization Honduras ----------------------------------------- o Mamak Gang · Uzbek mafia(Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) Poland -----------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Administración De Justicia Y Lesa Humanidad: Aspectos Prácticos E Institucionales De Los Procesos
    Publicación semestral del Centro de Estudios de Justicia de las Américas - CEJA • Año 15 • Nº 19 Administración de Justicia y Lesa Humanidad: aspectos prácticos e institucionales de los procesos Fernando López El proceso de investigación del caso Ríos Montt en Guatemala • Victor Cubas La experiencia peruana en la relación entre comisiones de la verdad y procesos judiciales • Alejandro Solís La experiencia chilena en el juzgamiento de causas por violaciones a los Derechos Humanos • Luis Fondebrider La investigación científica de casos de violencia política, étnica o religiosa • Pedro Dallari La Comisión Nacional de Verdad de Brasil: algunas notas sobre su trabajo, informe final, conclusiones y recomendaciones con un enfoque en el sistema de justicia • Mariano Gaitán La actuación de la Justicia argentina en casos de apropiación de niños durante el terrorismo de Estado • Marco Fandiño El caso Ayotzinapa. ¿Es posible organizar una investigación? Sistemas Judiciales Directores Jaime Arellano Alberto Martín Binder Comité Editorial Christina Biebesheimer Rafael Blanco Carlos Cordovez Alfredo Fuentes Linn Hammergren Luis Pásara Hernando París Carlos Peña Rogelio Pérez Perdomo Silvina Ramírez Juan Enrique Vargas INDICE 2 EDITORIAL. Alberto M. Binder ...........................................................................................................................4 2 TEMA CENTRAL Administración de justicia y lesa humanidad: aspectos prácticos e institucionales de los procesos Fernando López El proceso de investigación del caso Ríos Montt en Guatemala .........................................................6 Víctor Cubas Villanueva La experiencia peruana en la relación entre comisiones de la verdad y procesos judiciales ................21 Alejandro Solís Muñoz Experiencia chilena en el juzgamiento de causas por violaciones a los Derechos Humanos ...............36 Luis Fondebrider La investigación científica de casos de violencia política, étnica o religiosa ......................................41 Pedro B.
    [Show full text]
  • Surviving Death
    SURVIVING DEATH POLICE AND MILITARY TORTURE OF WOMEN IN MEXICO Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2016 Cover photo: Federal policemen arrest a woman on suspicion of possessing and distributing Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons drugs during an anti-narcotics operation in Mexico City (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. © Daniel Aguilar / Reuters https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2016 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: AMR 41/4237/2016 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 Main recommendations 6 2. METHODOLOGY 7 Scope of Research 7 Government Barriers to Amnesty International´s Research 8 Acknowledgements 8 3. CONTEXT 10 The Scale of Torture and other-Ill-Treatment of Women 10 Who are the Women being Tortured in Mexico? 11 Discrimination in the Context of the so-called “War on Drugs” 13 4.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 To: U.S. Department of State John Kerry, Secretary of State Anthony Blinken, Deputy Secretary of State Sarah Sewall, Unders
    To: U.S. Department of State John Kerry, Secretary of State Anthony Blinken, Deputy Secretary of State Sarah Sewall, Undersecretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy and Human Rights, Mari Carmen Aponte, Acting Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Tom Malinowski, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor William Brownfield, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Roberta Jacobson, Ambassador, U.S. Embassy in Mexico CC: U.S. Congress Sen. Lindsey Graham, Chair, Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations Sen. Patrick Leahy, Ranking Member, SuBcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations Rep. Kay Granger, Chair, SuBcommittee on State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations Rep. Nita Lowey, Ranking Member, Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations From: Amnesty International Centro de Derechos Humanos Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez (Centro Prodh) Centro de Derechos Humanos de la Montaña Tlachinollan Ciudadanos en Apoyo a los Derechos Humanos A.C. (CADHAC) Fundar, Centro de Análisis e Investigación Latin America Working Group (LAWG) Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) Date: July 14, 2016 Subject: Assessment of the Human Rights Requirements in the Merida Initiative INTRODUCTION Since the onset of U.S. security assistance to Mexico under the Merida Initiative in 2008, the U.S. Congress has recognized the Mexican government’s need to make substantive progress in its respect for human rights within the framework of security operations and efforts to strengthen the rule of law in the country and placed human rights requirements on select funds.
