Vol. LIV No.- 3 (AUG -SEP 2019)
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EVERYMAN’S SCIENCE Vol. LIV No. 3 (August-September 2019)
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Umakant Behera (Meghalaya) Editor-in-Chief Prof. Prakash Chandra Joshi (Haridwar) Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena Dr. Suresh Makvana (Vallabh Vidyanagar) Area Editors Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Laxmi Saxena Prof. Diwan S. Rawat (Delhi) (Biological Sciences) Prof. R. B. Singh (Delhi) Prof. Pramod Kumar Verma Dr. Asit Kumar Das (Jamnagar) (Earth Sciences) Dr. R. S. Rawal (Almore) Dr. Manoj Kumar Chakrabarti (Medical Sciences including Physiology) Prof. Md. Nurul Hoda (New Delhi) Prof. R.N. Yadava Dr. Srikantaswamy (Mysuru) (Physical Sciences) Prof. S. K. Nimbhorkar (Aurangabad) Dr. R. L. Bharadwaj Dr. Deep N. Srivastava (New Delhi) (Social Sciences) Dr. Sudip K Ghosh (Kharagpur) General Secretary (Membership Affairs) Dr. S. Ramakrishna Dr. Santhosh Chidangil (Manipal) General Secretary (Scientific Activities) Prof. (Mrs.) Y. Vimala (Meerut) Dr. Anoop Kumar Jain Prof. (Mrs.) Seshu Lavania (Lucknow) Editorial Secretary Dr. Amit Krishna De COVER PHOTOGRAPHS Printed and published by Dr. Ashok Kumar General Presidents of ISCA Saxena on behalf of Indian Science Congress 1. Prof. D. N. Rao (2017) Association and printed at East India Photo 2. Dr. Achyuta Samanta (2018) Composing Centre, 69, Sisir Bhaduri Sarani, 3. Dr. M. K. Chakrabarti (2019) Kolkata, 700006 and published at Indian 4. Prof. K. S. Rangappa (2020) Science Congress Association, 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700017, with Dr. Ashok 5. Dr. (Mrs.) V. L. Saxena (2021) Kumar Saxena as Editor.
Annual Subscription : (6 issues) For permission to reprint or reproduce any portion of the journal, please write Institutional r 500/-; Individual r 300/- to the Editor-in-Chief. Price : r 20/- per issue Everyman’s Science Vol. LIV No. 3 August-September 2019
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL :
GUT MICROBIOTA AND OBESITY M. K. Chakrabarti 147-148
ARTICLES :
THE ABUSE OF ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS’ IN ATHLETES : POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS Chaitra R. Sharma and Laxmi S. Inamdar 149-154
ADDITIVES : A BOON TO NEW AGE INDUSTRY Mahima Srivastava 155-159
MULTI-PHYSICS BASED MODELING AND SIMULATION OF AN AIRCRAFT BRAKE SYSTEM Krishna Lok S. 160-165
PLANT ROOT SYSTEM STUDY—AN OVERVIEW Govindasamy Prabhu, Sonu Kumar Mahawer, Manoj Chaudhary, R. Srinivasan and Mahendra Prasad 166-170
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE : A NEURODEGENERATIVE MENACE OF ELDERLY Anindita Joardar 171-173
THREE-DIMENSIONAL BIOPRINTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS Pravesh Kumar, K.S. Wisdom and Sneha Surendran 174-179
FOOD PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY G. Rajesh, S. Balasubramanian, N. Manimehalai and T. Anand 180-186
EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND BRAIN DISORDER Shubha Srivastava 187-191
KNOW THY INTITUTIONS 192-195
CONFERENCES/MEETINGS/SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS 196-198
S & T AROSS THE WORLD 199-204 146 Everyman’s Science Vol. LIV No. 3 August-September 2019
EDITORIAL
GUT MICROBIOTA AND OBESITY
Obesity has become a great health problem found in sour milk. Since then, research has nowadays. A large number of people have been continued to support his findings along with suffering from obesity. Sedentary life style and suggesting more benefits of gut microbes. increased food consumption are the two main causes During the pregnancy, infant’s intestinal tract is of this obesity epidemic. It has been shown by a free of microbes until exposed to maternal microbes group of scientists that the most frequent cause during normal birth. Cessarian section babies differs which leads to the obesity development is dysbalance in the composition of gut microbiota with the normally between energy intake and energy expenditure. born babies. Feeding also represents another source Studies reported that there is a relation between of microorganism where breast fed babies have obesity and gut microbiome. Gut microbes can effect different gut microbiota composition in comparison food intake and appetite, body weight composition to that of formula fed babies. and metabolic function through gastrointestinal Composition of gut microbiota is constantly pathways and modulation of the gut bacterial changing, affecting the health of the host by diet, community. disease state, medications, host genetics etc. A number of studies have shown connection between It is known that trillions of bacteria inhabits the diet and microbiota indicating how the composition gut. The number is more than total cells in the of different diets directly affect gut microbiota. Gut human body. Four hundred to five hundred species bacteria are beneficial to us and plays important is present in any one person. Of these 80 to 90 physiological role in the vital processes such as percent is nonculturable. Advanced molecular digestion, vitamin synthesis, metabolism etc. It is biology technique such as next generation well established that gut microbiota can increase sequencing has contributed significantly in our energy production from diet, contribute to low grade understanding of gut microbiota. The importance of inflammation and regulate fatty acid composition. th gut microbes was realised in the early 20 century, These processes are proposed as a link between when Elic Metchnikoff in 1907 had observed that gut microbiota and obesity. However, the exact rural dwellers in Bulgaria lived to very old ages mechanism of linking between gut microbes and despite extreme poverty and harsh climate. He obesity is not well understood yet. For the last decade theorised that health of this population could be several studies suggested a relation between gut enhanced and senility delayed by manipulating the microbiota and obesity. Studies have shown that intestinal microbiome with host friendly bacteria obese mice as well as humans had different gut
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composition compared to lean. Gut microbiota has been shown to be activated by acetate and contributes to energy metabolism through the propionate followed by butyrate. Mice lacking this production of short chain fatty acids by colonic receptor were obese while its over expression in fementation of dietary fibre, protein and peptides. adipose tissue exhibited leanness under normal Most abundant short chain fatty acids are acetate, conditions. propionate and butyrate which are having beneficial Although a large number of studies have been effects on body weight. made in relating gut microbiota and obesity, the exact A study has shown that butyrate and propionate mechanism of effect of gut microbiota in obesity is are protective against diet induced obesity. In not clearly established. Extensive research is required contrast, it has been noted that in genetically obese for better understanding of gut microbiota to prove mice and obese human subjects fecal short chain the beneficial effect of these in the treatment of fatty acid level increased due to decrease in colonic different metabolic disorders including obesity. absorption with obesity. Free fatty acid receptor 2 Dr. M. K. Chakrabarti is one of the short chain fatty acid receptors that Kolkata
Science is Organised Knowledge— Herbert Spencer
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THE ABUSE OF ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS’ IN ATHLETES : POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS
Chaitra R. Sharma and Laxmi S. Inamdar*
Anabolic- androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. They have potent anabolic effects in boosting musculoskeletal system, increasing a lean body mass, vigor and sustain male libido. Recent clinical studies have discovered novel therapeutic uses for physiological doses of AAS. However, chronic administration of AAS is often associated with various adverse effects that are generally dose related. The focus of this review is to provide brief introduction to AAS, prevalence of its use, beneficial and/or side effects associated with doping.
INTRODUCTION
What are anabolic-androgenic steroids? anabolic activity of testosterone and its derivatives “Anabolic steroids” is the familiar name for is primarily manifested in its myotrophic action, synthetic variants of the male sex hormone which results in greater muscle mass and strength. testosterone. The proper term for these compounds This, in conjunction with the stimulatory effects of is Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)-“anabolic” androgens on the brain, which frequently results in referring to muscle-building and “androgenic” refers a feeling of euphoria and increased aggressiveness, to increased male sexual characteristics. has led to the widespread use of AAS by athletes at all levels, as well as by “recreational” drug users. The use of testosterone and related steroids is a The AAS was first documented in a major sporting widespread phenomenon among top athletes, amateurs, teanagers and a large part of the population event during the world weight lifting Championship 3 who simply desire to improve their physique. The in Vienna in 1954 . popularity of testosterone and related steroids among It was reported that in US 1-2% of adolescent drug users is due to the powerful effects of these girls and 4-6% of adolescent boys have used AAS substances on muscle mass and vitality1. at least once. AAS have recently been placed on the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) list of Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are controlled substances, because of the adverse synthesized from the male sex hormone testosterone effects seen in athletes taking accelerated dosages and are being used since 1950s in an attempt to maximize the anabolic effects of testosterone2. The in attempts to enhance performance. Reported deleterious effects on abusers include Molecular Endocrinology, Reproduction and Development hepatocarcinoma, coronary heart diseases, altered Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580 003, E-mail: [email protected] cholesterol and liver enzyme profile, balding,
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psychological changes, reproductive and it highly intolerable to degradation by the liver thus neuroendocrine disturbances4. The World Anti- increasing its half life. The mode of administration Doping Agency (WADA) listed prohibited of the 17 is usually through injection while 17 is substances in which AAS is further divided into administered orally. exogenous, those not found naturally in the body MECHANISM OF ACTION OF AAS: and endogenous, those naturally found within the Testosterone is a C steroid hormone that exists body. Examples of prohibited substances that fall 19 within each of these categories are shown below both free (unbound) and bound to plasma proteins. in Table 1. Although approximately 38% of testosterone is bound to the protein albumin, the major binding Anabolic steroid type Examples protein is sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), Exogenous Stanozolol which binds 60% of testosterone. The remaining (<“2%) testosterone is unbound within the plasma. Nandrolone According to the free hormone hypothesis, it is the Oxandrolone unbound testosterone that elicits the physiological Trenbolone response by binding to the androgen receptor where Metandienone (Dianabol) it is converted by 5-reductase to the more active Methyltestosterone dehydrotestosterone. The mechanism of action of Gestrinone all AAS is similar to all other steroid hormones in that it binds to an intracellular protein, known as an Danazol androgen receptor (AR), in target tissues to form Endogenous Testosterone an AR complex in the cell nucleus6. The AR is a Androstenediol type of nuclear receptor. The receptor binds to ligand Androstenedione with high affinity and with a degree of specificity. Dehydroepiandrosterone Activation of receptor into DNA-binding form Dehydrotestosterone (transcription factor) results, following binding with the steroid hormone. Specifically, they bind to Table1 : Examples of the Prohibited AAS by hormone response elements (HRE). Direct contact WADA-2017. of the nuclear receptors with transcription factors, STRUCTURES OF ANABOLIC- or indirectly by coactivators, facilitate transcription ANDROGENIC STEROIDS (AAS) and translation resulting in protein synthesis in the AAS can be divided into two main groups: those skeletal muscle as the structure of androgen with alkylation of the 17 position with the ethyl or receptors appears to be identical in muscle. This methyl group or those with esterification of the 17- leads to enhanced muscle mass. hydroxyl group5. Such modifications enable these Ergogenic effects (anabolic efficacy): substances to have a prolonged physiological effect Anabolism is defined as any state in which nitrogen for up to several months. The 17 groups are highly is differentially retained in lean body mass through soluble with a slower rate of absorption in the blood the stimulation of protein synthesis and/or a reduction circulation. The structure of the 17 group makes in protein breakdown. There is a growing body of
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Fig. 1. Ergogenic effects of AAS. evidence that AASs have positive anabolic actions THERAPEUTIC USES OF AAS on the musculoskeletal system, influencing lean body A number of clinical studies using a variety of mass, muscle size, strength, protein metabolism, bone experimental designs have shown that the potent metabolism, and collagen synthesis. Athletes often anabolic effects of AAS have positive benefits to experience a state of euphoria, increased aggressive various patient populations at optimum physiologic behavior and diminished fatigue during steroid use. doses or as per the doctor’s prescription. AASs have also been shown to improve exercise Physiological replacement doses of testosterone have tolerance and the adaptability of muscle to overload been used therapeutically to: by protecting against muscle fibre damage and restore hormone levels in hypogonadal men, increasing the rate of protein synthesis during • thereby increasing fat-free mass, muscle size recovery. In soft connective tissues, AASs enhance and strength, and bone density. collagen synthesis in a dose dependent manner. In bone, testosterone supplementation increases bone • improve mood and alleviate depression. mineral density via a direct suppressive effect on • increase body weight, muscle mass, and osteoclasts. The ergogenic effects of AAS are strength in eugonadal patients with secondary illustrated in Fig. 1. wasting syndromes, such as infection with
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HIV, when maintaining lean body mass may Bone and connective tissue: Anabolic steroids be beneficial for long-term survival and have been suggested to increase the risk of tendon • augment muscle mass in older men and tears in athletes. Studies in mice have suggested prevent age-related sarcopenia that that anabolic steroids may lead to degeneration of contributes to frailty and falls7. collagen (proportional to duration of steroid administration) and potentially lead to a decrease in ATHLETIC USES OF AAS tensile strength. Mechanical failure has been It is an unfortunate fact that most athletes use suggested as a mechanism in anabolic steroid-using more than one steroid at one single time. This state athletes. Skeletal muscle adaptations (i.e., is often referred to as “stacking”. The stack or hypertrophy and strength increases) take place rather array of drugs often includes at least one oral and rapidly in comparison to connective tissue. Therefore, one injectable agent. The drugs may be taken at tendon injuries in athletes are thought to occur from low doses initially, increased gradually, and then a rapid increase in training intensity and volume tapered. where connective tissue fails to withstand the SECONDARY ADVERSE EFFECTS: A overload. CONSTANT THREAT Dermatologic: Dermatologic changes such as acne, striae, alopecia, and hirsutism are induced by Historically, the side effects of AAS use have the action of dihydrotestosterone on androgen been overstated. Serious health problems are rare, receptors in skin and sebaceous glands. High doses and the more common adverse effects are benign of AAS cause acne by increasing skin surface lipids and reversible. and the cutaneous population of propionibacteria The potential adverse effects of AAS can be acnes. Cutaneous striae are the result of rapid gains divided into several categories, including in body mass, in which the skin is unable to cardiovascular, hepatic, behavioral, dermatologic, accommodate the rate of stretch, and a secondary endocrine and reproductive related effects which effect that AAS may have on collagen reducing are depicted in Fig.2. skin elasticity. Cardiovasular: Several AAS-induced adverse Psychological and behavioral: An issue that cardiovascular effects have been reported, including is often raised with anabolic steroid use is the Myocardial infarction, hypertension, left ventricular psychological and behavioral effects. Increases in hypertrophy (LVH), impaired diastolic filling, aggressiveness, arousal and irritability have been arrhythmia, erythrocytosis, altered lipoprotein profile, associated with anabolic steroid use. This has and thrombosis. potentially beneficial and harmful implications. Hepatic: AAS can induce elevations in liver Anabolic steroids are associated with mood swings, enzymes (alanine- and aspartate-aminotransferases), elevations in arousal and increases in psychotic but this effect is typically seen with orally administered episodes. Studies have shown that nearly 60% of 17-alkylated AAS that exhibit high first-pass effects anabolic steroid users experience increases in in the liver. An elevated risk for liver tumors, damage, irritability and aggressiveness. hepatocellular adenomas and pliosis hepatitis are Central Nervous System: AAS causes often associated with anabolic steroid use or abuse. increased libido in men and women, which may be
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difficult to control, other symptoms comprise of [17-hydroxyl-17-methyl-androsteno (3,2-c) hypomania, destructive impulses, self destructive pyrazole)] accelerates granulopoiesis and stimulates impulses. Long term steroid use can affect some of immune response (at physiologic level only), though the brain pathways including dopamine, serotonin it alters lipoprotein profile in mice9. and opioid systems. Withdrawal symptoms can Reproductive: In male individuals, reduced 8 include severe depression . gonadotropin secretion results in decreased Immunological: Supraphysiological doses of testosterone levels, which inturn leading to AAS- AAS with an intact steroid nucleus are induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism manifested immunosuppressive, that is they reduce immune cell with testicular atrophy, oligospermia, azoospermia number and function. While those with alterations and other sperm abnormalities. Some male AAS to the steroid nucleus are immunostimulatory as they abusers experience a lack of libido, erectile induce the proliferation of T cells and other immune dysfunction, or even gynecomastia. Effects on the cells. A study from our laboratory reported that one prostate gland include hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and of the 17-alkylated AASs compounds stanozolol possibly cancer. In female individuals, the changes
Neurologic Psychological • Neuropathy • Mania • Pseudomotor cerebri • Depression • Aggressionand Cardiovascular Mood swings • Lipid profile changes • Elevated blood pressure immunologic • increased myocardial • Immunosupression infarction • Lymphocytopenia • Decreased CD3 and Dermatological CD4 level • Acne • Male pattern baldness Hepatic • Increased risk of Urinogenital liver tumors and liver Males: damage • Reduced sperm counts • Decreased testicular size Females: • Menstrual irregularities Musculoskeletal • Cliteromegaly • Premature epiphyseal • Masculinization plate closure Males and females: • Increased risk of tendon tears • Gynecomastia Endocrine • Libido changes • Intramuscular abscess • Gynecomastia • osteoporosis • Decreased sperm count Developmental • Testicular atrophy • Growth • Impotence and transient retardation infertility Fig. 2. The adverse effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid administration.
153 Everyman’s Science Vol. LIV No. 3 August-September 2019 most often attributed to AAS abuse are menstrual REFERENCES irregularities (delayed menarche, oligomenorrhea, 1. F. Kadi, Brit J Pharmacol.,154, 522-528, 2008. secondary amenorrhea), dysmenorrhea, anovulation, 2. J. R. Hoffman and N. A. Ratamess, J Sports clitoral hypertrophy, libido changes, and uterine atrophy, with many of them being permanent10. science and Med.,5, 182-193, 2006. CONCLUSION 3. A. J. George, Andrologie, 13, 354-366. The desire to succeed in athletic competition 4. C. D. Kochakian, Anabolic-androgenic steroids, can be powerful force, driving athletes to abuse 1976, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New AAS in supratherapeutic doses. Further, the use of York. AAS is becoming increasingly popular among the 5. A. Hameed, T. Brothwood and P. Bouloux. adolescents and athletes, yet the actual influence of Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 4, 1213-1219, 2003. these compounds on many physiological response, 6. R. Horton, Clin. Dermatol, 6, 46-51, 1988. endocrine, neuro-endocrine and immune aspects, etc. is yet to be established clearly. Because of the 7. N. A. Evans, Americann J. Sports Med., 32, widespread use of large doses of AAS, the adverse 534-542, 2004. effects are of serious concern. AAS users should 8. A. T. Kicman, British J. Pharmacol., 154, be aware that many of the adverse effects of AAS 502-521. might be present without obvious warning signs. In 9. L. S. Inamdar and Y. Jayamma, J. Steroid order to maintain credibility with the athlete, it is important to provide accurate information to the Biochem. Mol. Biol.,129, 172-178, 2012. athletes and adolescents in regards to these 10. M. A. Christou, P. A. Christou, G. Markozannes, performance enhancing drugs, and provide education A. Tsatsoulis, G. Mastorakos and S. Tigas. about alternative means and potential risks. Sports Med., 2017.
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ADDITIVES : A BOON TO NEW AGE INDUSTRY
Mahima Srivastava
Additives are compounds added to enable desired balance of properties to be achieved for any particular application. The use of such ingredients, commonly stated as additives, has played an essential role in the commercial development of base materials. They are used for a variety of purposes: to improve processing, modify performance or appearance, prevent or retard aging and to reduce cost. This article covers and discusses the most active heterocycles that have shown considerable actions such as stabilizers, preservatives, surfactants, retardants, curatives, accelerators, etc.
