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NZ Forest and Bird Protection Society NZ Forest and Bird Protection Society Assessment of Outstanding Freshwater Fish Values on the Ngaruroro River Kate McArthur May 2013 1. Introduction Forest and Bird contracted The Catalyst Group to outline the freshwater fauna values of the Ngaruroro River for integration into a Water Conservation Order (WCO) application to the Minister for the Environment. The brief of work included a desktop search of the literature to establish the freshwater fauna present along the Ngaruroro River and its tributaries (source to sea), a description of any outstanding freshwater values and the provision of freshwater fauna references suitable for use in the preparation of evidence as the WCO application progresses. A description of water quality and river flows is included for context, in addition to a brief description of threats to freshwater fauna and habitats. For the purposes of the assessment the Ngaruroro catchment has been divided into two main areas; the upper river, which comprises all of the catchment upstream of Whanawhana and the lower river, which is made up of three main reaches of the mainstem and the tributaries that feed into each reach. The lower river reaches are described as: a) the braided reach between Whanawhana and Fernhill, b) the flood control reach between Fernhill and the Chesterhope Bridge and c) the Estuary (downstream of the Chesterhope Bridge). 2. Results A total of 21 species of fish and one crustacean have been identified in the Ngaruroro catchment since the mid 1980’s in the New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database administered by NIWA and in Walls (2005). Of these species eleven are endemic to New Zealand (only breed in New Zealand) and a further nine are native (naturally occur and breed in New Zealand – but may also breed in other countries). Additionally, there are database records for unidentified eel, bully, salmonid and flounder species (Table 1). Three introduced species were found, including the pest species Gambusia affinis. New Zealand’s freshwater fish and invertebrates have been ranked in terms of their conservation threat status (Allibone et al. 2010) using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008). In total nine endemic or native species that occur in the Ngaruroro catchment are classified as ‘declining’ and ‘at risk’, including koura (freshwater crayfish). Many species in the Ngaruroro, such as koaro, bluegill bully and torrentfish have had their conservation threat status increased from ‘not threatened’ to ‘at risk - declining’ to reflect the more serious effort needed to reverse the decline in native freshwater fish to avoid and prevent species extinctions in the future (Allibone et al. 2010). Diadromy (migration between freshwater and marine environments) is a characteristic in a large proportion of New Zealand’s native and endemic freshwater fish species (Table 2). This life characteristic has significant ramifications when considering species needs for migration pathways, in particular water quality, flow and suitable habitat access between upper catchment habitats and the sea. page 1 Assessment of Outstanding Freshwater Fish Values on the Ngaruroro River Table 1. Freshwater fish and invertebrate (crayfish) species found within the Ngaruroro catchment. Endemic species only breed in New Zealand. Native species naturally occur and breed in New Zealand – but may also breed in other countries. Sources: New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database and shaded species identified in Walls (2005). Common name* / alternative Scientific name ENDEMIC SPECIES Black flounder Rhombosolea retiaria Bluegill bully Gobiomorphus hubbsi Common bully Gobiomorphus cotidianus Cran’s bully Gobiomorphus basalis Dwarf galaxias (northern) Galaxias aff. divergens (northern) Giant bully Gobiomorphus gobioides Koura / freshwater crayfish Paranephrops planifrons Longfin eel / tuna Anguilla dieffenbachia Redfin bully Gobiomorphus huttoni Smelt Retropinna retropinna Torrentfish Cheimarrichthys fosteri Unidentified bully Gobiomorphus sp. Unidentified eel Anguilla sp. NATIVE SPECIES Cockabully / estuarine triplefin Grahamina nigripenne Inanga Galaxias maculatus Koaro Galaxias brevipinnis Lamprey / piharau / kanakana Geotria australis Shortfin eel / tuna Anguilla australis Unidentified flounder Rhombosolea sp. Yelloweye mullet Aldrichetta forsteri Grey mullet Mugil cephalus Kahawai Arripis trutta INTRODUCED SPECIES Brown trout Salmo trutta Gambusia / mosquito fish Gambusia affinis Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Unidentified salmonid Salmo sp. / Oncorynchus sp. * Nomenclature: as outlined in McDowall RM 2001. Freshwater Fishes of New Zealand. Reed New Zealand Nature Series. Auckland, New Zealand. Identification of dwarf galaxias (northern) as per Allibone et al. (2010) for threat classification purposes. page 2 Assessment of Outstanding Freshwater Fish Values on the Ngaruroro River Table 2. Conservation threat status, migration and location of fish and koura species recorded in the Ngaruroro River and its tributaries. 