    [Show full text]
  • MEXICO: STATE of NEGLECT. Los Zetas
    CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES MEXICO: STATE OF NEGLECT Los Zetas, the State, Society and the Victims of San Fernando, Tamaulipas (2010) and Allende, Coahuila (2011) Working paper of the Centro de Estudios Internacionales of El Colegio de México, with the support of the Comisión Ejecutiva de Atención a Víctimas (CEAV) Analytical summary and research coordination: Sergio Aguayo Principal researchers: Delia Sánchez del Ángel, Manuel Pérez Aguirre and Jacobo Dayán Askenazi Research assistants: Anuar I. Ortega Galindo, Maura Roldán Álvarez, José Díaz-Briseño and Zyanya Valeria Hernández Almaguer Advisory board: Mariclaire Acosta Urquidi, Rubén Aguilar Valenzuela, Javier Sicilia Zardain and Juan Villoro Ruiz First edition, 2016 D.R. © El Colegio de México, A. C. Camino al Ajusco 20 Pedregal de Santa Teresa 10740 Ciudad de México. www.colmex.mx CONTENTS Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................................................................7 A. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................9 B. Los Zetas and the Two Tragedies....................................................................................................................................10 B.1. San Fernando, Tamaulipas ..............................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Organized Crime and Violence in Mexico April 2019 April
    Organized Crime and Violence in Mexico Analysis Through Through Analysis 2018 Laura Y. Calderón, Kimberly Heinle, Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira, and David A. Shirk Justice in Mexico Department of Political Science & International Relations University of San Diego April 2019 About Justice in Mexico: Started in 2001, Justice in Mexico (www.justiceinmexico.org) works to improve citizen security, strengthen the rule of law, and protect human rights in Mexico. We generate cutting edge research, promote informed dialogue, and work to find solutions to address these enormously complex issues. As a U.S.-based initiative, our program partners with key stakeholders, experts, and decision makers, lending international support to help analyze the challenges at hand, build consensus about how to resolve them, and foster policies and programs that can bring about change. Our program is presently based at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the University of San Diego (USD), and involves university faculty, students, and volunteers from the United States and Mexico. From 2005-2013, the project was based at the USD Trans-Border Institute at the Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies, and from 2001-2005 it was based at the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies at the University of California-San Diego. About the Report: This is 10th edition of a series of reports published by Justice in Mexico examining issues related to crime and violence, judicial sector reform, and human rights in Mexico. Since 2010, the Drug Violence in Mexico report series examined patterns of crime and violence attributable to organized crime, and particularly drug trafficking organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • ACCESS to JUSTICE for MIGRANTS in MEXICO a Right That Exists Only on the Books JULY 2017
    ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR MIGRANTS IN MEXICO A Right That Exists Only on the Books JULY 2017 RESEARCH RESEARCH REPORT REPORT AP Photo/Felix Marquez IN MEMORY OF This report is dedicated to the life and work of Alberto Donis, migrants’ rights defender and coordinator of the shelter Hermanos en el Camino in Oaxaca, who died in June 2017. Beto always demanded justice for crimes and abuses committed against migrants in Mexico. We will never forget you, Beto. ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR MIGRANTS IN MEXICO A Right That Exists Only on the Books By Ximena Suárez, Andrés Díaz, José Knippen, and Maureen Meyer JULY 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................7 OFFICIAL FIGURES VERSUS REALITY ..............................................................................................9 OBSTACLES TO DENOUNCING CRIMES AGAINST MIGRANTS .........................................................................................................................................13 OBSTACLES TO INVESTIGATING CRIMES AGAINST MIGRANTS .........................................................................................................................................19 REPORTS OF CRIMES AGAINST MIGRANTS RECEIVED FROM ABROAD ........................................................................................................................32
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico Coahuila: Ongoing Crimes Against Humanity
    Mexico Coahuila: ongoing crimes against humanity Communication to the International Criminal Court May 2016, Mother’s Day: Groups from all Mexican states coming together to demand justice and truth about forced disappearances. © Karine Bonneau TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .......................................................6 Methodology ............................................................12 I. JURISDICTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ...............14 A. Temporal, territorial, or personal jurisdiction. 14 B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction .........................................15 II. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF THE CRIMES ......................16 1. General Context of the Violence in Mexico ............................16 2. Specific Context of the Violence in Coahuila ...........................21 III. Crimes Against Humanity in Coahuila ...................................40 A. Existence of an attack against the civilian population pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such attack .......41 B. The systematic nature of the attack against a civilian population ........61 IV. Conclusion ...........................................................66 FIDH - Mexico, Coahuila 3 V. Appendices Appendix 1: Factual Description of the 32 Cases that Underlie this Communica-tion Appendix 2: Table of the Systematization of the Modus Operandi of the Coahuila Security Forces in the 32 Cases that Underlie this Communication Appendix 3: USB Drive Containing the Files of the Dossiers of the
    [Show full text]