INTRODUCTION
The broadest practical definition of an additive themselves or due to the presence of impurities is any substance that becomes part of a product such as traces of transition metal ions and various either directly or indirectly during some phase of chromophores. Most polymers absorb radiation down processing, storage or packaging. Direct additives, to wavelengths of 290nm1. Oxygen attack begins which are discussed in this publication, are those at weak spots of polymer molecule and proceeds that have intentionally been included for a functional by ionic and/or free radical mechanism. Carbonyl purpose by the processor, whereas indirect additives groups adjacent to an unsaturated bond are are those migrating into products in very small susceptible to photo-degradation after rearrangement quantities as a result of growing, processing or of the , - to , - unsaturated group. packaging. Their quantities are small, yet their impact The degradation of polymers may be inhibited is great. Without additives, we would be by the addition of antioxidants. The ratio of these unfortunately lacking in the abundant and varied chemicals to polymers is small, their effect is products that we enjoy today. decisive for the endurance and life of polymers. 1. POLYMER STABILIZERS Two mechanisms are considered to be important : Polymers are susceptible to degradation by the chain transfer involving mainly peroxy radicals [for action of heat and light, especially in the presence example phenols and amines] and peroxide of oxygen which is due to the structures of polymers decomposition [for example phosphite ester]. The amine antioxidants used in rubber industryare 6- Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, DBS (PG) College, Dehradun. Email : [email protected] dodecyl-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline and
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polymeric 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline. disrupt the semi – permeable membrane of the Peroxide decomposers are of two types : sulphur microorganism4. containing and phosphite esters2. 3. VULCANIZING AIDS 2. INDUSTRIAL ADDITIVES Vulcanization refers to the process crosslinking Nearly all materials under appropriate conditions to reduce plasticity thereby increasing strength and are subjected to deterioration brought about by micro- hardness. Heterocyclic compounds play an organisms and to curb their activity, preservatives important role in this area of technology. (more appropriately referred as BIOCIDES) have Dithioamines5 are efficient vulcanizing systems become an important industrial additive. Preservation producing high proportions of crosslinks. Most has now become a wide term and is applicable to commercially useful compounds in this category are edible as well non edible items. A sucessful industrial 4,4-dithiomorpholine and 4-morpholinyl-2- biocide should have a broad spectrum of activity, benzothiazoledisulfide must be stable enough to withstand typical Accelerators are yet another organic compounds processing conditions, compatible with other which increase the rate of vulcanization. Nitrogen ingredients and finally efficacy should be such that compounds6 are very effective in catalyzing desired level of action is achieved at economical reactions leading to production of activated sulfur. concentration. For example, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and The sulphur – nitrogen compounds are the dibenzothiazolyl disulfide. largest class of heterocyclic biocides for example, thiadiazine, isothiazoline and benzimidazole3.These 4. CURING AGENTS compounds are widely used as preservatives for This section deals with additives used to initiate latex paints, pigment slurries and as paper mill and accelerate reactions of epoxides. Epoxy slimicide. 2-mercaptobenzo thiazole exhibits resins have varied industrial uses. A number of effective fungicidal properties. Quaternary imidazole derivatives have been suggested as ammonium compounds donot penetrate the cell but curatives for epoxy resins. These compounds
COMPOUND APPLICATION 3,5 – dimethyl tetrahydro – 1,3,5 – thiadiazine-2-thione Preservative for adhesives, emulsions. 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one Preservative for cosmetics, personal care products. Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine Preservative for soluble cutting fluids. N-(Trichloromethylthio)phthalimide Fungicide for plastic, paints, resins. 10, 10’-oxybisphenoxarsine Preservative for vinyl plastics. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-(methyl-sulfonyl)pyridine Preservative for latex paints.
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provide long shelf lives at room temperature and foaming agents. Cationic surfactants are mainly used cure at moderately elevated temperatures and are as softners while amphoteric surfactants are less also less toxic. widely used.Cetyl pyridinium halides are used as Both nitrogen atoms of imidazole are involved in germicides and sanitizing agents and morpholinium the cure7 : the first step being reaction of the compounds find application in hair conditioning secondary atom with epoxy group and the second formulations. step the initiation of a catalytic polymerization by Inhibitors are also surface modifiers. A metal the tertiary nitrogen atom. More shelf life can be surface can be regarded as a composite of localized achieved by blocking the nitrogen atoms with various electrodes connected through the bulk of the metal. displaceable groups. The resin viscosity drops initially In the presence of an electrolyte, for example upon the application of heat, passes through a region surface moisture, these local-action cells are of maximum flow and begins to increase as the responsible for the chemical conversion of the chemical reactions increase the average length and metal to corrosion products.Organic corrosion the degree of cross-linking between the constituent inhibitors reduce or prevent these reactions; they oligomer. This process continues until a continuous are absorbed onto the metal surface and act by 3-dimensional network of oligomer chains is created forming a barrier to oxygen and moisture, by – this stage is termed gelatin. In terms of complexing with metal ions or by removing processability of the resin this marks an important corrodants from the surface. A number of nitrogen- watershed: before gelation the system is relatively and sulfur- containing heterocyclic compounds are mobile, after it the mobility is very limited, the micro- effective corrosion inhibitors ,the imidazolines, structure of the resin and the composite material is benzotriazoles, quinaldic acid and 8- fixed and severe diffusion limitations to further cure hydroxyquinoline being important types. are created. Thus in order to achieve vitrification in Oils, greases and waxes are used for the the resin, it is usually necessary to increase the temporary inhibition of corrosion.They act as a process temperature after gelation. Cure monitoring barrier, preventing the condensation of water on methods give a significant insight to the chemical the metal surface.Inhibitors such as piperidine8 and process and define process actions towards morpholine are incorporated to give added achieving specific quality indices of the cured resin systems. protection. 5. SURFACE MODIFIERS 6. MISCELLANEOUS ADDITIVES Surfactants are widely used industrially and Some additional uses are summarized in this perform a variety of functions. As processing aids section. they help to disperse fillers and other ingredients [a] BLOWING AGENTS : and to form and stabilize emulsions. Anionic and The term blowing agent refers to those non-anionic surfactants find many applications as substances which act as the source of gas in the wetting, spreading, emulsifying, dispersing and production of foamed materials.It is a chemical
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substance that is widely used in generating the gas Benzoates and sorbates are anti-fungals used in to expand rubber, plastics and ceramics to create jams, salads, cheese and pickles. Anti-oxidants that foam. In other words, it is called “baking powder” slow or stop the breakdown of fats and oils in food for rubber, plastics and ceramics.Compounds used that happens in the presence of oxygen (Oxidation) as organic Chemical Blowing Agents are stable at leading to rancidity. Examples of anti-oxidants ambient temperatures,but decompose at elevated include BHT, BHA, TBHQ, and propyl gallate. Anti- temperatures to yield a large volume of gas, usually enzymatic preservatives that block the enzymatic nitrogen. In general, the decomposition temperature processes such as ripening occurring in foodstuffs should match the processing temperature of the even after harvest. E.g. Erythorbic acid and citric polymer to be foamed.Tetrazole decomposes to give acid stop the action of enzyme phenolase that leads inert products which make it suitable for use with to a brown color on the exposed surface of cut high temperature polymers. fruits or potato. The decomposition temperature becomes high Oxidation of the lipid structure in foods when only blowing agent is used, and it may not containing oils and fats produces carbonyl compounds whch are responsible for the flavour satisfy the foam molding condition. In that case, the and odour associated with rancidity; the use of a chemical added to adjust the decomposition suitable antioxidant can delay this process. Several temperature of blowing agent is called blowing agent heterocyclic compounds are among the antioxidants activator. suitable for use in food; ascorbic acid and certain [b] FOOD PRESERVATIVES : of its derivatives and erythorbic acid. The quinoline The function of food preservative and derivative is mainly used as an antioxidant in animal 9 antioxidants is to enhance the keeping ability, or feed, but it can also be used to preserve the colour stability of food products.Benzoic acid and its of paprika, chilli powder and ground chilli. derivatives are among the most widely used [c] FLAME RETARDANTS : antimicrobial agents; these, together with the Flame retardants are compounds added to propionates, sulfur dioxide, nitrates, nitrites and sorbic manufactured materials, such as plastics and textiles, acid, account for the bulk of food preservatives. A and surface finishes and coatings that inhibit, number of those compounds find use, however, in suppress, or delay the production of flames to prevent various miscellaneous applications, including 3- the spread of fire. They may be mixed with the acetyl-6-methyl-3H-pyran-2,4-dione as a mould and base material (additive flame retardants) or rope inhibitors in baked goods and chemically bonded to it (reactive flame retardants. hexamethylenetetramine as a preservative in some Mineral flame retardants are typically additive while fish product. organohalogen and organophosphorus compounds Antimicrobials that destroy or delay the growth can be either reactive or additive.Most organic flame of bacteria, yeast and molds. E.g. nitrites and nitrates retardants contain at least one of the following prevent botulism in meat products. Sulfur dioxide elements : phosphorus, nitrogen, bromine10 or prevents further degradation in fruits, wine and beer. chlorine.
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REFERENCES 6. Sentaro Okamoto , Masayuki Iwakubo, 1. B. Ranby and J. F. Rabek; “Photodegradation, Katsushige Kobayashi, and Fumie Sato, J. Am. Photo oxidation and Photostabilization of Chem. Soc., 119 (30), pp 6984–6990, 1997. Polymers”, Wiley, New York, 1975. 7. A. Farkas and P. F. Strohm; J. Appld. Polym. 2. D. G. Pobedimskii, N. A. Mukmeneva and P. Sci., 12, 159, 1968. A. Kirpichnikov; Applied Science, vol. 2, p. 8. K.F. Khaled, K. Babi´-Samard•ija, and N. 125, 1980. Hackerman, J. Appld. Electrochem., 34, 697- 3. Technical Bulletin No. SP – 120, ‘Troysan 142’, 704, 2004. 1995, Troy Chemical Corp., Newark, NJ, * USA. 9. FereidoonShahidi andYing Zhong, “Novel 4. Matthew B. Harney , Ramesh R. Pant , Preston antioxidants in food quality preservation and A. Fulmer and James H. Wynne; ACS Appl. health promotion” Vol 112(9), 2010. Mater. Interfaces, 1 (1), pp 39-41, 2009. 10. Cathrine Thomsen, Elsa Lundanes , and Georg 5. M. C. Throdahl and D. J. Beaver ; Rubber Becher, Environ.Sci.Technol., 36 (7), 1414– Chem. Technol., 18, 110, 1945. 1418, 2002.
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MULTI-PHYSICS BASED MODELING AND SIMULATION OF AN AIRCRAFT BRAKE SYSTEM
Krishna Lok S.
There are various types of Brake systems, in this manuscript, the focus is on the disc brake with a hydraulically actuated brake system. Modeling and simulation of a disc brake system for a typical tricycle aircraft are being presented. The various input parameters that are essential for simulation, presented in a tabular form and discussed its significance. The emerging field of multi-physics based modeling and simulation explained with a model figure and with a plot, indicating the disc brake system performance.
1. INTRODUCTION
The emerging field of multi-physics based termed as Multi-physics simulation. The modeling modeling and simulation of an aircraft brake system and simulation are carried out in Advanced Modeling involves various domain viz, Mechanical, Thermal, Environment and Simulation (AMESim3) Software, Hydraulic, etc. In around 1870s and 1880s, the safety similar other commercial software’s include brakes development took place. There are mainly Simulink4 along with Simscape, COMSOL three variants of brakes viz., Rim brakes, Disc Multiphysics® 5 formerly FEMLAB, Dymola, etc. Brakes, and Drum brakes1. This manuscript, discuss A brake system that inhibits motion using the friction the modeling and simulation of a Disc brake system between two surfaces pressed together to convert for an aircraft vehicle. The brake system is an the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat. important system from the point of view of the In the case of regenerative braking converts much safety of an aircraft. From the simulation compute of the energy to electrical energy, which is stored the performance of the brake system being used for later use. The brake is being used for slowing and modeled. The goal of any modeling and or stopping a moving vehicle or to prevent its motion, simulation system development is to increase but may also take other forms such as the spoilers reliability, reduce the performance time, improve and a back parachute deployed into the air as in performance (efficiency), and ensure stability2. The case of an aircraft. In this manuscript, a single modeling and simulation of various domain like brake system with the friction alone being presented Mechanical, Electrical, Thermal, and Hydraulic it is for an aircraft. The kinetic energy increases quadratically with Structural Integrity Division, CSIR-National Aerospace 2 Laboratories, Bengaluru, India. Email: [email protected] velocity (K = mv /2), an aircraft moving with at 30
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Fig. 1 Multi-physics based model of an Aircraft Brake System m/s has 100 times as much energy as one of the 2.1 Brake On/Off Valve same mass moving at 3 m/s, and consequently, the The hydraulic brake on/ off valve or the control theoretical braking distance. In practice, fast aircraft valve, actuated from the pedal, by mechanical force. usually, have significant drag, and energy lost to air The force exerted by the pedal, make the valve on drag rises quickly with the speed. (1) and off (0) state. The brake valve has a pressure 2. VARIOUS MAIN COMPONENTS OF source at 200 atmospheric bar and a tank for the A BRAKING SYSTEM hydraulic at the atmospheric 1 bar. Hydraulic fluid MIL-PRF-5606J is superseding MIL-H-5606H6, This section is the main section of this being used for modelling and simulation. manuscript, as this describes the various sub- components that make various systems as in a case 2.2 Hydraulic Actuator here is a brake system (Fig. 1). These sub- The hydraulic actuators, modeled as single instead components are used to make any system based on of eight separated pistons. The modeling of the single the requirement using the procedure of drag and drop piston is sufficient here as the modeling being done approach. More accurate and powerful sub- for the no-fault/ no damage (healthy) system. If component so will be the simulation results. In other there is any damage it becomes mandatory to model words, higher the fidelity higher will be the response and simulate these eight-piston separately. The piston (output). Thus this section forms the vital section diameter is 113 mm as indicated in Table 1. The for future development work. brake plate gap is modeled using mass- spring-
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damper (MSD) with a gap, as this model is very converted into heat, by which vehicle is to stop famous in vibration problem. Here novelty is the after a certain distance. The heat generated by the gap with MSD. wheel is of the order of around 800°C7. 2.3 Frictional Surfaces Table 1 shows the most critical parameters; these The eight frictional surfaces, modeled with a are essential in understanding the behaviour of a single stator and rotor combination. The gain is given brake system. By varying these parameters compute a value of eight as there are eight of them. Again the brake system performance. To model big or here the modeling for the no damage or any fault small damage/ fault these parameter values defined model behaviour computation, thus it is a to the same extent of fault/ damage. A large number representation of a healthy model. of models and simulation results are the vital output 2.4 Aircraft Mass from the modeling and simulation activity. Complete Aircraft whole mass is given in this Figure 2 shows the plot of aircraft coming to mass sub-component in figure 1 and the total mass rest from the moving velocities of 40, 70, 100, and indicated in Table 1. Here only the mass suffices 130 m/s to 0 m/s in a time interval of 8.5, 14.5, the need as modeling and simulation, done for the 20.5, and 26.5 seconds. From the figure 2, observed brake system alone. The brake system is on the that for a velocity variation of 30 m/s an interval of Main Landing Gears (MLG) of an Aircraft with a 6 seconds time maintained in all the four-speed tri-cyclic arrangement. There are two MLGs in an intervals. This type of quantification is an advantage aircraft, the model represents only a single MLG. of modeling and simulation. Thus the force component requires multiplication Figure 2 depicts that the speed remains constant by a factor two (2). or horizontal line until one applies the brake, once The parameters indicated in table 1 play a vital brake applied it gradually decreases linearly until it role in simulation as-well-as in the actual system. comes to rest (0 speed). Some literature2 does show As these parameters decide the system a non-linear decrease of velocity it clearly indicates performance. If these parameters values are absurd that brake is not applied uniformly or some problem the output results will also be absurd. Here the in the brake system. simulation results follow the standard slogan of ‘Garbage in garbage out’. 3. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT 2.5 Thermal Mass REQUIRED Basic elements of the disc brakes are made of The theoretical braking distance is calculated 8 cast-iron disc, which rotates with the wheel, friction from the kinematic equation for a vehicle as 2 2 material (brake pads) and a calliper fixed to the s = (V – U )/(2amax). Where V is final velocity, steering knuckle. When the brakes being applied, and U is the initial velocity. Here amax = mg hydraulically actuated piston move the friction pad = –9.81 m/s2 is the maximum possible deceleration into the contact piston with the rotating disc. Due assuming that the tire being operated at its to friction between surfaces of the pad and the peak friction coefficient (m = 1). Stopping distance disc, the kinetic energy of the rotating wheel gets £ 0.01v+0.0067v2 and a MFDD (Mean Fully
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Table 1 : Critical Parameters and their values for a Brake System S. Description Value N. 1. Pressure of the Tank (Atmosphere) 1 BarA 2. Temperature of the Tank 200 C 3. Pressure at Source Port 100 BarA 4. Valve Natural Frequency 100 Hz 5. Valve damping ratio 1 6. Characteristic Volume Flow Rate 1 L/min 7. Corresponding Pressure Drop 10 Bar 8. Equivalent C/S Area 10 mm2 9. Orifice Coefficient 0.7 10. Critical Flow Number 1000 11. Piston Diameter 113 mm 12. Thermal Dead Volume 100 cm3 13. Brake Mass 0.08 kg 14. Coefficient of Viscous Friction 10 N/(m/s) 15. Spring Rate 100 N/m 16. Spring Force 50 N 17. Elastic Gap or Clearance 1 mm 18. Elastic Contact Stiffness 1e+09 N/m 19. Contact Damping 1e+04 N/(m/s) 20. Static Friction Coefficient 0.55 21. Dynamic Friction Coefficient 0.5 22. Stribeck Constant 0.1 rev/min 23. Stick Displacement Threshold 1 degree 24. Equivalent Viscous Friction 9549.3 Nm/(rad/sec) 25. Aircraft Velocity 70 m/s 26. Aircraft Mass 20000 Kg 27. Coulomb Friction Force 100 N 28. Stiction Force 100 N 29. Inclination 0 degree
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140
Speed 40 m/s Speed 70 m/s 20 Speed 100 m/s Speed 130 m/s
100
80
60 Speed (m/s)
40
20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (second)
Fig. 2. Plot of different speeds and its stopping time
2 Developed Deceleration) of amax ³ 5.76 m/s 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS condition required for optimum performance. The manuscript presents the modeling and Earlier the author and others have extensively simulation of an aircraft brake system using multi- worked on the landing gear system like multi-physics physics environment. From the modeling and simulation, quantified the distance travel after based simulation of an oleo-pneumatic shock braking. Arrived at the maximum temperature absorber9. Combining the Finite Element Analysis attained at the brake pads. Computed the brake (FEA) with multi-physics based simulation termed system performance. These are possible by varying as co-simulation. For different load cases, identified the parameters, these various combinations are the hot-spots for locating the strain gages. This is possible only in simulation, in an experiment both possible ideally by modeling and simulating the stress time and cost are high. In the case of co-simulation results10. of FEA with multi-physics based simulation results
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render in identifying hot spots specifically in a large 4. https://in.mathworks.com/products/ structure like landing gear. As the structure is large simulink.html (Accessed on 30 April and sensors are small, lend accurate location is a 2019). boon from the simulation analysis. 5. www.comsol.co.in (Accessed on 30 April An important aspect of the safety of a system 2019). is paramount in any system development, as in the 6. MIL-PRF-5606H, Performance Specification, case of a brake system. The goal of system safety Hydraulic Fluid, Petroleum Base; Aircraft, is to find risk in the system and cut out that risk to Missile, and Ordnance., 07 June 2002 an acceptable level using the simulation process. It http://everyspec.com/ (accessed on 23 April is important to keep in mind the many caveats 2019). involved in ensuring system run and continue to run as expected. 7. Aleksander Yevtushenko, Michal Kuciej, Olena Future work lies in the novel sub-component Yevtushenko, Arch Appl Mech, 81: 715–726, development as described in various components of DOI 10.1007/s00419-010-0445-4, 2011. a brake system, next to the introduction section. 8. Srikanth Sivaramakrishnan, Yaswanth REFERENCES Siramdasu, and Saied Taheri, Journal of Dynamic Systems. Measurement, and 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake (Accessed Control, 137, 071013-1-7, DOI: 10.1115/ on 15 April 2019). 1.4029721, 2015. 2. Xiaohang Hi, Shaojie Zhang, and Xiaodong Xu, ‘Civil Aircraft Landing Gear Brake System 9. Krishna Lok S., Khazi M. M. Siddiqui, Development and Evaluation Using Model International Journal of Prognostics and Based System Engineering’, Proceedings of Health Management, 8(2) 025, 8, Nov. 2017, the 36th Chinese Control Conference, pp 10192- ISSN 2153-2648, 2017. 10197, Dalian, China, July 26-28, 2017. 10. Krishna Lok Singh and Abdul Waheed A, 3. https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/ International Journal of Fracture and global/en/products/simcenter/simcenter- Damage Mechanics (IJFDM), Publisher: amesim.html (Accessed on 30 April 2019). JournalsPub, 1, Issue 1, 16-33, 2015.