1 Common name Conservation status River Migratory Upper reach Braided control Flood reach Estuary ENDEMIC SPECIES Black flounder Not threatened Bluegill bully At risk - declining Common bully Not threatened Cran’s bully Not threatened Dwarf galaxias (Northern) At risk - declining Giant bully Not threatened Koura / freshwater crayfish Gradual decline Longfin eel / tuna At risk - declining Redfin bully At risk - declining Smelt Not threatened Torrentfish At risk - declining Unidentified bully n/a unknown Unidentified eel n/a NATIVE SPECIES Cockabully / estuarine marine triplefin Not threatened Inanga At risk - declining Koaro At risk - declining Lamprey / piharau / At risk - declining kanakana Shortfin eel / tuna Not threatened Unidentified flounder n/a unknown Yelloweye mullet Not threatened marine Grey mullet Not threatened marine Kahawai Not threatened marine INTRODUCED SPECIES Brown trout n/a possibly Gambusia / mosquito fish Pest Rainbow trout n/a possibly Unidentified salmonid n/a possibly 1 As per: (fish) Allibone R, David B, Hitchmough R, Jellyman D, Ling N, Ravenscroft P, Waters J 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish, 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44: 271 287; (koura) Hitchmough R, Bull L, Cromarty P 2007. New Zealand Threat Classification System Lists 2005. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. page 3 Assessment of Outstanding Freshwater Fish Values on the Ngaruroro River 3. Outstanding Freshwater Fauna Values The Ngaruroro catchment comprises habitat types that support a number of freshwater species from source to sea, many of which are reliant on more than one of these habitat types for all or part of their life-cycle. Several species utilise habitats throughout the entire catchment. Nationally, the Ngaruroro River can be considered an ecologically significant habitat due to the rarity of braided rivers in the North Island, and outstanding because of the proportion that this catchment contributes to the total New Zealand braided river habitat. The extensive proportion of the upper catchment within the Conservation Estate also provides outstanding freshwater habitat in a relatively unmodified state, with very high water quality. The iconic longfin eel is found throughout the catchment and has been recorded as common or abundant in the upper catchment and many of the upper river tributaries. Torrentfish are also found throughout the catchment and from the number of records and abundance noted in the Freshwater Fish Database the Ngaruroro can be considered to provide exceptional torrentfish habitat. Further analysis of freshwater fish records for all of New Zealand is required before the Ngaruroro can be defined as ‘nationally outstanding’ torrentfish habitat. Torrentfish are the most flow-demanding of New Zealand’s indigenous fish fauna (Jowett and Richardson 2008) with high optimum flow requirements exceeding those of trout and should be priority consideration for minimum flow and allocation setting in the Ngaruroro. The upper catchment (above Whanawhana) supports three ‘at risk and declining’ native species known to penetrate far inland and often found at higher altitudes (torrentfish, longfin eel and koaro). All are either accomplished swimmers or climbers. Both brown and rainbow trout are found in the upper catchment. The middle and lower reaches of the river (from Whanawhana to the Estuary) support the greatest freshwater fish diversity, as expected for the New Zealand fauna which has many species that migrate to sea to complete their life-cycle. The middle reaches of the river also support significant populations of non-migratory fish, in particular the northern dwarf galaxias (also at risk and declining). Despite the modified nature of the environment, the lower river between the Chesterhope Bridge and the sea (including the Estuary) supports a mixture of marine wanderers and freshwater species. All existing inanga spawning habitat in the tidal reaches should be considered significant due to the impacted nature of the lower river and estuary and the risks of further impact to marginal vegetation which support inanga spawning when tidally inundated. Water quality in the lower river is still very good relative to other large, modified lowland rivers. The assemblage of freshwater fish and invertebrates across the varying habitat types in the catchment is significant in that more than half of the native and endemic species present are classified as
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