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PLANT ROOT SYSTEM STUDY—AN OVERVIEW
Govindasamy Prabhu*, Sonu Kumar Mahawer, Manoj Chaudhary, R. Srinivasan and Mahendra Prasad
An enormous volume of works have been carried out on the above ground plant systems (photosynthesis, respiration, stem, leaf etc.) compared to the below ground system (root) due to accessibility of simple and feasible methodologies. Particularly, in India, the research works on the plant root system is meagre compared to developed countries. There are numerous methods being employed to study the plant root systems at international levels. Therefore, the focus of this article is to examine all the available methodologies and their potential utility to the researchers, with a special emphasis to how Indian scientific communities can utilize the simple and feasible methodologies.
INTRODUCTION
The root is an important part of plants, it performs the plant root growth2. Here we have discussed on various functions which are essential to growth and the major soil factors i.e. soil physical properties. development of the plants. The functions are support Important three soil physical properties are described and anchorage; absorption and transportation of below : water, nutrients and growth hormones. Further, many Soil texture and structure plants have modified their roots. The main functions Both soil texture and structure affect the plant of the modified roots are photosynthesis (tinospora), root growth by checking the diffusion of water, nitrogen fixing (legumes-root nodules), improved nutrients and air. For example, a preferred soil respiration (rhizophora, rice etc.,) and storage of structure for a seedbed should be a crumb structure 1 food (carrot, beets etc.) . so that the beds will be soft and porous for easy Factors affecting root growth penetration of roots of young seedlings. Likewise, Numerous soil factors such as soil physical factors silt, loam and clay soils are ideal for crop production (soil texture, structure, soil water content and because those textures show greater water holding aeration), soil chemical properties (salinity, soil pH, capacity, high plasticity, stickiness and swelling, and heavy metals) and biological properties whereas sandy soils are obviously not suitable due (nematodes, microorganisms like gall forming and to the absence of these properties that makes the nodule forming) are directly or indirectly influence plant growth very difficult. Soil aeration
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Majority of living microbes, plants and animals Pradesh, 284003, *Email: [email protected] require oxygen for survival. Deprived soil aeration
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is a major soil physical factor limiting the seedling a. Destructive method establishment. Deficiency of oxygen influence the The destructive method involves collection of root elongation and other plant metabolic processes, root samples through excavation or processes of which results in low uptake of nutrients. Decreased soil profiling. Further this method has been soil oxygen level occurs mainly due to high categorized as 1. Monoliths, 2. Auger method and compaction and increased soil bulk density. Fall of 3. Excavation. oxygen level below 10 to 15% in the soil inhibit the 1. Monoliths: Monoliths are defined as a large root growth; further, the growth stops completely at single upright block of soil. In this method, the 3 to 5%. soil monoliths are taken from the interested area Soil water to study a specific objective. The size of the It is very essential for plant root growth. Too monolith can vary from 24 to 30 cm wide, 5 to much of water (water logging condition) depletes 8 cm thick and 3 to 5 feet in depth where there the soil oxygen level and increases level of other is well-established vegetation (Figure 1a). Further, detrimental gases such as methane, CO2 and the separation of roots from the soil would be ethylene which affect the root growth. Further, tips done by soaking and washing under running of tap root system are killed by a constant increase water. After thorough washing, roots are mounted in water level. On the other hand, dry soil (drought) on a smooth board. The root system is lighted also adversely affects the plant root growth because for photography and then the picture is used for it is serving as a connecting interface between plant the estimation of root quantitatively. This system and the soil. However, the effect of drought is mainly can be used for both annual and perennial crops. noticed on the stem growth than the root growth. 2. Auger method: The auger consists of a cylindrical Therefore, generally drought impacts the root tube with 15 cm height and inside diameter of 7- function by changing the permeability (to water and 15 cm (Figure 1b). In this method, a known nutrients) of cell wall and decrease in the shoot to depth of soil sample is collected by hand or root ratio. mechanical sampling machines. Further, the METHODOLOGIES TO STUDY ROOT quantification of root volume and length can be SYSTEMS done after washing the roots from the soil. This method can be highly useful for both annual and Study of plant underground part is always perennial crops. fascinating area for plant scientists, but it is not easy like that of above ground portion, because of 3. Excavation: Excavation is a process of digging the paucity of suitable methodologies. The available a pit around the selected plants without disturbing methodologies are costly, time consuming, less the lateral root system. For grasses or herbs, 20 accurate and laborious. An enormous volume of to 80 cm distance will be more appropriate and experiments are being conducted on this aspect, in for trees would be 10 m. Before the excavation, particularly on the development of a suitable and the selected plant’s top parts must be removed less expensive methodology 3–5. For a successful for the safety reason. The process of removing study of rhizosphere, we need to have a perfect soil around the plant root system (experimental methodology. Two approaches are currently plant) is known as excavation (Figure 1c). After available to study the root architecture of the plants, proper exposure of root system, vertical drawing viz. a. Destructive and b. Non- destructive. has to be made and different root diameter can
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be indicated by the use of pencils of different Disadvantages colour. The drawings are further used to make • Collection of all roots (100% recovery) is different measurements of roots. This method difficult can be also used for both annual and perennial It is laborious and time consuming systems. • • Replication of samples are more tedious b. Non-destructive methods The non-destructive method involves the observation of root without disturbing the root system through glass walls or rays. Some of the methodologies are rhizotron, Ground Penetrating a b c Radar (GPR), and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Fig. 1. Monolith (a6), augur (b6) and excavation Projection Tomography Techniques (PET) and method (c6). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We briefly For all these (destructive) methods, one must describe here only some of the important methods. carefully remove the soil around the roots and then 1. Rhizotron: It is a non-destructive and in-situ roots are washed for further processing. During method for directly studying the roots. In this olden days scientists employed a line drawing or method an acrylic tube is buried at 60 cm soil photography to measure the root length and area depth with 45° angle at one side of the crop (Figure 2a). In recent times root scanners are rows to maximize the visibility of roots (Figure available to capture the details of excavated plant 3a). The images of roots will be captured in a roots (Figure 2b). high resolution camera from specific depths. Further, the captured root images will be processed in software for quantification of root length and root area.
a b Fig. 2. A line drawing (a6) and root scanner (b7). Advantages and disadvantages of the destructive methods Advantages • Entire root system of a plant can be studied a clearly Fig. 3. Images of (a10) rhizotron and (b) ground It is less expensive • penetrating radar. • Well suitable to study the root growth in cracks and biological channels 2. Ground penetrating radar (GPR): This is a • This is the only suitable method to study the root rapid non-destructive method is being employed system in stony and sandy soils to study the plant roots. An effective soil depth
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for GPR is 0.25 to 1.5 m. First step in GPR used to get an angular projection (example, 160 measurement is calibration, because kV and 201 mA using a 0.1 mm A1 filter to electromagnetic strength decreases with obtain 3003 angular projections) and root increasing the profile depth and leading to deeper segmentation (example VGStudio MAX 2.2). objects less detectable. GPR transmits short Estimation of plant roots is entirely based on the pulses of electromagnetic waves into the ground scanned image (3D images) of the experimental through an antenna along each scan line. Those roots (Figure 4). electromagnetic pulses reflect back to the receiver after the contact with a different Advantages and disadvantages of the non- electromagnetic surface. Then the receiver destructive methods converts the energy in a similar shaped Advantages waveform in a low frequency. Further, based on Easy to study the plant roots the hyperbolic pattern, presence of roots are • Less laborious and faster method confirmed8. • This is the only suitable method to track the 3. X-ray Computed Tomography (CT): It is also • a non-destructive method used to measure the plant root growth throughout the growing season plant roots9. The principle of this method is based Disadvantages on the absorption quantity of X-rays by an object. • It is expensive For this 3D volumetric images will be obtained Accuracy is lesser compared to destructive using an X-ray CT scanner (Source). In every • methods scanner there will be a source and detector. During measurements both make a synchronous • Not suitable to study the root system in stony movement around the root system so that all and sandy soils angles of measurements are covered. In the IMAGE PROCESSING PLATFORMS process, X rays penetrate through the roots and Graph sheet, rhizoctron software, GPR software, some rays are absorbed. The ray’s absorption is • WINRHIZO, IMAGEJ, root scanner, root graph, directly proportional to the density of roots. Further, specific technological tools are being root snap, root reader, root scope, root fly, smart root, root trace etc. Here we describe an open source software IMAGEJ. • IMAGEJ is an open source software for image analysis. The software can be downloaded from the link https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html (V 1.51r, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). This software has both manual and automatic image analyzing options. When we use an artificial light source (low cost rhizotron) to get clear images, the Fig. 4. Image of rice roots usingX-ray Computed acquired images always have background noises. Tomography (CT)9. In such circumstances, one should use the
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manual image analysis option. IMAGEJ can 2. Y. Waisel, A. Eshel, and U. Kafkafi, Plant accept all picture formats such as TIFF, GIF, roots- the hidden half, 2002, 1136, Marcel JPEG, PNG, DICOM, BMP, PGM, and FITS. Dekker, New York. It can measure root length and root area of a 3. M. G. Huck, and H. M Taylor, Advances plant. Agron., 35, 1-35, 1982. CONCLUSION 4. J. Wu and Y.Guo, Ann. bot., 114, 841-851, 2014. Contribution of root systems to soil organic carbon pool has stimulated the interest of scientific 5. R. Liao, Y. Bai, H. Liang, S. Ren, Y. Cao, Z. Le, J. Lu and J. Liu, Archiv. Agron. Soil Sci., communities to focus more on the below ground 61, 1343-1356, 2015. system. Therefore, this article aimed to expose the 6. W. Bohm, Springer Science and Business currently available methodologies, and their pros and Media, 33, 1-201, 1979. cons. In Indian context, researchers can utilize the 7. R. Pandey, C. Viswanathan, G. Rathod, V. Paul traditional methods (destructive) in combination with and N. Jain, ICAR- Indian Agriculture Research the rhizotron and root scanner (non-destructive). Institute. 95-102, 2017. Use of GPR system in India would be a future 8. J. R. Butnor, J. A. Doolittle, L. Kress, S. Cohen alternative. Scientists can also pursue to develop or and K. H. Johnsen, Tree Physio, 21, 1269- invent low cost rhizotrons using acrylic tubes and 1278, 2001. modern camera systems. There is huge scope to 9. S. Zappala, J. R. Helliwell, S. R. Tracy, S. excel in the field of rhizosphere research for better Mairhofer, C. J. Sturrock, T.Pridemore, M. plant growth and soil health. Bennett and S. J. Mooney, Plus One, 8, REFERENCES e67250, 2013. 1. N. K. Fageria, The role of plant roots in crop 10. M. G. Johnson, D. T. Tingey, D. L. Philips and production, 2012, 467, CRC press, United M. J. Storm, Environ. Exp. Bot., 45, 263-289, States. 2001.
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ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE : A NEURODEGENERATIVE MENACE OF ELDERLY
Anindita Joardar
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. This is an incurable, neurodegenerative and terminal disease. The exact cause and progression of the disease are not well understood. This article outlines the possible causes, risk factors, etiology and management of the AD to create awareness among people.
INTRODUCTION
Dementia is a clinical manifestation in which psychological symptoms are apathy, depression, sleep decline in mental abilities and memory (cognitive alterations, anxiety etc. In India, patients suffering functions) takes place in patients. The affected from AD have delusions, hallucinations, anxieties, individual is not able to carry out his day-to-day phobias and caregiver distress. These are similar to activities. Older people with dementia are present those reported from developed countries. Early life worldwide. WHO predicts that around 71% of 81.1 exposure to deleterious conditions like poverty, m dementia cases will be in the developing world infectious diseases, malnutrition, pre-natal stress may by 2040! There are no preventive or curative influence ageing process. Early life negative events measures for most dementia cases. The most and physical attributes including brain development, common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s Disease body growth, socioeconomic conditions, head injury or AD (around 60% cases). It is a progressive contributes as risk factors of AD. Intellectually neurodegenerative disorder. The cases are stimulating and socially engaging physical activities confirmed by US National Institute of Neurological lowers the risk of AD. Also diet rich in fruits, and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the vegetables and fibres significantly reduce Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders development of AD. Association Criteria (NINCDS- ADRDA). PATHOLOGY OF AD ETIOLOGY This incurable, degenerative and terminal disease Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has a multi-factorial was first described by German physicist, Alois etiology. Various factors may increase the risk of Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Both dementia, viz. diet and lifestyle, mid-life history of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are visible disorders like hypertension, type 2 diabetes etc. and in brains of AD patients on autopsy. AD has been genetic predisposition.1 The behavioural and identified as a protein mis-folding disease, caused
Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute by accumulation of abnormally folded ‘A’ (amyloid of Neurosciences, Kolkata-700025. ) protein and ‘tau’ proteins in the brain.
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Majority of AD cases are sporadic. A few of established risk factor for AD. Many studies have the familial forms follow autosomal dominant been conducted to find an association of interleukin- inheritance, which usually have an onset before 65 6–174G/C polymorphism and AD with varying yr. Most of the inherited AD are attributed to results.3 There are other genes which may act as mutations in one of the three genes: Amyloid risk factors or have protective effects on AD. Precurssor Protein (APP), Presenilin 1 (PS 1) and DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT Presenilin 2 (PS2). Amyloid plaques are formed AD is diagnosed clinically from patient history, between nerve cells in the brain. A is formed clinical observations, presence of characteristic after sequential cleavage of APP, a transmembrane neurological and psychological features and absence glycoprotein of unknown function. Beta amyloid form of alternative conditions. Advanced medical imaging clumps, that deposit outside neurons. APP can be with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic cleaved by , and secretase to from A proteins resonance imaging (MRI) and Single Photon of various lengths. A number of isoforms are Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) or generated varying in length viz. A-40 and A-42. Position Emission Tomography (PET) can be used Shorter forms e.g. A-40 is more common and is to help exclude other cerebral pathology. produced by cleavage in trans-golgi network. A- Currently used treatments have symptomatic 42, produced in endoplasmic reticulum is more benefits. Developing countries have traditional herbal fibrillogenic and is associated with plaques. Mutations medicinal practices that are good anti-dementia in PS1 and PS2 alter the secretase activity, such therapies. Several species of medicinal plants e.g. that A-42 is produced. Beta amyloid peptide blueberry, cannabis, clubmoss, curcumin, garlic, activates the surrounding microglia and astrocytes ginseng, pomegranate etc. have activities relevant producing inflammatory mediators e.g. components to dementia. of complement pathway, acute phase proteins, Modern treatments of AD are pharmaceutical, interleukin-6 etc. This may help in the formation of psychosocial and caregiving. Mementine (NMDA A.2 receptor antagonist) is the drug of choice. The other protein implicated in AD, tau protein, Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are also used. forms prion like misfolded oligomers. Neurofibrillary Antipsychotic drugs are also used for reducing tangles are insoluble twisted fibres found inside the aggression and psychosis. Psychosocial therapies neurones. The tangles primarily consist of tau, which include behavioural, emotional, cognitive and forms part of microtubule, which helps transporting stimulatory. Since AD has no cure, caregiving must nutrients and other important substances from one be carefully managed over the course of the disease. part of neurons to the other. In AD, tau protein is Clinical research is focused on treating the pathology abnormal and microtubule structure collapse. of the disease. Immunotherapy and vaccination for the amyloid protein is one of the treatment modalities Nonetheless most of AD cases do not exhibit under investigation. autosomal dominant inheritance and are sporadic, genetic differences may act as risk factors. One of SCENARIO IN INDIA the risk factors is 4 allele of apolipoprotein E. This In India, more than 4m people are estimated to allele has been widely studied and is a well be suffering from AD and other forms of dementia,
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giving the country the third highest case-load in the predisposition are thought to cause the disease. world, after china and the US. AD in India is a Palliative treatment, social awareness and early hidden problem. Only a fraction of patients are diagnosis are important. Trained care-giving is an diagnosed and treated. According to India Ageing essential part of the disease. Report, 2017, the elderly population, which is growing ACKNOWLEDGEMENT at a fast rate of 3%, may increase the AD cases. Infrastructural facilities of the Neurogenetic unit According to a study, social stigma surrounding AD and dementia is impeding early diagnosis, care and (laboratory) provided by the Director, Bangur research. Institute of Neurosciences are gratefully acknowledged. AD modifies survival and increases the risk of death. Understanding the burden and cost of AD is REFERENCES crucial for future healthcare and socioeconomic 1. R. N. Kalaria, G. E. Maester, R. Arizaga, R. P. policy. Teaching of coping strategies to the Friedlant, D. Galasko, K. Hall, J. A. Luchsinga, caregivers has improved their psychological health. A. Ogunniyi and E. K. Perry, Lancet Neurol, National Policies to increase awareness, specialized 79, 812-826, 2008. training for health professionals, authorities, research 2. C. Capurso, V. Solfrizzi, A. D’Introno, A. M. and a proper counseling of caregivers etc. may Colacicco, S. A. Capurso, C. Semeraro, A. help the growing number of AD and other dementia Capurso, F. Panza, Exp Gerontol, 39, 1567- patients in the long run. 1573,2004. CONCLUSION 3. N. Mansoori, M. Tripathi, R. Alam, K. Luthra, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), being an incurable, L. Ramakrishnan, S. Parveen, A. K. degenerative disease requires special care of Mukhopadhyay, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, patients. Various factors like lifestyle, diet, genetic 30, 461-468, 2010.
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THREE-DIMENSIONAL BIOPRINTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Pravesh Kumar*, K.S. Wisdom and Sneha Surendran
There is very high demand for human organs for transplantation andbetter drug screening systems without the need of human volunteers. Further, in-vivo skin synthesis is a challenge in bio-medical science. The 3D bioprinting is the most exciting and ground breaking innovation to solve these problems by creating living organs like heart, lungs andkidney. Bioprinters are used for making the skin which can replace the damaged skin.Bioprinting may one day become a life-changing breakthrough that was once thought asscience fiction. Bioprinted tissue have the capacity to replace human volunteers from drug testing facilities.
INTRODUCTION
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a layer biological synthesis of the functional 3D tissue manufacturing method for making a physical object and organ constructs by usingcomputer-aided digital from a 3D digital model, typically by laying down model and tissue spheroids as self-assembling many successive thin layers of material. The building blocks1. To bioprint, a functional human structure is formed by chemical approach and organ or tissue constructwe need a corresponding additive processes by coatings layers one over the digital model or an organ blueprint. Computer-aided other until the intact object is shaped. The design (CAD) software is used to make these consecutive films and layers of a particular material digital models. are laid down under the computer control. The THE HISTORY OF 3D BIOPRINTING objects that are created in these printers can be of Scientists at the Wake Forest Institute for any shapes, sizes or geometry. The materials Regenerative Medicine used a 3-D printer to build likeplastic, metal, ceramics, powders, liquids, or even a synthetic scaffold of a human bladder in 1999. living cells are fused or deposited layer by layer to They then coated the scaffold with cells taken from produce a 3D object. This process is also called as their patients and successfully grew working organs. additive manufacturing (AM), rapid prototyping (RP), This set the stage for true bioprinting. In 2002, or solid free-form technology (SFF). scientists printed a small functional kidney capable The 3D bioprinting is a biomedical variant of of filtering blood and producing urine in an animal additive manufacturing technology. It is the layer by model. The first international workshop on bioprinting and biopatterning was held at the University of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Manchester (United Kingdom) in September 2004. Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), PanchMarg off Yari Road, Andheri (West), Mumbai-400061. E-mail: In 2010, Organovo- a bioprinting company [email protected] headquartered in San Diego printed the first blood
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vessel. Till then they successfully implanted Bioink - Organs are made of tissues, and tissues bioprinted nerve grafts into rats and developed are made of cells. To print an organ, a scientist ExVive™ Human Kidney Tissue. In 2017, this must be able to deposit cells specific to the company introduces 3D bioprinted liver as leading organ,bioink is made up of these cells. 2 therapeutic tissue in preclinical development . APPROACHES FOR 3D BIOPRINTING COMPONENTS OF A 3D BIOPRINTER 3D bioprinting is based on three vital approaches: Print headmount-the Print head isattached to biomimicry, autonomous self-assembly,and mini- a metal plate running along a horizontal track. The tissue building blocks. x-axis motor propels the metal plate (and the print Biomimicry heads) from side to side, allowing the material to be Identical replicas of the cellular and extracellular deposited in either horizontal direction. components of a tissue or organ can be Elevator - A metal track running vertically at manufactured by this method. This can be achieved the back of the machine, the elevator, driven by the by reproducing specific cellular functional Z-axis motor, moves the print heads up and down. components of tissues, for example, mimicking the Platform - A shelf at the bottom of the machine branching patterns of the vascular tree or provides a platform for the organ to rest on during manufacturing physiologically right biomaterial types the production process. The platform may support and gradients. For this approach to succeed, the a scaffold, a petri dish or a well plate. replication of biological tissues on the microscale is Reservoirs - The reservoirs attach to the print necessary. heads and hold the biomaterial to be deposited Autonomous self-assembly during the printing process. These are equivalent to Another approach to replicating biological tissues the cartridges in your inkjet printer. is to use embryonic organ development as a guide. Print heads/syringes - A pump forces material The early cellular components of a developing from the reservoirs down through a small nozzle or tissue produce their own ECM components, syringe, which is positioned just above the platform. appropriate cell signaling and autonomous As the material is extruded, it forms a layer on the organization and patterning to yield the desired platform. biological micro-architecture and function. It requires Triangulation sensor - A small sensor tracks an intimate knowledge of the developmental the tip of each print head as it moves along the x- mechanisms of embryogenesis and organogenesis , y- and z-axes. The software communicates with as well as the ability to manipulate the environment the machine,so the precise location of the print to drive embryonic mechanisms in bioprinted tissues. heads is known throughout the process. Mini-tissues Microgel - Unlike the ink, you load into your The concept of mini-tissues is relevant to both printer at home, bioink is alive, so it needs food, of the above strategies for 3D bioprinting. Organs water,and oxygen to survive. This nurturing and tissues comprise smaller, functional building environment is provided by a microgel - think blocks or mini-tissues. These can be defined as the gelatin enriched with vitamins, proteins,and other smallest structural and functional component of a life-sustaining compounds3. tissue, such as a kidney nephron. Mini-tissues can
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be fabricated and assembled into the larger and propelling the suspended bioink. The falling construct by rational design, self-assembly or a bioink droplet is collected on the receiving substrate combination of both4. and subsequently crosslinked. It avoids direct contact BIOPRINTING TECHNIQUES between the dispenser and the bioinks. Thisnon- contactprinting method does not cause mechanical The three main bioprinting techniques of inkjet, stress to the cells,which results in more than 95% laser-assisted, and extrusion bioprinting each have cell viability. In addition,it can also print highly specific strengths, weaknesses, and limitations. viscous materials, andmoretypes of bioinks can be Inkjet printing used than in inkjet printing. These features oflaser Inkjet bioprinting was the first bioprinting bioprinting are promising, but the side effects of technology5and is very similar to conventional 2D laser exposureon the cell are not yet fully understood. inkjet printing. A hydrogel pre-polymer solution with And also laser diodes withhigh-resolution and encapsulated cells (called a bioink) is filled inthe ink intensity are expensive, and control of the laser cartridge. The cartridge is then connected to a printing systemiscomplex6. printer head and acts as the bioink source during Extrusion printing the electronically controlled printing process. During Extrusion printing is a modification of inkjet printing, the printer heads are deformed by a thermal printing. In order to print the viscous materials, or piezoelectric actuator and squeezed to generate extrusion printer uses either an air-force pump or a droplets of controllable size. The advantages of mechanical screw plunger to dispense bioinks. By inkjet printing are low,high printing speed and applying a continuous force, extrusion printing can relatively high cell viability (usually from 80% to print uninterrupted cylindrical lines rather than a 90%). However, because current printer heads are single bioink droplet. Almost all types of hydrogel based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) pre-polymer solutions of varying viscosity as well devices, there is a relatively small deformation as aggregates with high cell density can be printed generated by either thermal or piezoelectric actuation with extrusion bioprinters. While extrusion bioprinters at the nozzle opening. As a result, MEMS-based can print a wider range of materials, they also printer heads cannot squeeze out high viscosity expose the encapsulated cells to higher mechanical materials (>15 mPa/s) and do not work well with stresses that are thought to reduce cell viability. bioinks with high cell density (>1 × 106 cells/ml). Most prevailing commercial bioprinters, including Laser-assisted printing the Bioplotter (EnvisionTec, Gladbeck, Germany) The laser-assisted printing system is based on a and Novo Gen 3D Bioprinting platform (Organovo, donor layer that responds to laser stimulation. The San Diego, USA), are based on extrusion technology. donor layer comprises a ‘ribbon’ structure containing Extrusion bioprinting provides excellent compatibility an energy-absorbing layer like titanium or gold on with photo, chemical and thermal cross-linkable the top and a layer of bioink suspended on the hydrogels of very different viscosities at a bottom. A focused laser pulse is applied to stimulate reasonable cost. a small area of the absorbing layer,and it vaporizes PROCESS OF 3D BIOPRINTING a portion of the donor layer, creating a high- Bioprinters cannot print without instructions. To pressure bubble at the interface of the bioink layer successfully form bioprinted tissues, it is necessary
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to generate the printing paths, select appropriate formed sequentially and stacked as the model is bioinks, control the bioprinter and perform quality built up in an additive process creating a 3D object control after printing. The typical bioprinting process from a collection of 2D layers. is as follows: (1) draw the printing geometry and APPLICATIONS OF 3D BIOPRINTING manually verify its feasibility; (2) select appropriate Bioprinting Tissues and Organs cell types and hydrogels, and load the bioinks; (3) sending of designing paths to bioprinter system Tissue or organ failure due to aging, diseases, through control language and protocols; (4) structures accidents, and birth defects is a critical medical formation from bioprinter under the control of a problem. Current treatment for organ failure relies computer; (5) checking of bioprinted tissues via mostly on organ transplants from living or deceased microscopy after bioprinting. After the bioprinting donors. However, there is a chronic shortage of process, successfully printed constructs are human organs available for transplant. In 2009, transferred to an incubator for culturing. The 154,324 patients in the U.S. were waiting for an bioprinting process is not currently highly organ. Only 27,996 of them (18%) received an automated,and many manual operations at a variety organ transplant, and 8,863 (25 per day) died while 7 of steps can result in slow processing speeds and on the waitinglist . Therapies based on tissue increase the chance of mistakes and errors. To engineering and regenerative medicine are being ensure printing quality and to improve the printing pursued as a potential solution for the organ donor process,CAD and modeling technology are widely shortage. Although tissue and organ bioprinting is used. These CAD techniques can utilize computer still in its infancy, researchers had used 3D printers automation systems to assist and accelerate the to create a knee meniscus, heart valve, spinal disk, design process. Bioprinting models, like models other types of cartilage and bone, and an artificial used in conventional rapid prototyping, are often ear. converted to the STereoLithography (STL) file Construction of drug screening systems format as an intermediate between model and print Bioprinting is also promising in the design of path generation. These files contain accurate surface drug screening systems. Compared to manual information of complex 3D geometries, and can be methods, bioprinting can deposit cells uniformly on designed via graphic user interfaces, or created the surfaceofmicro-devices. Such uniformity is highly from clinical imageslike magnetic resonance imaging desirable for testing and screening the interactions (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), printing between cells and drugs. Chang et al. (2010) paths are created by “slicing” these STL model into developed an air-pressure based extrusion bioprinter layers and creating bioprinter toolpaths that trace to prototype a drug testing platform for the liver out the perimeter and interior features of each with alginate encapsulated immortalized hepatocytes. slice. The thickness of these layers is referred to as In this system, the authors were able to show the resolution of a printer and is usually in the range differential drug metabolism. Snyder et al. (2011) of 100–500 ?m depending on the machine and expanded on this system by printing microfluidic material used. These toolpaths are the instructions channels in a co-culture system of liver and read and executed by the bioprinter for each layer mammary cells to investigate tissue damage from and can include material selections. Layers are radiation. Bioprinting has also been used to seed
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cell layers uniformly on each side of the interface how to best carve a donor liver with minimal tissue of micro-devices for the formation of organ-on-a- loss to fit the recipient’s abdominal cavity. These chip devices. Organ-on a- chip systems mimic 3D models are made of partially transparent, low- parts of typical organ functions to investigate the cost acrylic resin or polyvinyl alcohol materials that interactions between drugs and their potential effects have water content and texture similar to living on tissues. Bioprinting may play an important role tissues, allowing a more realistic penetration by the inorganon- a-chip technology, given it is a practical surgical blades. solution for the formation of uniform and highly Cosmetic Applications controllable tissue layers at low cost. Recently 3D face bioprinters are successfully Anatomical Models for Surgical Preparation created. These printer can evaporate the existing The individual variances and complexities of the flesh and simultaneously replace it with new cells human body make the use of 3D-printed models to exact patient specification. People could, therefore, ideal for surgical preparation. Having a tangible download a face scan from the Internet and can model of a patient’s anatomy available for a physician applied to themselves. to study or use to simulate surgery is preferable to ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES relying solely on MRI or CT scans, which aren’t as OF BIOPRINTING instructive since they are viewed in 2D on a flat The major benefit of bioprinting is simple; saving screen. The use of3D-printed models for surgical lives. By utilizing new technology, bioprinting will be training is preferable fortraining. 3D-printed able to reproduce vital human organs that will neuroanatomical models can be particularly helpful reduce, or eliminate the need for donors, as well as to neurosurgeons by providing a representation of recreate other important body parts, making surgery some of the most complicated structures in the far simpler. Preserving human life is a huge boon to human body. The intricate sometimes obscured society, raising life expectancy and reducing the relationships between cranial nerves, vessels, amount of terminal patients. This benefit extends to cerebral structures, and skull architecture can be the testing departments of much new upcoming complicated to interpret based solely on radiographic advancement. For drug development, it will allow a 2D images. Even a small error in navigating this lot more testing to be done, decreasing the amount complex anatomy can have potentially devastating of time and monetary costs for a new drug to be consequences. A realistic 3D model reflecting the pushed onto the market for public use. relationship between a lesion and normal brain The costs of bioprinting are quite high financially; structures can be helpful in determining the safest a basic, prototype machine was priced at around surgical corridor and can also be useful for the $200,000, which is an exorbitant sum that not every neurosurgeon to rehearse challenging cases. medical center can afford. Bioprinting is not cheap, Complex spinal deformities can also be studied and will mostly be only available to the wealthy better through the use of a 3D model. Pioneering classes of society. Also, until further research and surgeons at Japan’s Kobe University Hospital have development take place, creating complex, full organs used 3D-printed models to plan liver transplantations. are out of the question, as the body may reject the They use replicas of a patient’s organs to determine foreign implementation, wasting time and effort.
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CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Bioprinting is an advanced fabrication technique 1. V. Mironov, R.P. Visconti, V. Kasyanov, G. for the dispensing of cell-laden hydrogels, with a Forgacs, C.J. Drake and R.R. Markwald, bright future accompanying numerous challenges Biomaterials, 30(12), 2164-2174, 2009. and problems. Bioprinting has shown great potential 2. http://organovo.com/about/history/ in tissue engineering applications at its early research 3. https://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/ stage where many in vitro and even in vivo modern-technology/3-d-bioprinting3.htm experiments have already hinted at the feasibility of 4. S.V. Murphy and A. Atala, Nature bioprinted artificial organs. Due to advantages in biotechnology, 32(8), 773-785, 2014. micro scale, high throughput, cell deposition, the 5. R.S. Tuan, G. Boland and R. Tuli, Arthritis Res. applications of bioprinting are expanding rapidly. Ther. 5(1), 32–45, 2003. Bioprinting has become a strong fabrication tool to 6. C. Mandrycky, Z. Wang, K. Kim, and D.H. create complex micro and macro-scale biomedical Kim, Biotechnology advances, 34(4), 422-434, systems. Even with the progress that has been 2016. made, bioprinting remains an emerging and growing 7. P.A. Patil, V.N. Dange and S.J. Shid Int. Jou. technology with incredible potential. of Res Method 1(3): 1-11, 2016.
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FOOD PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY
G. Rajesh, S. Balasubramanian*, N. Manimehalai and T. Anand
Packaging is an essential part of processing, preservation and distribution of foods. Fish being extremely perishable food deteriorates rapidly and thereby the quality and potential life is reduced if they are not handled and stored properly. It needs a suitable packaging that can limit undesired microbial growth and sensory deterioration. Recent packaging technologies which are becoming increasingly significant include intelligent packaging, active packaging, etc. These emerging technologies play a considerable role in shelf life extension, prevention of undesirable changes to the appearance, flavor, odor, and texture. Moreover, there are advances in packaging of retort- processed seafood, frozen seafood, ready-to-serve and retail-ready seafood products, advances in bulk packaging for the transport of fresh and processed fish or fishery products, advances in the manufacture of sausage casings and advances in vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging of fish, crustaceans and other shellfishes. This paper discusses emerging technologies for the effective packaging of sea foods and reviews advances in packaging technology, focuses on developments in active packaging, controlled release packaging, environmentally-compatible packaging and emerging edible chitosan coatings technologies.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years there are notable advances in packaging helps in getting high price for the fishery the packaging technology of fish and fishery product. The devices as indicators can provide products. The three basic functions of food packaging directly information about product quality which is (storage, preservation and protection) are still resulting from microbial growth or chemical changes required today for better maintenance of quality within foodstuffs. The using of those indicators to and handling of foods. Advance packaging inside or outside of cover we can call smart of technologies which are becoming increasingly intelligent packaging. Smart packaging utilizes significant include intelligent packaging, active chemical sensor or biosensor to monitor the food packaging, etc. Since fresh fish can get spoiled very quality and safety from the producers to the quickly, the development of packaging technology costumers. A modern quality and safety assurance for post-harvest preservation and methodology system should prevent contamination through convert to as fresh condition. The advance monitoring, recording, and controlling of critical parameters during a product’s entire life cycle, which *College of Fisheries Engineering, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam-611 001, Tamil Nadu. E-mail: includes the post processing phase and extends over [email protected] the time of use by the final consumer.
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ROLES OF FOOD PACKAGING emitters, odor absorbers, ethylene removers, and The principal roles of food packaging are to aroma emitters. Active packaging technologies protect food products from outside influences and include some physical, chemical, or biological action damage, to contain the food, and to provide which changes interactions between a package, consumers with ingredient and nutritional product, and/or headspace of the package. The information10. Prolonging shelf life involves most common active systems scavenge oxygen retardation of enzymatic, microbial, and biochemical from the package or the product and may even be reactions through various strategies such as activated by an outside source such as UV light. temperature control; moisture control; addition of However, allows packages to interact with food chemicals (salt, sugar, carbon dioxide, or natural and the environment and play a dynamic role in acids) removal of oxygen; or a combination of food preservation. The packaging systems are these with effective packaging3. Containment developed with the goal of extending shelf life for involves ensuring that a product is not intentionally foods and increasing the period of time that the spilled or dispersed. The communication function food is high quality. Active packaging is typically serves as the link between consumer and food found in two types of systems; sachets and pads processor. It contains mandatory information such which are placed inside of packages and active as weight, source, ingredients and nutritional value ingredients that are incorporated directly into and cautions for use required by the law. Secondary packaging materials. functions of increasing importance include ACTIVE PACKAGING: SACHETS AND traceability, tamper indication, and portion control. PADS More recent innovations used include surface In order to absorb or emit gases to a package variations sensed by finger tips and palms, sound/ or headspace, sachets and pads are very commonly music or verbal messages, and aromas emitted as used. Sachets were developed in the late 1970s in part of an active packaging spectrum11. The goal Japan. For oxygen scavenging, the sachets of food packaging is to contain food in a cost- essentially utilize the process of rusting, or the effective way that satisfies industry requirements oxidation of iron compounds in the presence of and consumer desires, maintains food safety and oxygen and water. Oxygen scavengers can also be minimizes environmental impact. made based on enzyme technology. Oxygen ACTIVE FOOD PACKAGING absorbers are usually made of powdered iron or Active packaging is accurately defined as ascorbic acid. Iron based scavengers typically do ‘packaging in which subsidiary constituents have not pass the metal detector inspections on most been deliberately included in or on either the packaging lines, and in these incidences ascorbic packaging material or the package headspace to acid is advantageous. These pads prevent the enhance the performance of the package system3. growth of molds or bacteria by absorbing water Developments in active packaging have led to into superabsorbent polymer granules placed advances in many areas, including delayed oxidation between two layers of micro porous nonwoven and controlled respiration rate, microbial growth polymer. Although sachets work well in many and moisture migration. Other active packaging applications, they are not appropriate for every technologies include carbon dioxide absorbers/ situation. Sachets cannot be used in liquid foods.
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They may not be used in a package made of moisture content of the food, and on the function, flexible film, as the film will cling to the sachet and i.e., oxygen scavenging only or dual function, such prevent it from performing its function. as absorbing or generating carbon dioxide, besides APPLICATION OF ACTIVE removing the oxygen. PACKAGING CARBON DIOXIDE EMITTERS AND The following are commercial applications of SCAVENGERS active packaging system The function of carbon dioxide within a - Oxygen scavenging packaging environment is to suppress microbial - Carbon dioxide emitters and scavengers growth. Therefore, a carbon dioxide generating system can be viewed as a technique complementary - Moisture control to oxygen scavenging7. Since the permeability of - Ethylene absorbers carbon dioxide is three to five times higher than - Antimicrobials that of oxygen in most plastic films, it must be OXYGEN SCAVENGERS continuously produced to maintain the desired 6 High level of oxygen present on food packages concentration within the package . High carbon may facilitate microbial growth, off-flavor and off- dioxide level (10- 80%) are desirable for food such odor development, colour changes and nutritional as meat, poultry and seafood in order to inhibit losses, thereby causing significant reduction in the surface microbial growth and extend shelf life. shelf life of food. The control of oxygen level in MOISTURE CONTROL food packages limit the rate of such deteriorative The main purpose of moisture control is to and spoilage reaction in food. Oxygen scavenger lower the water activity of the product, thereby has been applied to materials incorporated into suppressing microbial growth. Control of moisture package structures that chemically combine with, is important for food preservation. Moisture control and thus effectively remove, oxygen from the inner agents help control water activity, thus reducing package environment. The substance is usually microbial growth; remove melting water from frozen contained in sachets made of a material highly products and blood or fluids from meat products; permeable to air but it can also be included in bottle prevent condensation from fresh produce; and keep closures or in the plastic film matrix. The most the rate of lipid oxidation in check 5. In most cases, common substances used are iron powder and the packaging material itself is responsible for the ascorbic acid4. The scavengers may be of self- control of moisture transfer between the internal reaction type or moisture dependent. In this latter and external environment, providing an adequate case, the reaction only takes place after moisture barrier. Desiccants such as silica gels, natural clays has been absorbed from the food product, while in and calcium oxide are used with dry foods while the first case, the reaction starts as soon as the internal humidity controllers are used for highly scavenger is exposed to air. In both cases however, perishable foods. water is essential for the chemical reaction to occur. Scavengers also differ in the reaction speed, ETHYLENE ABSORBERS from immediate action (0.5 to 1 day) to slow action Ethylene is a natural plant hormone produced by (4 to 6 days), on the application, particularly the ripening produce. It accelerates produce respiration,
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resulting in maturity and senescence. Removing measure product quality within the package, there ethylene from a package environment helps extend must be direct contact between the food product or the shelf life of fresh produce. The use of ethanol headspace and the quality marker. In the end, an as an anti-microbial agent, particularly for surface intelligent system should help the consumer in the sterilization and disinfection, is well known. It acts decision making process to extend shelf life, enhance against vegetative cells of microorganisms in high safety, improve quality, provide information, and concentrations, and it also has a preserving action warn of possible problems. Intelligent packaging is in low concentrations. The most common agent of a great tool for monitoring possible abuse that has ethylene removal is potassium permanganate, which taken place during the food supply chain. Perhaps oxidizes ethylene to acetate and ethanol2. The level intelligent packaging will be able to inform a of ethanol in the packaging headspace depends consumer of an event that occurred such as package obviously on the sachet size and on product water tampering that may save their life. Examples activity. include time-temperature indicators (TTIs), ripeness ANTIMICROBIAL indicators, biosensors, and radio frequency identification. These smart devices may be Antimicrobial agent is one of the applications of incorporated in package materials or attached to active packaging. It prevents surface growth of the inside or outside of a package. However, the pathogenic microorganisms in food by use of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) antimicrobial agents where large portion of spoilage recognizes TTIs in the 3rd edition of the Fish and and contamination occurs. It allows a controlled Fisheries Products Hazards and Control release of antimicrobial agents into the food surface Guidance, so their importance may increase in the during storage and distribution. The classes of seafood industry. antimicrobial agents are Silver ions, Ethyl alcohol, Chlorine dioxide, Organic acids, Spice-based APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT essential oils and Metal oxides this are all used for PACKAGING reduce the growth rate and maximum population of - Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs) microorganisms (spoilage and pathogenic) by - Gas Indicators extending the lag phase of microbes or inactivating - Thermo chromic Inks them. - Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) INTELLIGENT PACKAGING - Leak indicators (CO2, O2) Intelligent packaging systems exist to monitor - Pathogen indicators certain aspects of a food product and report information to the consumer. The purpose of the TIME TEMPERATURE INDICATORS intelligent system could be to improve the quality or (TTIs) value of a product, to provide more convenience, or The intelligent packaging design that is leading to provide tamper or theft resistance3. Intelligent the way in packaging technology is the time packaging can report the conditions on the outside temperature indicator (TTI). TTI is useful because of the package, or directly measure the quality of it can tell the consumer when foods have been the food product inside the package. In order to temperature abused. If a food is exposed to a
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higher temperature recommended, quality of food THERMO CHROMIC INKS can deteriorate much quicker. A TTI can be placed Inks are available that are temperature sensitive on shipping containers or individual packages as a and can change colors based on temperature. These small self-adhesive label, and an irreversible change, inks can be printed onto packages or labels such like a color change, will result when the TTI that a message can be conveyed to the consumer experiences abusive conditions. TTIs are particularly based on the color of the ink they are seeing. useful with chilled or frozen foods, where the cold Thermo chromic inks can let a consumer know storage during transportation and distribution are whether a package is too hot to touch, or cold important for food quality and safety. TTIs are also enough drink. Thermo chromic inks are becoming a used as freshness indicators for estimating the shelf popular technology for beverages3. The inks used life of perishable products. A TTI technology known can be adversely affected by UV light and as Time strip is currently being employed by Nestle temperatures over 121°C, so consumers should not in their food service products in the UK. fully rely on the inks message when it comes to GAS INDICATORS deciding the proper time to consume a food. Food is a complicated material to package RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION because it is capable of respiration and therefore (RFID) may change its own atmosphere when inside a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are package. The gas composition within a package an advanced form of data information carrier that can easily change due to the interaction of food can identify and trace a product. They are currently with its environment. Gas indicators are a helpful used for tracking expensive items and livestock. In means of monitoring the composition of gases a typical system, a reader emits a radio signal to inside a package by producing a change in the color capture data from an RFID tag. The data is then of the indicator though a chemical or enzymatic passed to a computer for analysis. RFID tags reaction1. The indicators must be in direct contact contain a microchip connected to a tiny antenna. with the gaseous environment directly surrounding This allows for the tags to be read for a range of the food in a package. Indicators are capable of 100 feet or more in more expensive tags, to 15 feet signaling whether there is a gas leakage in the in less expensive tags. The RFID tag could offer package, or they may be used to verify the efficiency much more than a conventional barcode. In contrast of an oxygen scavenger. Oxygen in the air can to a barcode, RFID does not need to be in a direct cause oxidative rancidity, unwanted color changes line of sight to be recognized by a scanner. RFID in foods, and allow aerobic microbes to grow on tags could also store information such as temperature foods. Oxygen indicators typically result in a color and relative humidity data, nutritional information change when oxygen is present, and the presence and cooking instructions. They could be integrated of oxygen can indicate that the package has a leak with a time temperature indicator or a biosensor to or, has been tampered with. Oxygen indicators can carry time temperature information or also indicate improper sealing of a package. Gas microbiological data. RFID technology in the food indicators are also being developed to detect water system is still in the early stages. Simple applications vapor, ethanol, and hydrogen sulfide. like tracking and identification are the focus of
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most food science matters, and these must be PATHOGEN INDICATORS perfected before more complex applications can Very important in food chain is monitoring and come to light. detection of a certain pathogen microorganism which can cause various diseases endangering of humane LEAK INDICATORS (CO2, O2) health. Commercially available Toxin Guard by A leak indicator gives information on the package Toxin Alert Inc. (Ontario, Canada) is a system to integrity throughout the whole distribution chain build polyethylene-based packaging material, which which attached into the package. The indicator can is able to detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria be formulated as a label, a printed layer, a tablet, or (Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Escherichia it may also be laminated in a polymer film12. The coli O157 and Listeria sp.) with the aid of leak indicators are used in modified atmosphere immobilized antibodies. As the analyte (toxin, packaging which is classified as active packaging microorganism) is in contact with the material it will 8 method . In these cases MAP, the atmosphere be bound first to a specific, labeled antibody and consists of a lowered concentration of O2 and a then to a capturing antibody printed as a certain heightened concentration of CO2. A leak in MAP pattern13. The method could also be applied for the means a considerable increase in the O2 detection of pesticide residues or proteins resulting concentration and a decrease in the CO2 from genetic modifications. Another example of concentration, which in turn, enable aerobic microbial microbial indicators for the detection of specific growth to take place. Thus, the leak indicators for microorganisms like Salmonella sp., Listeria sp. MAPs are much more than active packaging, since and E. coli is Food Sentinel System. This system is they become smart packaging and they should rely also based on immunochemical reaction, the reaction on the detection of O2 rather than on the detection taking place in a bar code. Specific indicator material of CO2. Internal gas-level indicators are placed into for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 the package to monitor the inside atmosphere9. enterotoxin has been developed at Lawrence Oxygen indicators interact with oxygen penetrating Berkeley National Laboratory. This sensor material, the package through leakages to ensure that oxygen which can be incorporated in the packaging material, absorbers are functioning properly. When oxygen is is composed of cross polymerized polydiacetylene absent in the headspace (>0.1%), the indicator molecules and has a deep blue color. displays a pink color. When oxygen is present CONCLUSIONS (<0.5%), it turns blue. A typical oxygen indicator The new advances have mostly focused on consists of a redox-dye (such as methylene blue), delaying oxidation and controlling moisture migration, an alkaline compound (such as sodium hydroxide, microbial growth, respiration rates, and volatile potassium hydroxide) and a reducing compound flavors and aromas. New packaging technology of (such as reducing sugars). Carbon dioxide indicators active and intelligent packaging is very helpful of are also used in modified atmosphere packages consumer to indicate the quality of food. A modern (MAP) in which high carbon dioxide levels are quality and safety assurance system should prevent desired. The indicators display the desired contamination through the monitoring, recording, concentrations of carbon dioxide inside the and controlling of critical parameters such as 9 package . temperature during a food product’s entire life
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cycle. The advancement of electronic devices that 5. L. Vermeiren, F. Devlieghere, M. Van Beest, can be made cheaply will also help drive the N. De Kruijf and J. Debevere, Trends Food innovate direction of active and intelligent packaging. Sci Technol, 10(3),77-86, 1999. As society continues to advance, the expectations 6. M. Ozdemir and J. D. Floros, Critical reviews of the consumer will continue to advance. The use in food science and nutrition, 44, 185-93, of active and intelligent packaging will likely become 2004. more popular as more technologies make their way 7. P. Suppakul, J. Miltz, K. Sonneveld and W. S. to the market, innovate packaging in active and Biggers, Journal of food science, 68 (2), intelligent systems will become more common place. 2003. Perhaps active and intelligent packaging will 8. Q. Shen, F. Kong and Q. Wang, Journal of completely replace traditional packaging itself. Food Engineering, 77 (2), 348–354, 2006. REFERENCES 9. R. Ahvenainen and E. Hurme, Food Additive Contaminants, 14 (6/7), 753-763, 1997. 1. A.R. De Jong, H. Boumans, T. Slaghek, J. Van Veen, R. Rijkand and M. Van Zandvoort, 10. R. Coles, D. Mcdowell and M. J. Kirwan, Food Packaging Technology, 2003, 346, J Food Sci, 72(3), 39 - 55, 2005. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 2. A. Lopez-Rubio, E. Almenar, P. Hernandez- 11. S. Landau, The future of flavor and odor Munoz, J.M. Lagaron, R. Catala, R. Gavara, release. In the future of caps and closures - Overview of active polymer based packaging latest innovations and new applications for technologies for food applications, Food Rev caps and closures, Intertech - Pira conference, Int, 20 4, 357-387, 2004. 20-21 2007. 3. G. L. Robertson, Food packaging principle and 12. S. Otles and B, yalcin, Log Forum, 4 (3), rd practice, 2012, 3 edn., CRC Press. 2008. 4. J.P. Smith, Y. Abe and Hoshino, Interactive 13. W.T. Bodenhamer, Method and apparatus for packaging involving sachet technology, In: M. selective biological material detection. (TOXIN L. Rooney (ed.), Active Food Packaging, 1995, ALERT, INC., CANADA), US Patent 6051388. 143 – 172, Chapman & Hall. 2000.
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EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND BRAIN DISORDER
Shubha Srivastava
The brain is highly susceptible to oxidative damage because of its high metabolic load and its abundance of oxidizable material. Particular nutrients influence cognition abilities protecting the brain from damage, and counteracting the effects of aging. The present review focuses on the implementation of particular nutrients to design novel treatment of various mental disorders.
INTRODUCTION
Global dietary patterns are increasingly be answered. But we are beginning to uncover the characterized by greater intake of high caloric sugar basic principles that are involved in the actions of sweeteners, salt, animal fats, and edible oils. foods on the brain. We now know that particular Meanwhile, energy expenditure is being reduced at nutrients influence cognition by acting on molecular work, at home, and during leisure activities, affecting systems or cellular processes that are vital for all age groups. Despite the acute urgency of the maintaining cognitive function. This raises the problem, we still have much to learn about how exciting possibility that dietary manipulations are a these risk factors contribute to chronic diseases, viable strategy for enhancing cognitive abilities and how to reverse the trend. protecting the brain from damage, promoting repair 1 In recent years, research shows that nutrition and counteracting the effects of aging . This and diet can affect cognitive performance both knowledge can design novel treatments for mental positively and negatively, and that environmental and neurological disorders. Understanding the and cognitive enrichment can modulate the effects molecular basis of the effects of food on cognition of nutrition and diet1. In addition to protecting heart will help us to determine how best to manipulate disease and cancer, a balanced diet and regular diet in order to increase the resistance of neurons exercise can also protect the brain and ward off to insults and promote mental fitness. mental disorders. “. Factors that have a positive CAUSES effect on cognition include antioxidants, anti- Oxygen makes life possible, but it can also take inflammatory agents, and estrogens. Due to a high life away. Each of our hundred-billion brain cells rate of oxygen metabolism, the brain accumulates uses oxygen to stoke the fires of consciousness. oxidative damage with age. Many practical questions Highly-reactive forms of oxygen called free radicals regarding the design of diets to improve brain create chemical reactions that damage brain cells. function that constitute healthy brain food remain to If free radicals get out of control, cells will be Department of Zoology, K N P G College Gyanpur S damaged faster than they can be repaired. Free R N Bhadohi. Email : [email protected] radicals cause damage to brain cells by taking
187 Everyman’s Science Vol. LIV No. 3 August-September 2019 electrons from the body’s healthy molecules to • Type III diabetes balance themselves. The body can usually handle a • Alzheimer’s Disease small amount of free radicals, but when the number Epilepsy of free radicals becomes excessive, and then the • Multiple Sclerosis danger sets in. A large amount of free radicals • leads to even more free radicals, and this excessive • Parkinson’s Disease free radical formation damages cells and tissues. • Stroke When this oxidative damage affects our brain the Autism effect sneaks up slowly, and ever so quietly steals • Meningitis away a person’s memory and personality, eventually • eroding his ability to even take care of himself. Today’s Lifestyle Challenges The brain uses most oxygen and produces most - Fast paced lifestyle energy of any part of body, and thus it is highly - Eating on the run susceptible to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is - Missing/ skipping of meals inflammation caused by uncontrolled free radicals. - No time for Exercise Free radicals can propagate throughout the cell, - Smoking & alcohol consumption damaging the cell and even lead to cell death. Although Cells have their own antioxidant defences - Stress & anxiety enzymes to process the free radicals, but they are - Environmental concerns not 100% efficient and we must use dietary - Medication antioxidants to process the rest. The brain’s - High intake of caffeine beverages antioxidant defences becoming overwhelmed is one of the main mechanisms of brain aging, and this has Exposure of heavy metals been linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Out of 35 metals that concern us because of Parkinson’s , Alzheimer’s, dementia, schizophrenia, occupational or residential exposure; 23 of these autism, stroke and many other2. Thus, a healthy, are the heavy elements or “heavy metals”: antimony, antioxidant rich diet is especially beneficial for the arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, brain and is likely involved in the association between copper, gallium, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, plant food consumption and higher IQ scores. Having nickel, platinum, silver, uranium, vanadium, zinc and learnt about antioxidants and aging as well as the tin. Interestingly, small amounts of these elements role of anti oxidants and free radicals, would help are common in our environment and diet and are in understanding the magic of antioxidants more actually necessary for good health, but large amounts clearly. of any of them may cause acute or chronic toxicity LIST OF DISEASES CAUSED BY POOR (poisoning). The numbers of people are at risk for NUTRITION neurodegenerative disorders, which are progressively increasing as the result of an ever-aging population Dementia • and an escalation of poor diets and lifestyles, but • Attention deficit disorder in children effective treatments and approaches for primary • Schizophrenia prevention are lacking. • Depression Neurodegeneration can be found in many • Bipolar disorder different levels of neuronal circuitry ranging from
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molecular to systemic. Mitochondrial DNA schizophrenia5, 6, the rate of diabetes was found to mutations as well as oxidative stress both contribute be higher than in the general population. to aging. This is a fact that without optimum levels of THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR micronutrients, the right levels of antioxidation MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH activity can’t be achieved. The right amount of micronutrients and antioxidation activity, on the +ve Mental Attitude • other hand, provide our body the capacity to resist • Daily Exercise age related deterioration.1 • Adequate Rest and Vitamin C is the most prevalent antioxidant • Good Nutrition nutrients. They are the most popular anti oxidant Lack of these factors may cause Hypertension, vitamins. Vitamin C supplements can enhance Diabetes, Obesity, Heart disease and brain disorder. memory, IQ and other mental functions in the body as it is involved in making neurotransmitters which Today’s meal... affects mood. Vitamin C neutralizes free radicals — Lack of vitamins and minerals that damage DNA and other cellular structures. — Lack of fiber Although vitamin C is not solely responsible for the — High amounts of fat and cholesterol increased longevity, it is a marker for a diet high in — Empty calories fruits and vegetables. — Free radicals which damage the heart, lungs, Normal Oxygen Atom Free Radicals Set Off Chain skin, brain and tissues. Reaction In this scenario health is our daily concern.
How can we save ourselves through diet? Electron Loss Creates Free Antioxidant levels diminish with age, therefore Radical Cell Membrane the aging brain appears to be an easy target for oxidative damage7. This underscores the importance Erosion of Cell Membrane Antioxidants of getting enough antioxidants through diet and supplements. There are many natural foods that have antioxidant nutrients to fight off aging. Although Antioxidants Cell Intetion Neutrolises it is good to make a habit of having anti oxidant diet Free Radical which includes natural rich anti oxidant food sources, Fig. 1. : Fig 1 free radical chain reaction breaks cell good antioxidant supplements too provide an option membrane and creates many problems. Antioxidants for people who could not do so. Our body naturally donate an electron to free radical and prevent from damage. circulates many nutrients creating antioxidant enzymes which control the free radicals and their Vitamin E- a crucial brain protector since the chain reactions. Numerous studies have found that brain is composed mostly of fat. One molecule of there might be an association between abnormal vitamin E can protect 200 fatty acid molecules metabolism (diabetes type II, obesity and metabolic from free radical damage, thereby helping brain syndrome) and psychiatric disorders3. In a large cells remain functionally healthy for a longer life. study of patients with manic depression4 or Seeds, nuts, and soybeans – and their unrefined
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expeller pressed oils have the highest concentrations than one may get from food sources. So, of vitamin E. Significant quantities are found in supplementation of coq10 is ideal in such conditions. brown rice, oats, fresh wheat germ, and in eggs Coenzyme Q10 is very effective in the protection from free-range chickens. Smaller concentrations of brain against oxidative damages that is often occur in dark green leafy vegetables, brussels linked to a number of brain diseases. Although sprouts, and broccoli. Coenzyme Q10 is available in milk, cheese and Folic acid (also known as folate, vitamin B9 beef, the amount of Coq 10 required by the brain vitamin B6 (or folacin), pteroyl-L-glutamic is more than one may get from food sources. So 9 acid, pteroyl-L-glutamate are forms of water soluble supplementation of coq10 is ideal in such condition. vitamin B9. Ginkgo leaves- contain potent proanthocyanidins Folic acid is itself not biologically active, but its that protect cerebral blood vessel walls by biological importance is due to tetrahydrofolate and neutralizing free radicals. Ginkgo is particularly other derivatives after its conversion to dihydrofolic effective in quenching the super-oxide anion and acid in the liver. Recent studies have shown that hydroxyl free radicals. moderate calorie restriction and increased folic acid Curcumin- is a powerful antioxidant and anti- consumption improves mental health. Folic acid, inflammatory compound found in the curry spice found in foods like spinach and oranges, has been turmeric, which has a long history of dietary and shown to reduce age related decline in cognitive medicinal use in India. function, and can enhance the effects of anti- Selenium: A Boost to Vitamin E Selenium is depressant medications. The results of a recent also one of the most powerful detoxifiers of heavy randomized clinical trial indicate that a three-year metals that damage the brain and other organs. folic acid supplementation can help reduce the age- Selenium binds to mercury, lead, arsenic, and related decline in cognitive function. cadmium, which all disrupt brain chemistry by Omega-3 fatty acids — found in Fish (salmon), displacing important minerals like iron, zinc, and flax seeds, krill, chia, kiwi fruit, butternuts, walnuts copper. Selenium is able to “chelate” these metals provide many benefits, including improving learning – a word derived from Greek word for “claw.” In and memory and helping to fight against such a sense, selenium grabs hold of these molecules mental disorders as depression and mood disorders7 and removes them from brain cells. schizophrenia, and dementia, Dietary deficiency of Vitamin B1 is necessary for proper functioning omega-3 fatty acids in humans has been associated of the nervous system and good mental health. It is with increased risk of several mental disorders, needed to convert glucose into brain energy, and is including attention-deficit disorder, dyslexia, required to create myelin. 8 dementia, depression, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s Vitamin B is beneficial to the body as it helps and schizophrenia. to keep the brain healthy. It helps increase the Coenzyme Q10 is very effective in the RBC’s carrying oxygen to the grey matter of the protection of brain against oxidative damage that is brain resulting in increased memory. In general often linked to a number of brain diseases. Although brain supplements should contain some form of coQ10 is available in milk, cheese and beef, the Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12 to help amount of coq 10 required by the brain is more improve proper functioning of the brain. Vitamin B1
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is known to minimize the progression of Alzheimer’s Diet that has fish, poultry, nuts, and certain fruits disease. Vitamin B6 is known to improve the condition and vegetables may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s of people suffering from Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s disease. People least likely to develop the disease or depression. Vitamin B12 is necessary for proper eat more olive oil-based salad dressing, nuts, fish, nerve functioning as its deficiency has been linked tomatoes, poultry, cruciferous vegetables such as to variety of brain disorders including normal broccoli, fruits, and dark and green leafy vegetables. cognitive decline. Caffeine, alcohol, or excessive REFERENCES consumption of sugar can deplete your body’s store 1. G. P Fernando, Nat Rev Neurosci. 9(7), 568– of B vitamins more rapidly, as can smoking or the 578, 2008. use of prescription drugs. B vitamins are water- soluble and are not retained too long in the body. 2. G. Aliev, M.A Smith, D Seyidova, et al. Brain Pathol, 12, 21-35, 2002. Magnesium- When magnesium is chronically deficient or depleted, then brain metabolism and 3. F.M Sacks, J Clin Psychiatry. 65 (Suppl 18), power suffer. Several factors contribute to the lack 3–12, 2004. of magnesium in our diet. Our brain needs 4. S.L. Lilliker. Compr Psychiatry. 21, 270–275, magnesium to build the protective myelin sheaths 1980. that insulate the nerve fibres which network your 5. S Mukherjee, P Decina, V Bocola, F Saraceni, nervous system. Magnesium is an important brain P.L Scapicchio. Compr Psychiatry. 37, 68–73, nutrient because it protects the brain from 1996. neurotoxins. A single food will not meet your daily 6. L Dixon, et al. Schizophr Bull. 26, 903–912, magnesium needs. A variety of fruits, vegetables, 2000. and grains can supply your magnesium requirements 7. P.M Kidd. Altern Med Rev;12, 207-227,2007. as well as make for a more delectable menu. Nuts, seeds, dark leafy greens, and whole grains have 8. K. Yurko-Mauro, D. McCarthy, D Rom, et al. magnesium, but most other foods have little, ”Cooked Alzheimers Dement, 2010. and processed foods also lose a lot of magnesium 9. A.J Young, S Johnson, D.C Steffens, P.M making it a very deficient mineral.” Doraiswamy. CNS Spectr. 12 (1):62-8, 2007.
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KNOW THY INSTITUTIONS
THE CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR COTTON RESEARCH,
THE CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR COTTON RESEARCH, NAGPUR
he Central Institute for Cotton Research public private partnerships. The role of CICR in T (CICR) is a premier institution of cotton solving various problems confronting cotton research in India under the aegis of Indian Council production in the country is widely acknowledged of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. It through the awards received by the institute. was established in 1976 with headquarters at Nagpur CICR has close collaborative linkages with ICAC (Maharashtra) and two Regional Stations at (International Cotton Advisory Committee, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) and Sirsa (Haryana). Washington), ICGEB, ICRISAT, CIRCOT, IARI, The institute has a 425 acre research farm at NBRI, NCL, PPV&FRA, NBA, DBT, DST, Nagpur, 55 acre farm at its regional station Sirsa RCGM, GEAC, Ministry of Environment and Forest, and 88 acre farm at regional station Coimbatore. APEDA, NHB, DAC and DCD (Directorate of The institute has a major mandate to conduct Cotton Development), seed industry and the pesticide basic and strategic research for cotton improvement industry. The institute has close linkages with in the country. Over the years, CICR has emerged Agricultural Universities located in the cotton as a leader in science and technologies through its growing regions of the country through its All India significant scientific contributions that lead to the Coordinated Research Project on Cotton. The spectacular progress of cotton production through Central Institute for Cotton Research takes pride in
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the four international patents in South Africa, China, Anjali, CNH 36, Arogya, Surabhi, Sumangala, CNH Uzbekistan and Mexico, several Indian patent 120 MB, Suraj, CNHO 12, CSH-3129 and CCH applications, significant technologies that were 2623), Three varieties of G. arboreum (CISA 310, disseminated to lakhs of farmers and the large CISA 614 and CNA 1003 (Roja)) , one 14 Indian number of training programmes conducted on Council of Agricultural Research variety of G. different aspects of cotton production for Indian barbadense (Suvin), nine intra- hirsutum hybrids and foreign scientists/extension personnel. (Savitha, Suguna, Surya, Kirthi, Omshankar, CSHH The institute has been recognized all over the 198, CSHH 238, CSHH 243 and CSHG 1862), two world for its outstanding work on plant breeding, interspecific (G. hirsutum x G. barbadense) crop improvement, crop production technologies, hybrids(HB 224 and Shruthi)and one intra- development of Bt-cotton, development of arboreum hybrid (CISA 2). immunological diagnostic kits, basic research on • The World’s best extra-long staple variety insect resistance to insecticides. Cry toxins and ‘Suvin’ was developed by CICR. xenobiotics, development and dissemination of IRM • The recent variety Suraj has excellent fibre (Insecticide Resistance Management) and IPM quality (length 31.7 mm, strength 25.9 g/tex with (Integrated Pest Management) technologies for 3.8 mic) and is now being promoted for High Density conventional and Bt-cotton. A few notable Planting Systems (HDPS). achievements of the institute are listed below: • Forty (40) genetic stocks (G. hirsutum– 24, G. • The institute partnered in the ‘International arboreum – 10 and Introgressed - 6) have been Cotton Genome Initiative ICGI’ programs and has registered for their unique, novel and distinct contributed to the development of cotton genome - characteristics. These would serve to generate published in the world’s leading journal ‘Nature’. important cotton genotypes with economically • The institute is widely acknowledged for its important traits and unique morphological markers. basic research that led to the development of several • The institute has one of the world’s largest processes, products, technologies and pre-breeding germplasm collections of 11,345 belonging to four advanced genetic stocks that are either highly species of cotton (G. hirsutum-8265, G. barbadense- adaptable to biotic and abiotic stress or excellent in 305, G.arboreum-1936 and G.herbaceum-565) fiber quality attributes. Recently a new G. besides a number of land races (Hirsutum- arboreumgenetic stock was developed with the 7,Barbadense-1,Arboreum-6 and Herbaceum-1), wild highest ever fiber strength of 29 g/tex. species (26), interspecific derivatives (40) and • The CICR varieties, LRA 5166, LRK 516, perennials (193). These serve as valuable resources Surabhi, Suraj and many others possess excellent of biodiversity with innumerable economically adaptability characteristics and are being commonly important traits. utilized in majority of the highly adaptive commercial • To reduce the cost of hybrid seed production, private hybrids that are grown across the country. a Thermosensitive Genetic Male Sterile line (TGMS LRA 5166 LRK 516 Surabhi Suraj. 1-1) was identified and characterized in desicotton • CICR has developed and released 30 improved (G. arboreum). It produces completely fertile male genotypes including twelve varieties of Gossypium flowers at minimum temperature of less than 18°C hirsutum (MCU 5 VT, LRA 5166, Supriya, Kanchana, and produces completely sterile male flowers at
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minimum temperature more than 24°C with the country. The institute provided leadership for continuous good sunshine. Complete male sterility national dissemination of the IRM and IPM could be obtained only during summer flowering (Integrated Pest Management) technologies for (i.e. month of May) for consecutive four years. conventional and Bt-cotton. This line could be successfully employed for hybrid • Recently, three novel lectins have been seed production in summer with 30% boll setting identified by the institute as promising candidate efficiency. genes for the control of sap-sucking insect pests • Several other innovative aspects of useful (aphids, leaf hoppers, and whiteflies). research include the discovery of apomixes trait, • Two new bio-pesticide formulations, mealy- cleistogamy, temperature sensitive male sterility and kill and mealy-quit were developed for the control five-loculed genotypes. Under the Diversification of mealybugs and sucking pests. and utilization of male sterility system, 82 genotypes • New Bt genes were designed indigenously, were converted under CMS background, 66 synthesized into gene constructs and are being used genotypes were converted under GMS background. in the genetic transformation of cotton. The institute 12 GMS based hybrids were found to be promising has developed several other transgenic events with in multi-location trials. Bt genes in G. hirsutum cotton. The institute played CICR developed, patented and commercialized a stellar role in supporting research for the • introduction and popularization of Bt-cotton in India. ‘farmer-usable’ kits to detect Bt cotton. The kits are being used on a large scale by farmers and • The institute developed several package of seed testing agencies in the country since 2002 to practices, poly-mulchtechniques, multi-tier cropping curb the spread of illegal and spurious Bt cotton systems, innovative inter-cropping Indian Council seeds. of Agricultural Research systems, and several other crop production strategies to optimize input use and The institute has developed ‘PCR based Kits’ • maximize benefits from Bt-cotton. to detect various pathogens including the dreaded The institute developed and demonstrated a cotton leaf curl virus. • new concept of ‘High Density Planting Systems’ • Over the past few years, the institute has (HDPS) that has potential to improve yields of been successfully promoting Desi cotton varieties rainfed cotton, especially in Maharashtra, Madhya which require low production cost for high yields to Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. More than 5000 one enhance sustainability in the Melghat tribal tract of acre frontline demonstration trials were conducted Amravati District of Vidarbha. The programmes with HDPS over three years. Results showed that have become very popular with increased adoption the productivity of cotton in HDPS with straight levels and generated new hopes to cotton farmers varieties was found to be a viable option to improve in the region. the Multi-tier cropping system Inter-cropping system • The institute is known for its pioneering work High Density Planting Systems (HDPS) field view on fundamental research on insect resistance to productivity of cotton particularly under rainfed insecticides and Bt toxins. Scientists of the institute conditions at reduced production costs developed stochastic models and developed IRM • The institute has developed many implements (Insecticide Resistance Management) strategies for and devices and has filed patent applications for
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‘solar powered knapsack sprayer’ and ‘bullock Programme and IPM/IRM demonstrations. Farmer- drawn planter’ that have been developed and Scientist Interaction programmes are organized commercialized. periodically for enabling in-depth interaction between • CICR has recently established a ‘voice-mail’ farmers and researchers. weekly advisory system called ‘e-kapas’ network • The Institute undertakes regular technical to connect 100,000 farmers for technology training programmes for 2-8 weeks for specialists dissemination and backstopping. Advisories and alert and on-farm training courses for cotton growers services are being issued to the registered cotton usually of one to two days duration. The Govt. of growers in 8 local languages so as to enable them India recognized the institute as the centre for initiate proactive measures. conducting National/Model Training Courses on Cotton Production Technology. More than 1500 The institute has won national and international • senior level extension functionaries belonging to all awards for its outstanding work in development and major cotton growing states of the country have dissemination of IRM strategies in about 200,000 been trained in these mediums to long-term hectares in 30 districts of nine cotton growing states programmes. In addition, the institute undertakes in fields of about 90,000 farmers, resulting in net short term sponsored training programmes by the financial benefit of 500 million per year due to 50- State governments, NGO’s private companies/ 60% reduction in pesticide use and enhanced yields. corporations and other organizations. Periodic • Recently the Central Institute for Cotton International training programmes are also organized Research, Nagpur was conferred the ‘National for cotton professionals from other cotton growing Award 2014- Best Research Institute – Krishi countries of Africa and south and south-east Asia Sansthan Samman’ by Mahindra Samriddhi India such as Vietnam, Myanmar, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Agri Awards 2014. Bangladesh etc. • CICR hosted ‘KrishiVasant 9-13 February Contact: 2014’, the country’s biggest ever Agricultural Director Exposition in which an estimated 8 to 10 lakh AR-Central Institute for Cotton Research farmers attended from all across India. P.B.No.2, Shankarnagar P.O., • In addition to the research programmes, the Nagpur-440010 Maharashtra Institute is engaged in first line transfer of technology. Phone :710-3275536, 0710-3275617 These include Frontline demonstration (FLD), On- 0710-3275637 0710-3277529(F) Campus/Off-Campus demonstrations, Seed Village www.cicr.org.in
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CONFERENCES/MEETINGS/SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS
GEOSPATIAL CONCLAVE, 13–14 JANUARY 2020, A.B. CENTENARY HALL, KOLKATA Theme Application of Geospatial Technology in Water Resource Management Sub themes : 1. Morphological Analysis. 6. GIS in Socio-Economic and Cultural Issues. 2. Climate Change and Predictions. 7. Application of RS-GIS in Space Science. 3. Hazard and Disaster Management. 8. Advancement in Geo-Spatial Techniques. 4. Natural Resource Management 9. Geospatial Techniques in Smart Agriculture 5. Landuse, Planning and Urban Management. Contact : SAIARD, 58, R.K.Sarani, P.O.-Behala, Kolkata-60; 6289169916, 8777433044; [email protected]; www.saiard.co.in
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OBSERVING THE FIRST BILLION YEARS OF THE UNIVERSE USING NEXT GENERATION TELESCOPES, 20–24 JAN 2020 • INDORE, INDIA Topics : • Reionization of hydrogen and helium • First sources of light • Updates on 21-cm experiments • Updates on X-ray, UV, IR experiments • Obstacles in the observations • Modelling and simulations of the first billion years • Cosmology via intensity mapping of 21-cm and signals in other wavelengths • Cross-correlation and other synergy studies between observations in 21-cm and other wavelengths • Constraints on dark matter/dark energy • Statistical estimators of the expected signals and statistical inference tools Contact : Suman Majumdar, Discipline of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Engineering (DAASE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore-453552 [email protected], [email protected]
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NCFMP2020—2ND NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FRONTIERS IN MODERN PHYSICS 2020, 06-07 FEB 2020, KOLKATA, INDIA Topics: • Material Science, • Synthesis and Characterization of Materials, • Materials under extreme conditions, Device Modeling and Simulation, • Theoretical and Computational Physics, • Biophysics and Applications, • Particle Physics, • Plasma Physics, • Bio-Medical Instrumentation, Electronics, • Computational Fluid Dynamics, • Mathematical Modeling Contact: Dr. Swarup Kumar Neogi, Organising Secretary, Department of Physics, Adamas University, Barasat – Barrackpore Road, P.O. – Jagannathpur, District – 24 Parganas (North), Kolkata-700 126, West Bengal, Tel: 91-9830826794Phone: 9830 224 321; Email: [email protected]
BIOSANGAM 2020 — INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT, 21-23 FEB 2020, PRAYAGRAJ, INDIA Topics: • Agricultural Biotechnology • Biotechnological Product and Process Development, • Environmental Biotechnology, • Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, • Interdisciplinary Research, Design, Innovations and IPR, • OMICS and Computational Biology Contact : Dr. Nand Kumar Singh, Chairman Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Prayagraj-211004 (UP) India, Phone: +91-532-2271231 (O); Mob.: +917070377440 +91-9794049630 Fax: +91-532-2545341, [email protected]
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING OF METALLURGICAL WASTE, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BHU) VARANASI, 22-23 FEB 2020. Topics: • Process wastes: Mineral processing, waste, sludges, residues etc • Metallurgical wastes: slags, dross, dusts, fumes and leach residues • Hazardous metallurgical wastes • Electronic wastes • Battery wastes • Metal recycling: Ferrous, Non-ferrous, Precious metals • Fly ash: management and mitigation • Recycling and Recovery methodology: Physical, mechanical and Chemical • Purification and separation techniques • Other wastes: Rubber, paper and plastics recycling • Green energy derived from waste • Miscellaneous fabrication wastes • Waste Management Environmental concerns in recycling Contact : Convener, MetWaste-2020, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA-221005, email: [email protected]. , website: www.metwaste.iitbhu.ac.in
9TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SURGEONS’ SOCIETY OF INDIA, 27-29 FEBRUARY, 2020, BISWA BANGLA CONVENTION CENTRE, KOLKATA. Contact : Conference Secretariat, Dr. Dibyendu Kumar Ray, Senior Consultant, Neurosurgeon, AMRI, Saltlake, Kolkata, Organising Secretary, NSSICON 2020, M : +91 98830 93698
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Combining these data to come up with estimates S& T ACROSS THE WORLD of potential greenhouse gas savings was no easy task. For one thing, the available data lumps together two very different ways in which IMPROVING ELECTRICAL GRIDS electricity can be “lost” in the grid. One way is COULD HELP PROTECT THE through mechanical inefficiencies, also known as CLIMATE technical losses — for example, when the Preventing losses of electricity as it travels from resistance of wires causes electricity to escape as the source to where it’s used could cut greenhouse heat. The other way is when electricity is used gas emissions by half a billion metric tons a year. but not paid for. Climate change discussions tend to focus on how From a greenhouse gas perspective, technical electricity is produced. But much of the world’s losses are a bigger problem, because every electricity is lost before it ever reaches people’s kilowatt-hour that’s wasted as heat must be made homes or businesses, according to researchers Sarah up for through increased production. Any effects Jordaan and Kavita Surana. from pilfering would be smaller and less direct, since the stolen electricity is still being used and In a new study, Jordaan and Surana estimate that thus reducing overall demand. Still, the researchers energy lost in the grid results in the release of nearly argue that pilfering can also result in excess a billion tons of extra carbon dioxide equivalents greenhouse gas emissions, since people are less into Earth’s atmosphere each year. That number, likely to conserve power when they are not paying they say, could potentially be cut in half — a for it. For example, in the African island country reduction that’s roughly the equivalent of eliminating of Comoros, past research suggests that the use all greenhouse gas production from the United of formerly pilfered power drops by one-third once Kingdom. people are forced to pay. “Ensuring that we have a more efficient grid is Pilferage doesn’t necessarily mean that people are extremely important,” said Jordaan, an energy surreptitiously stealing power by tampering with systems scientist at Johns Hopkins University’s machinery, noted Robert Stoner, the deputy director Washington, D.C. campus. “It’s something that all countries should really be thinking through more for science and technology at the MIT Energy seriously in moving towards a lower carbon Initiative. In developing nations, it’s not uncommon future.” for people and even government agencies to refuse to pay their bills, often in protest over unreliable The researchers analyzed 142 countries, representing service. the vast majority of electricity produced in the world. For each country, they had data from the To separate the technical losses from pilfering, the International Energy Agency on the total amount of researchers extrapolated from the few locations electricity lost in the power grid in 2016, plus a where past research has examined grid losses in breakdown of the sources such as coal and solar more detail. Most developed countries lose about that had produced each country’s power. They also 5% to 6% of the electricity they produce, primarily used published data on how much greenhouse gas from technical losses, although Singapore has is typically produced by each type of power achieved the most efficient grid in the world with generation. losses of just 2%. In developing nations, the losses
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are often much higher, and they are dominated by “These are sort of very broad-strokes estimates pilferage, according to the researchers. The highest based on some very simple assumptions, which I losses are seen in countries suffering from conflict would characterize as back of the envelope almost, or natural disasters — for example, Haiti and Iraq and certainly likely to be on the upper end of what both lost more than half their power in 2016. is really realizable,” said Stoner. The new analysis suggests that technical losses Despite the uncertainties, Anders Arvesen, a and pilferage together result in an additional 949 researcher who conducts life cycle assessments million metric tons of C02 equivalents being of electrical systems at the Norwegian University released into the atmosphere each year. That of Science and Technology, called the study a number could potentially be reduced by about 411 “timely contribution.” He was one of the million tons per year by improving grid independent peer reviewers for the study, which infrastructure to reduce technical losses. For was published last month in the journal Nature example, utility companies could replace old Climate Change. transformers with more efficient models, and they could work to create more distributed power “It is a crude estimate, but it is the first estimate of systems so the electricity doesn’t have to travel this kind,” said Arvesen. “I think [the study] shows as far, said Surana, a public policy researcher at that the electricity grid losses are important on a the University of Maryland in College Park. scale that is relevant for global climate assessments If power companies manage to prevent pilfering in and discussions.” addition to reducing technical losses, the There are already efforts underway to improve grid researchers estimate that emissions could be infrastructure. For example, the U.S. Department reduced by an additional 133 million metric tons of of Energy is working on an ambitious Grid C02 equivalents per year, for a total savings of Modernization Initiative, and India has been working 544 metric tons. on its own initiative, called the National Smart Grid It may seem that developing nations are the place Mission, since 2016. to focus grid improvement efforts, since they lose Nevertheless, the study authors don’t think a greater fraction of their power. But developed policymakers fully appreciate the potential of power nations like the U.S. and China produce far more grids to combat climate change. In the greenhouse greenhouse gas emissions overall, so relatively gas mitigation strategies submitted as part of the minor improvements to their grids can make a big Paris Agreement, only 32 countries mentioned difference to the climate. For example, the U.S. electrical grid efficiency, while 110 countries lost about 6% of its power in 2016. The study mentioned renewable energy. suggests that by reducing those losses to 3.2%, Americans could cut their greenhouse gas “When we started, we thought this would be an emissions by about 29 million metric tons per year obvious thing to do. But we were surprised that it — more than the total yearly emissions of Lebanon. wasn’t,” said Surana. “I think it’s largely overlooked.” The authors believe their estimates are conservative, and the true global savings could be even larger. Of course, noted Jordaan, the most important thing But MIT’s Stoner, who was not involved in the is still to move away from fossil fuels and toward research, said he thought they were more likely to renewable energy sources. But in the fight to avert be overestimates. climate change, grid improvements may be another
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weapon in the arsenal — one we can’t afford to on-edge bites. However, overbites and overjets now ignore. often last long into adulthood because the rise of Source : https://www.insidescience.org/news/ by practices such as cooking and milling led to softer Nala Rogers diets. To explore Hockett’s idea further, researchers HOW DIET CHANGED LANGUAGE developed computer models of the human skull, teeth and jaw in overbite, overjet and edge-on- Eating softer processed foods changed the position edge bite configurations. They next analyzed the of humans’ adult teeth, making it easier to say sounds amount of effort these configurations needed to like “f” and “v,” new research suggests. pronounce certain labiodental sounds. They thought (Inside Science) — What you eat may influence Hockett’s suggestion “was bizarre, unlikely but what sounds your language regularly uses, a new ultimately fascinating, so we set out to test whether study finds. In a sense, eating soft foods like fava we could find such a link,” said study co-lead beans helped humans say words like “fava beans,” author Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich in researchers said. Switzerland. More than 2,000 different sounds exist across the The scientists found that overbites and overjets roughly 7,000 to 8,000 languages that humans speak required 29 percent less muscular effort to produce today, from ubiquitous cardinal vowels such as “a” labiodental sounds than edge-on-edge bites. In and “i” to the rare click consonants found in southern addition, overbites and overjets made it easier to Africa. Scientists had long thought this range of accidentally mispronounce bilabial sounds such as sounds was fixed in human biology since at least “m,” “w” or “p,” which are made by placing the the emergence of our species about 300,000 years lips together, as labiodental ones. ago. “This shows how the shift in one cultural behavior, However, in 1985, linguist Charles Hockett noted such as how food is produced, can have dramatic that labiodentals — sounds produced by positioning and far reaching consequences on our biology and the lower lip against the upper teeth, including “f” our linguistic behavior,” said evolutionary and “v” — are overwhelmingly absent in languages morphologist Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel at the whose speakers are hunter-gatherers. He suggested University at Buffalo in New York, who did not tough foods associated with such diets favored bites take part in this research. where teeth met edge on edge, and that people In addition, the researchers discovered hunter- with such teeth would find it difficult to pronounce gatherer societies only have about 27 percent the labiodentals, which are nowadays found in nearly number of labiodentals found in agricultural societies. half the world’s languages. Moreover, when they focused on the Indo-European As is true for most children today, our ancestors language family — which stretches from Iceland to generally grew up with upper teeth jutting over the eastern Indian state of Assam and has records and protruding in front of lower teeth — overbite stretching back more than 2,500 years on how and overjet, respectively. Paleoanthropological sounds in some of its languages were pronounced evidence suggested that in the past, the wear and — they found the use of labiodentals increased tear from tough foods could lead overbites and steadily following the development of agriculture. overjets to fade after adolescence, resulting in edge- All in all, they estimated that labiodentals only had
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a 3 percent chance of existing in the Indo-European To overcome this challenge, researchers have proto-language that emerged about 6,000 to 8,000 developed an easily swallowed blueberry-sized years ago but are now found in 76 percent of the capsule that can inject delicate molecules into the family’s languages. stomach lining. The stomach wall has no pain “It is often assumed that the structure and the receptors, so the scientists believe that patients processes we see in languages today were the same should not feel the injection. as 10,000 years ago,” Blasi said. “Now we have a To help the device settle against the inside of the very strong case to think that there are some global stomach, the researchers drew inspiration from the and very frequent linguistic phenomena that are leopard tortoise, which is found in eastern and surprisingly recent in times of human history.” southern Africa. The reptile’s domelike shell helps Although the researchers suggest that overbite and the tortoise right itself if it rolls onto its back. A overjet make it easier to produce labiodentals, “that similar shape would likely help the capsule orient doesn’t mean that labiodentals will emerge within itself along the bottom of the stomach wall to ensure all languages,” said study co-lead author Steven its needle could find purchase, despite any forces Moran at the University of Zurich. “It does mean that may jostle it about. that the probability of producing labiodentals increases The tip of the device’s needle, made of freeze- slightly over time and that means that some languages dried insulin, is attached to a compressed spring are likely to acquire them, but not all languages that is held in place by a disk made of sugar. When will.” water in the stomach dissolves the disk, the spring In the future, “we are interested in applying our releases and injects the needle into the stomach novel methods to other speech sounds beyond just wall. labiodentals,” Moran said. “Nearly half of all known In tests in pigs, the device successfully delivered speech sounds are unique to particular languages.” up to 0.3 milligrams of insulin, enough to lower The scientists detailed their findings in the March blood sugar to levels comparable to those produced 15 , 2019 issue of the journal Science. via traditional injections. The scientists could also increase the dose to 5 milligrams, comparable Source : https://www.insidescience.org/news/ by to what someone with Type 2 diabetes would Charles Q. Choi need. TORTOISE-SHAPED PILL INJECTS The researchers saw no sign of tissue damage or INSULIN INTO STOMACH LINING other problems from the stomach injections. The device is made from biodegradable materials and Pill uses a dissolving spring-loaded needle to spare stainless steel parts that should allow it to pass people with diabetes from normal injections. harmlessly through the gut after delivering the A pill shaped like a tortoise could one day help insulin. deliver insulin to people with diabetes, a new study Experiments also showed the device — dubbed the finds. self-orienting, millimeter-scale applicator, or SOMA Researchers have long sought ways to deliver insulin — could work for other drugs currently delivered using pills instead of unpleasant injections. However, via injection. “We anticipate our first human trials in many medications are vulnerable to the acidity and the next three to five years,” said study co-senior digestive enzymes found in the digestive tract. author Giovanni Traverso, a gastroenterologist and
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biomedical engineer at Harvard Medical School in comment on the paper, but others in the field think Boston. it is legitimate. The scientists detailed their findings in the Feb. 8 A quantum computer aims to exploit the strange issue of the journal Science. aspects of quantum mechanics to perform types of Source : https://www.insidescience.org/news by calculations that would swamp a classical computer. Charles Q. Choi Whereas a classical computer depends on “bits” of information that can be set as either zero or one, a quantum computer employs qubits which can be set QUANTUM COMPUTER BESTS ALL to zero, one, or—thanks to quantum mechanics— CONVENTIONAL COMPUTERS IN any combination of zero and one at the same time. FIRST CLAIM OF ‘SUPREMACY’ That enables a quantum computer to process a The age of quantum computing may have begun multitude of inputs simultaneously. For example, a 10 not with a flashy press conference, but with an 10-qubit quantum computer could process 2 , or internet leak. According to a paper posted briefly— 1024, possible inputs at once instead of analyzing and presumably mistakenly—to a lab site, physicists them one at a time. at Google have used a quantum computer to perform But such a computer’s real power comes from other a calculation that would overwhelm the world’s best quantum phenomena. For certain computational conventional supercomputer. Although the specific problems, all potential solutions can be thought of computation has no known use, the result means as quantum waves simultaneously sloshing among scientists have passed a milestone known as the qubits. Set things up right and those waves “quantum supremacy.” interfere with one another so that incorrect answers “It’s a great scientific achievement,” says physicist cancel one another and the right answer pops out. Chad Rigetti, founder and CEO of Rigetti Computing Such interference should enable a full-fledged in Berkeley and Fremont, California, which is quantum computer to hack current internet encryption schemes by factoring the huge numbers developing its own quantum computers. “Google that underlie them. called their shot,” he adds, noting that the company detailed exactly how it would demonstrate quantum That feat would require thousands of qubits, so supremacy a couple of years ago. Greg Kuperberg, Martinis and colleagues conceived a problem on a mathematician at the University of California, which a quantum computer with just dozens of qubits Davis, calls the advance “a big step toward kicking could best any conventional rival. The 53 qubits in away any plausible argument that making a quantum their device consist of tiny circuits of computer is impossible.” superconducting metal that can be in a low-energy state to denote zero, a high-energy state to denote According to the Financial Times, which broke the one, or both at the same time—at least until story, the paper appeared last week on the website measured, when such two-way states collapse one of NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, way or the other. The researchers then made pairs California; some of the researchers there are paper of qubits interact in various ways through a fixed authors. Readers downloaded the manuscript before but random set of operations. it vanished, and it is circulating online. John Martinis, the physicist who leads Google’s quantum computing Taken as a group, the qubits output any number effort in Santa Barbara, California, declined to between zero and 253. Thanks to quantum
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interference caused by the operations, some numbers designed to essentially … implement one very should show up more often than others. And as the specific quantum sampling procedure with no number of qubits grows, calculating that uneven practical applications,” says Dario Gil, director of distribution of outputs would become overwhelmingly IBM Research in Yorktown Heights, New York, difficult for an ordinary computer. So, if which is also developing machines with experimenters see the telltale unequal pattern of superconducting qubits. outputted numbers, they have evidence their quantum The Google computer also lacks the ability to correct device calculated something a conventional errors, which may be key to making a full-fledged computer cannot. quantum computer. That requires encoding a single, As with any quantum computing effort, the key more stable “logical” qubit in several less reliable was to preserve the qubits’ delicate quantum states “physical” ones, to enable the machine to maintain throughout the process. If they fuzz out then all quantum states much longer, Kuperberg explains. outputs become equally likely. But the Google team Rigetti, however, notes that Google’s achievement reports that it managed to see the telltale pattern in may put the company in an ideal position to the generated numbers. To prove the pattern wasn’t demonstrate such error correction, too. just noise, researchers compared the results for Gil voices another worry long held by many the smaller trials and subgroups of the qubits with field: that after all the hype surrounding quantum supercomputer simulations. They couldn’t do that supremacy, quantum computing may experience a for the biggest instances of the problem, however. letdown like the one that plagued the field of artificial What the quantum computer could do in a little intelligence from the 1970s until the current decade, over 3 minutes would take a supercomputer 10,000 when technology finally caught up with aspirations. years to reproduce, they estimate. In the leaked paper, however, the 76 authors Some researchers say the demonstration isn’t so optimistically conclude: “We are only one creative much a computation as an effort to cook up a algorithm away from valuable near-term quantum state that’s hard to simulate. “Quantum applications.” computers are not ‘supreme’ against classical Source : https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/ computers because of a laboratory experiment 09/ by Adrian Cho
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÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ 14, «UÊÚ0 Á’⁄U‡Ê ªÈ„UÊ S≈˛UË≈U, ∑§Ù‹∑§ÊÃÊ–700 017, ÷Ê⁄à ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323 »Ò§Ä‚ : 91-33-2287-2551 fl’‚Êß≈ : http://sciencecongress.nic.in ߸-◊‹ : [email protected]
‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÃZ •ı⁄ ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ ∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄ : ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ©Ÿ ‚÷Ë ‹ÊªÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ πÈ‹Ë „Ò¢, ¡Ê SŸÊÃ∑§ ÿÊ ©‚∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ SÃ⁄ ¬⁄ ‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊÇÿÃÊ •¡¸Ÿ ∑§⁄ øÈ∑§ „Ò¢, •ı⁄ Á¡ã„¢ ÷Ê⁄à ◊¢ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ë Ã⁄Ä∑§Ë ◊¢ M§Áø „Ò¢– 1. flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ — ¡Ê √ÿÁÄà Ÿÿ M§¬ ‚ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ª˝„áÊ ∑§⁄ŸÊ øÊ„ÃÊ „Ò ©‚ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 200/- ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÷Ã˸ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 50/-* (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞** U.S. $ 70) ◊ÊòÊ ŒŸ ¬«∏¢ª– flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ fl·¸ ∑§ 01 •¬˝Ò‹ ∑§Ê Œÿ „Ê ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ¡Ê ÷Ë 15 ¡È‹Ê߸ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ Ÿ„Ë¢ •ŒÊ ∑§⁄ ¬Ê∞ªÊ fl„ ©‚ ‚Ê‹ ∑§ Á‹∞ •¬ŸË flÊ≈ ŒŸ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ‚ fl¢Áøà „Ê ¡Ê∞ªÊ •ı⁄/ÿÊ fl„ ©‚ fl·¸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿ ∑§Ê ÷Ë ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ Ÿ„Ë¢ ∑§⁄ ¬Ê∞ªÊ– flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ŒÊ’Ê⁄Ê •ª‹ ‚Ê‹ 15 ¡È‹Ê߸ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ Á’ŸÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ÁŒ∞ ¬ÈŸ— •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¢– ‚ŒSÿªáÊ •¬ŸÊ ¬¬⁄ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ©ã„¢ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§Ë ∑§Êÿ¸Áflfl⁄áÊ ∑§Ë ∞∑§ ¬˝Áà Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ◊¢ ¬˝Êåà „Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò– ß‚∑§ ‚ÊÕ fl ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ⁄Ê¡∏ŸÊ◊øÊ ““∞fl⁄Ë◊Òã‚ ‚Êߢ‚”” ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ÷Ë Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ©‚ ‚Ê‹ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑Χ¬ÿÊ ISCA fl’‚Êß≈ ‚ »§Ê◊¸ «Ê©Ÿ‹Ê« ∑§⁄¢– 2. ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ — ÿÁŒ ∑ȧ¿ ∑§Ê⁄áÊÊ¢ ‚ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ©‚ fl·¸ ∑§ 15 ¡È‹Ê߸ ∑§ •¢Œ⁄ ŒÊ„⁄ÊŸÊ ÷Í‹ ¡Ê∞°, ÃÊ ©Ÿ∑§Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ, ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Á’ŸÊ flÊ≈ «Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ◊¢ ‚ËÁ◊à ∑§⁄ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ∑§Ê r 200/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ $ 50) •ŒÊ ∑§⁄ŸÊ ¬«∏ªÊ– ∞∑§ ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ‹π/¬ÊS≈⁄ ¬˝SÃÈÃË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§Ê •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ ¬˝Êåà „ÊªÊ Á¡‚ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§Ê fl„ ‚ŒSÿ „Ò¢– ∞∑§ ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ flÊ≈ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¢ ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ∑§ ÿÊÇÿ Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò¢– ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê Áfl÷ʪʢ ∑§ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ’ÒΔ∑§Ê¢ •ı⁄ ‚ÊœÊ⁄áÊ ’ÒΔ∑§Ê¢ ◊¢ ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ÿÊÇÿÃÊ ¬˝Êåà Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò¢– 3. ¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ — ¡Ê √ÿÁÄà SŸÊÃ∑§ SÃ⁄ ‚ ŸËø ¬…∏Ê߸ ∑§⁄ ⁄„Ê „Ò¢, ©‚ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 100/- ◊ÊòÊ ŒŸ ¬«∏¢ª •¬ŸÊ ŸÊ◊ ¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Á‹πflÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞, ’‡Êø ©‚∑§ •ÊflŒŸ ¬òÊ ¬⁄ ©‚∑§ ¬˝ÊøÊÿ¸/ Áfl÷ʪÊäÿˇÊ/‚¢SÕÊŸ ∑§ ¬˝œÊŸ ∑§ „SÃÊˇÊ⁄ „Ê¢– ∞∑§ ¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ÿ„ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ, Á∑§ fl„ •¬ŸÊ ¬¬⁄ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄ ‚∑§¢, ’‡Êø fl„ ¬¬⁄ fl„ Á∑§‚Ë flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ÿÊ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§Ê߸ •flÒÃÁŸ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄¢– ©‚ flÊ≈ ∑§⁄Ÿ ∑§Ê ÿÊ ∑§Êÿ¸Ê‹ÿ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ ∑§⁄Ÿ ∑§Ê •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ ¬˝Êåà Ÿ„Ë¢ „ʪʖ ¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê Áfl÷ʪʢ ∑§ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ’ÒΔ∑§Ê¢ ◊¢ ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ÿÊÇÿÃÊ ¬˝Êåà Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò¢– 4. •Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ — ∞∑§ ‚ŒSÿ •¬Ÿ ÷Áflcÿ ∑§Ë ‚Ê⁄Ë flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∞∑§ ’Ê⁄ ◊¢ r 2,000/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 500) ◊ÊòÊ •ŒÊ ∑§⁄∑§ ¬Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¢– ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄà ¡Ê 10 ‚Ê‹ ÿÊ ©‚‚ •Áœ∑§ ÁŸÿÁ◊à M§¬ ‚ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄ øÈ∑§Ê „Ò, ©‚ ©‚∑§Ë ‚¢ÿÈÄà ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∑§ ™§¬⁄ ¬˝ÁÃfl·¸ r 50/- ∑§Ë ¿Í≈ ŒË ¡Ê∞ªË, ’‡Êø Á∑§ ©‚∑§Ë ‚¢ÿÈÄà ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 1,200/- ‚ ŸËø Ÿ „Ê¢ (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 12.50 •ı⁄ U.S. $ 300 ∑˝§◊‡Ê—)– ∞∑§ •Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ©‚∑§ ¬Í⁄ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¢ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ‚Ê⁄ Áfl‡Ê·ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄ ¬˝Êåà „Ê¢ª–
205(i) 5. ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ — ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ¡Ê r 5,000/- ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Œ fl„Ë ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ ©‚ ÁflûÊËÿ fl·¸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ’Ÿ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò, (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 2,500)– ß‚◊¢ fl„ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ∑§ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚òÊ ◊¢ •¬Ÿ ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄà ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ ŸÊ◊Ê¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¢, ¡Ê ©Ÿ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃÁŸÁœ „Ê¢– ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê flÊÁ·¸∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§Ë ∑§Êÿ¸Áflfl⁄áÊ ∑§Ë ∞∑§ ¬Íáʸ ¬˝Áà Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ◊¢ ¬˝Êåà „Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò– ß‚‚ ‚ÊÕ fl ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ⁄Ê¡∏ŸÊ◊øÊ ““∞fl⁄Ë◊Òã‚ ‚Êߢ‚”” ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ÷Ë Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– 6. ŒÊÃÊ — ∑§Ê߸ ÷Ë √ÿÁÄà ¡Ê ∞∑§‚ÊÕ r 10,000/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 5,000) ◊ÊòÊ Œ¢, fl„ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ŒÊÃÊ ’Ÿ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄêà ŒÊÃÊ ∑§Ê fl„ ‚Ê⁄ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ •ı⁄ Áfl‡Ê·ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄ Á◊‹¢ª ¡Ê ∞∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ©‚∑§ ¬Íáʸ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¢ ¬˝Êåà „Êà „Ò¢– ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ¡Ê ∞∑§‚ÊÕ r 50,000/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 25,000) ◊ÊòÊ Œ¢, ‚ŒÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ß‚ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ŒÊÃÊ ’Ÿ ‚∑§Ã „Ò, Á¡‚ fl„ ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄà ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊Ê¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄∑§ ©‚ •¬Ÿ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃÁŸÁœ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ∑§ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚òÊ ◊¢ ÷¡ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ/√ÿÁÄêà ŒÊÃÊ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸Áflfl⁄áÊ •ı⁄ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ⁄Ê¡∏ŸÊ◊øÊ ““∞fl⁄Ë◊Òã‚ ‚Êߢ‚”” ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ÷Ë ÁflŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢–
* ÷Ã˸ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 50/- Á‚»¸§ ∞∑§ Ÿÿ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „Ò– ÿ„ ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ/•Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/ŒÊÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò– ** (∞∑§ ÁflŒ‡ÊË ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê •Õ¸ „Ò¢, ¡Ê ÷Ê⁄Ãfl·¸ ∑§ ’Ê„⁄ ∑§Ê ŸÊªÁ⁄∑§ „Ê¢–) (•) ¬¬⁄ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄ŸÊ — ∞∑§ ¬Íáʸ ¬¬⁄ ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ©‚∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÃËŸ ‚Ê⁄Ê¢‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ¡Ê 100 ‡ÊéŒÊ¢ ‚ íÿÊŒÊ Ÿ „Ê¢ •ı⁄ Á¡∏‚◊¢ ∑§Ê߸ •Ê⁄π ÿÊ »§Ê◊͸‹Ê Ÿ „Ê¢, fl„ ¬˝àÿ∑§ fl·¸ 15 Á‚Ãê’⁄ ∑§ •¢Œ⁄ •ŸÈ÷ʪËÿ •äÿˇÊ Ã∑§ ¬„È°ø ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„∞– (’) ‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ¡Ê ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ◊¢ ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ∑§ ¬‡øÊà ‹ÊÒ≈à ‚◊ÿ ∑§ Á≈∑§≈ ◊¢ Á⁄ÿÊÿà ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò, ’‡ÊûÊZ Á∑§ ©Ÿ∑§Ë ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ πø¸ ∑§Ê ÕÊ«∏Ê ÷Ë ÷ʪ ‚⁄∑§Ê⁄ (∑§ãŒ˛Ëÿ ÿÊ ⁄Êíÿ), ∑§Ê߸ ∑§ÊŸÍŸË ‚ûÊÊ ÿÊ ∑§Ê߸ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ÿÊ ∑§Ê߸ Ÿª⁄¬ÊÁ‹∑§Ê Ÿ ©ΔÊ∞° •ı⁄ ©Ÿ∑§Ë ∑ȧ‹ ∑§◊Ê߸ ÿÊ ¬Á⁄‹ÁéœÿÊ¢ r 5,000/- (¬˝Áà ◊Ê„ ¬Ê°ø „¡Ê⁄ L§¬∞) ‚ •Áœ∑§ Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò¢– ∑Χ¬ÿÊ ISCA fl’‚Êß≈ ‚ ⁄‹fl Á⁄ÿÊÿà »§Ê◊¸ «Ê©Ÿ‹Ê« ∑§⁄¢– (‚) ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ¬ÈSÃ∑§Ê‹ÿ ◊¢ ‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ¬…∏Ÿ ∑§Ë ‚ÈÁflœÊ ‚È’„ 10.00 ’¡ ‚ ‡ÊÊ◊ ∑§Ê 5.30 ’¡ Ã∑§ ‚÷Ë ∑§Ê◊ ∑§ ÁŒŸÊ¢ ◊¢ (‡ÊÁŸflÊ⁄ •ı⁄ ⁄ÁflflÊ⁄) ∑§Ê ¿Ê«∏∑§⁄ ¬˝Êåà „ʪ˖ («) ‚◊ÿ ‚◊ÿ ¬⁄ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê Ãÿ ∑§Ë ªß¸ ◊ÍÀÿ Œ⁄Ê¢ ¬⁄ ÁflüÊÊ◊ªÎ„, ‚÷ʪÊ⁄ •ÊÁŒ ‚ÈÁflœÊ•Ù¢ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊÁåà ÷Ë ‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– (߸) ÷Áflcÿ ◊¢ ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê •ÊÿÊÁ¡Ã ¬Á⁄‚¢flÊŒ, ‚ê◊‹Ÿ •ı⁄ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ◊¢ ‚÷ËflªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ mÊ⁄Ê ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ •¬ŸËó•¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ¬òÊ ∑§Ê ‹ÊŸÊ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „ʪʖ äÿÊŸ Œ¢ — (1) ‚÷Ë ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ The Indian Science Congress Association ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ „Ë Á‹πÊ ¡Ê∞°, ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¢ ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊÁåà •ı⁄ ¡Ê ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‡ÊÊπÊ ◊¢ Œÿ „Ê¢– ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ ‚ ÿ„ ÁŸflŒŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄„Ê „Ò, Á∑§ fl •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‚¢ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ©À‹π ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬òÊÊøÊ⁄ ∑§ flÄà •fl‡ÿ ∑§⁄¢– (2) ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê ◊ŸË•Ê°«¸⁄, •Ê߸. ¬Ë. •Ù., ߸. ‚Ë. ∞‚. ÿÊ ø∑§ ‚ ÷ȪÃÊŸ ª˝„áÊ Ÿ„Ë¢ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑§Ê߸ ÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄à ‚ŒSÿÃÊ »§Ê◊¸ (•ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ Ÿß¸ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ/‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞) ◊¢ ÁflÁœflà Á’ŸÊ ÷⁄Ÿ ‚ Ÿ„Ë¢ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– (3) Ÿ∑§ŒË ∑§fl‹ ISCA ◊ÈÅÿÊ‹ÿ ◊¢ „ÊÕ ‚ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑Χ¬ÿÊ «Ê∑§ mÊ⁄Ê Á‹»§Ê»§ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ Ÿ∑§ŒË Ÿ„Ë¢ ÷¡¢–
(ii) THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017, INDIA Telephone : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323 Fax : 91-33-2287-2551 Website : http://sciencecongress.nic.in E-mail : [email protected]
Terms of Membership and Privileges of Members :
Membership of the Association is open to person with Graduate or equivalent Academic Qualifications and interested in the advancement of Science in India. 1. Annual Member : A person willing to be enrolled as new Annual Member has to pay an annual subscription of r 200/- along with an admission fee of r 50/-* (for foreign** U.S.$ 70) only. The annual subscription of a Member shall become due on the 1st April of each year. Anyone who fails to pay the subscription on or before the 15th July in any year shall lose the right of voting and/or holding any office of the Association for that year. A member failing to pay the annual subscription by the end of March of the following year shall cease to be a Member. Annual members can renew their Membership without paying the admission fee in the next year by remitting subscriptions in time i.e. within 15th July. Members may contribute papers for presentation at the Science Congress. They will receive, free of cost, reprints of the Proceedings of the Session of any one section of their interest and also the bi-monthly journal of the Association Everymans Science for that year only. For Renewal of Membership please download the form from ISCA website. 2. Sessional Member : If for some reasons, Annual Members fail to renew their Membership by remitting subscription prior to 15th July each year, their Membership for the year would be restricted to Sessional Membership without voting right. Sessional Member has to pay r 200/ - (for foreign $50). A Sessional Member shall have the right to present paper/poster at the session of the congress of which he/she is a member. A Sessional Member shall not be eligible to participate in the voting process. A Sessional member shall not be eligible to participate in the Business meetings of the Sections and the General Body. 3. Student Member : A person studying at the under-graduate level may be enrolled as a Student Member by paying an annual subscription of r 100/- only provided his/her application is duly certified by the Principal/Head of the Institution/Department. A student member shall have the right to submit papers for presentation at the Session of the Congress of which he/she is a member, provided such papers be communicated through a Member, or an Honorary Member of the Association. He/She shall not have the right to vote or to hold any office. A student member shall not be eligible to participate in the Business Meetings of the Sections and the General Body. 4. Life Member : A Member may compound all future annual subscriptions by paying a single sum of r 2,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 500) only. Any person who has been continuously a member for 10 years or more, shall be allowed a reduction in the compounding fee of r 50/- for every year of such membership, provided that the compounding fee shall not be less than r 1,200/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 12.50 and U.S. $ 300 respectively). A life Member shall have all the privileges of a member during his/her lifetime.
(iii) 5. Institutional Member : An Institution paying a subscription of r 5,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 2,500) only, can become an Institutional Member of the Association for that financial year. It shall be eligible to nominate one person as its representative to attend Annual Session of the Science Congress. An Institutional Member shall be eligible to receive, free of cost, a copy of the complete set of Proceedings of the Annual Science Congress Session as also a copy each of the Associations journal Everymans Science. 6. Donor : Any person paying a lump sum of r 10,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 5,000) only, can become an Individual Donar of the Association, an INDIVIDUAL DONOR shall have all the rights and privileges of a member during his/her lifetime. An Institution paying a lump of r 50,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 25,000) only, can become an INSTITUTIONAL DONOR of the Association forever, which shall have the right to nominate one person as its representative to attend Annual Session of the Science Congress. An Institutional/ Individual Donor shall be eligible to receive, free of cost, a copy of the complete set of Proceedings of the Annual Science Congress Session as also the Associations journal Everymans Science. * Admission fee of r 50/- is needed only for becoming a new Annual Member and not for Sessional Member/Life Member/Institutional Member/Student Member/Donor. ** (A Foreign Member means one who is normally Resident outside India). (A) Presentation of Papers : A copy of complete paper accompanied by an abstract in triplicate not exceeding one hundred words and not containing any diagram or formula, must reach the Sectional President latest by September 15, each year. (B) Members of all categories are entitled to Railway Concession of return ticket by the same route with such conditions as may be laid down by the Railway Board for travel to attend the Science Congress Session provided that their travelling expenses are not borne, even partly, by the Government (Central or State), Statutory Authority or an University or a City Corporation and their total earning of or emoluments drawn do not exceed r 5,000/- (Rupees Five Thousand per month). Please download the Railway Concession form from ISCA Website. (C) Members of all categories are entitled to reading facilities between 10.00 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on all weekdays (except Saturdays & Sundays) in the library of the Association. (D) Members of all categories may avail Guest House facilities, Lecture Hall hiring at the rates fixed by the Association from time to time. (E) Members of all categories should bring the Membership Card always for attending any Seminar, Conference and Annual Congress organized by ISCA in future. Note : (1) All Bank Drafts should be drawn in favour of The Indian Science Congress Association, membership subject to realisation of the bank draft, Payable at any branch in Kolkata. Members are requested to mention their Membership No. while making any correspondence to ISCA office. (2) No money order, I.P.O., ECS or cheque will be accepted by ISCA. No Membership will be taken without duly filled in prescribed Membership Form (Application From for New Membership/Application for Renewal of Membership). (3) Cash will only be taken by hand at ISCA Hqrs. Pl. do not send the Cash by Post within the envelop.
(iv) ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ 14, «UÊÚ0 Á’⁄U‡Ê ªÈ„UÊ S≈˛UË≈U, ∑§Ù‹∑§ÊÃÊ–700 017, ÷Ê⁄à ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323 »Ò§Ä‚ : 91-33-2287-2551 fl’‚Êß≈ : http://sciencecongress.nic.in ߸-◊‹ : [email protected] ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ŸÿÊ •ÊflŒŸ ¬òÊ ‚flÊ ◊¢ ◊„Ê‚Áøfl (‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Êÿ¸) ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ S≈Òê¬ •Ê∑§Ê⁄ ∑§Ê 14, «ÊÚ0 Á’⁄‡Ê ªÈ„Ê S≈˛Ë≈, »§Ê≈Ê ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ-700 017 ◊„ÊŒÿ, ◊Ò¢ ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§Ê •Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ/‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ/√ÿÁÄêà ŒÊÃÊ/‚¢SÕʪà ŒÊÃÊ •¬ŸÊ ŸÊ◊ Á‹πflÊŸÊ øÊ„ÃÊ/øÊ„ÃË „Í°– ◊Ò¢ ß‚∑§ ‚ÊÕ óóóóó ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Ÿ∑§∏Œ r óóóóó/’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ‚¢ÅÿÊ óóóóó ÁŒŸÊ¢Á∑§Ã óóóóó ¬˝øÊ‹∑§ ’Ò¢∑§ óóóóó 01 •¬˝Ò‹ 20—— ‚ 31 ◊Êø¸ 20—— Ã∑§ ÷¡ ⁄„Ê/⁄„Ë „Í°– ◊Ò¢ ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà Áfl÷ʪ ◊¢ L§Áø ⁄πÃÊ/⁄πÃË „Í° (∑Χ¬ÿÊ Á∑§‚Ë ∞∑§ ◊¢ ÁŸ‡ÊÊŸ ‹ªÊ∞°)– Áfl÷ʪ 1. ∑ΧÁ· •ı⁄ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ 2. ¬‡ÊÈ, ¬‡ÊÈÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê •ı⁄ ◊àSÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ 3. ◊ÊŸfl‡ÊÊùËÿ •ı⁄ √ÿfl„Ê⁄¬⁄∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã, „Ò¢, ¬È⁄ÊÃàfl-ÁflôÊÊŸ, ◊ŸÊÁflôÊÊŸ, ‡ÊÒÁˇÊ∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄ ‚ŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ) 4. ⁄‚ÊÿŸ ÁflôÊÊŸ 5. ÷Í-¬hÁà ÁflôÊÊŸ 6. •Á÷ÿãÃÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ 7. ¬ÿʸfl⁄áÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ 8. ‚ÍøŸÊ •ı⁄ ‚¢øÊ⁄áÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë (Á¡‚◊¢ ∑¢§åÿÍ≈⁄ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò) 9. ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ 10. ªÁáÊà ÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ‚Ê¢ÁÅÿ∑§Ëÿ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò) 11. ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ‡ÊÊù (Á¡‚◊¢ ‡Ê⁄Ë⁄ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò) 12. ŸÿÊ ¡ËflÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ¡Ëfl ⁄‚ÊÿŸ, ¡Ëfl ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë •ı⁄ •ÊáÊÁfl∑§ ¡ËflÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄ ¡Ëfl-¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò)
(v) 13. ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ëÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ 14. flŸS¬Áà ÁflôÊÊŸ
(∑Χ¬ÿÊ ≈¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄¢ ÿÊ é‹ÊÚ∑§ •ˇÊ⁄Ê¢ ◊¢ ÷⁄¢) ŸÊ◊ (é‹ÊÚ∑§ •ˇÊ⁄Ê¢ ◊¢) : üÊË/‚ÈüÊË/üÊË/üÊË◊ÃË/«ÊÚ0/¬˝Ê0 (∑Χ¬ÿÊ Á≈∑§ ∑§⁄¢)
∑ȧ‹ŸÊ◊ ¬˝Õ◊ ŸÊ◊ ◊äÿ ŸÊ◊
‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊÇÿÃÊ : (•¢ÁÃ◊ ‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊÇÿÃÊ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ-¬òÊ •¢∑§-‚ÍøË ∑§Ê SflׂàÿÊÁ¬Ã Á¡⁄ÊÄ‚ ¬˝Áà ‚¢‹ÇŸ ∑§⁄ŸÊ „Ò) ¬ŒŸÊ◊ ‚ê¬∑¸§ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ : (⁄Êíÿ, ‡Ê„⁄/Ÿª⁄ •ı⁄ Á¬Ÿ ∑§Ê« ‚Á„Ã) ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· ‚¢ÅÿÊ/◊Ê’Ê߸‹ ‚¢ÅÿÊ •ı⁄ ߸-◊‹ : Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‚⁄∑§Ê⁄Ë •ŸÈ◊ÊÁŒÃ ¬„øÊŸ ¬òÊ (•ÁŸflÊÿ¸) : flø◊ÊŸ fl·¸ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ¬˝fl‡Ê-¬òÊ : SÕÊÿË ¬ÃÊ : ÁŒŸÊ¢∑§ : ÷flŒËfl „SÃÊˇÊ⁄ äÿÊŸ Œ¢ — (i) ‚÷Ë ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ The Indian Science Congress Association ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ „Ë Á‹πÊ ¡Ê∞°, ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¢ ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ¬˝ÊÁåà •ı⁄ ¡Ê ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‡ÊÊπÊ ◊¢ Œÿ „Ê¢– (ii) ‚÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ •ı⁄ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ •ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ •ÊflŒ∑§Ê¢ ∑§Ê •¬Ÿ πÈŒ ∑§ ¬Ã ©¬‹éœ ∑§⁄Ê∑§ ∑§⁄Ÿ øÊÁ„∞ Ÿ Á∑§ Œπ÷Ê‹ ∑§ ¬Ã ¬˝SÃÈà ∑§⁄Ÿ øÊÁ„∞– (iii) ÷Ã˸ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 50/- Á‚»¸§ ∞∑§ Ÿÿ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „Ò– fl„ ‚ŒSÿ/•Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/ŒÊÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò– (iv) ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ ‚ ÿ„ ÁŸflŒŸ Á∑§flÊ ¡Ê ⁄„Ê „Ò Á∑§ fl •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‚¢ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ©À‹π ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬òÊÊøÊ⁄ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ •fl‡ÿ ∑§⁄¢– (v) ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê ◊ŸË•ÊÚ«¸⁄, •Ê߸. ¬Ë. •Ù., ߸. ‚Ë. ∞‚. ÿÊ ø∑§ ‚ ÷ȪÃÊŸ ª˝„áÊ Ÿ„Ë¢ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– (vi) ∑§Ê߸ ÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄à ‚ŒSÿÃÊ »§Ê◊¸ (•ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ Ÿß¸ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ/‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞) ◊¢ ÁflÁœflà Á’ŸÊ ÷⁄Ÿ ‚ Ÿ„Ë¢ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– (vii) Ÿ∑§ŒË ∑§fl‹ ISCA ◊ÈÅÿÊ‹ÿ ◊¢ „ÊÕ ‚ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑Χ¬ÿÊ «Ê∑§ mÊ⁄Ê Á‹»§Ê»§ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ Ÿ∑§ŒË Ÿ„Ë¢ ÷¡¢–
(vi) THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017, INDIA Telephone : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323 Fax : 91-33-2287-2551 Website : http://sciencecongress.nic.in E-mail : [email protected]
Application Form For New Membership
To The General Secretary (Membership Affairs) The Indian Science Congress Association Stamp Size 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Photograph Kolkata-700 017 Dear Sir, I like to be enrolled as a Life Member/Annual Member/Sessional Member/Student Member/ Institutional Member/Individual Donor/Institutional Donor of The Indian Science Congress Association. (Pl. Tick) I am sending herewith an amount of r in payment of my subscription by Cash/Bank Draft No. dated issuing bank from the year 1st April 20_____ to 31st March 20_____. I am interested in the following section (Please tick any one). Sections 1. Agriculture and Forestry Sciences 2. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences 3. Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences (including Archaeology, Psychology, Education and Military Sciences) 4. Chemical Sciences 5. Earth System Sciences 6. Engineering Sciences 7. Environmental Sciences 8. Information and Communication Science & Technology (including Computer Sciences) 9. Materials Science 10. Mathematical Sciences (including Statistics) 11. Medical Sciences (including Physiology) 12. New Biology (including Bio-Chemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology and Biotechnology)
(vii) 13. Physical Sciences 14. Plant Sciences
(Please type or fill up in Block Letters) Name (in Block Letters) : Mr./Ms./Shri/Shrimati/Dr./Prof. (Please tick)
Surname First Name Middle Name
Academic Qualifications : Self attested xerox copy of last educational certificate/marksheet must be attached) Designation Address of communication : (including state, city/town and pin code) Phone No./Mobile Number & E-mail : Any Govt. approved ID Card (Mandatory) : Current Year University Admit Card : Permanent Address : Date : Yours Faithfully Signature Note : (i) All Bank Drafts should be drawn in favour of The Indian Science Congress Association, membership subject to realisation of the bank draft, Payable at any branch in Kolkata. (ii) All Application Forms for Membership and the renewal of Membership must be submitted by providing the address of the applicants themselves only and not any care of address. (iii) Admission fess of r 50/- is needed only for becoming a new Annual Member and not for Sessional Member/Life Member/Institutional Member/Student Member/Donor. (iv) Members are requested to mention their Membership No. while making any correspondence to ISCA office. (v) No Money Order, I.P.O., ECS or Cheque will be accepted by ISCA. (vi) No Membership will be taken without duly filled in prescribed Membership Form (Application Form for New Membership/Application For Renewal of Membership). (vii) Cash will only be taken by hand at ISCA Hqrs. Pl. do not send the cash by Post within the envelope.
(viii)
Vol. LIV No.- 3 (AUG -SEP 2019)
Fax : 91-33-2287-2551, E-mail : [email protected]