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Vol. LIV No.- 3 (AUG -SEP 2019) Vol. LIV No.- 3 (AUG -SEP 2019) Fax : 91-33-2287-2551, E-mail : [email protected] EVERYMAN’S SCIENCE Vol. LIV No. 3 (August-September 2019) EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Umakant Behera (Meghalaya) Editor-in-Chief Prof. Prakash Chandra Joshi (Haridwar) Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena Dr. Suresh Makvana (Vallabh Vidyanagar) Area Editors Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Laxmi Saxena Prof. Diwan S. Rawat (Delhi) (Biological Sciences) Prof. R. B. Singh (Delhi) Prof. Pramod Kumar Verma Dr. Asit Kumar Das (Jamnagar) (Earth Sciences) Dr. R. S. Rawal (Almore) Dr. Manoj Kumar Chakrabarti (Medical Sciences including Physiology) Prof. Md. Nurul Hoda (New Delhi) Prof. R.N. Yadava Dr. Srikantaswamy (Mysuru) (Physical Sciences) Prof. S. K. Nimbhorkar (Aurangabad) Dr. R. L. Bharadwaj Dr. Deep N. Srivastava (New Delhi) (Social Sciences) Dr. Sudip K Ghosh (Kharagpur) General Secretary (Membership Affairs) Dr. S. Ramakrishna Dr. Santhosh Chidangil (Manipal) General Secretary (Scientific Activities) Prof. (Mrs.) Y. Vimala (Meerut) Dr. Anoop Kumar Jain Prof. (Mrs.) Seshu Lavania (Lucknow) Editorial Secretary Dr. Amit Krishna De COVER PHOTOGRAPHS Printed and published by Dr. Ashok Kumar General Presidents of ISCA Saxena on behalf of Indian Science Congress 1. Prof. D. N. Rao (2017) Association and printed at East India Photo 2. Dr. Achyuta Samanta (2018) Composing Centre, 69, Sisir Bhaduri Sarani, 3. Dr. M. K. Chakrabarti (2019) Kolkata, 700006 and published at Indian 4. Prof. K. S. Rangappa (2020) Science Congress Association, 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700017, with Dr. Ashok 5. Dr. (Mrs.) V. L. Saxena (2021) Kumar Saxena as Editor. Annual Subscription : (6 issues) For permission to reprint or reproduce any portion of the journal, please write Institutional r 500/-; Individual r 300/- to the Editor-in-Chief. Price : r 20/- per issue Everyman’s Science Vol. LIV No. 3 August-September 2019 CONTENTS EDITORIAL : GUT MICROBIOTA AND OBESITY M. K. Chakrabarti 147-148 ARTICLES : THE ABUSE OF ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS’ IN ATHLETES : POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS Chaitra R. Sharma and Laxmi S. Inamdar 149-154 ADDITIVES : A BOON TO NEW AGE INDUSTRY Mahima Srivastava 155-159 MULTI-PHYSICS BASED MODELING AND SIMULATION OF AN AIRCRAFT BRAKE SYSTEM Krishna Lok S. 160-165 PLANT ROOT SYSTEM STUDY—AN OVERVIEW Govindasamy Prabhu, Sonu Kumar Mahawer, Manoj Chaudhary, R. Srinivasan and Mahendra Prasad 166-170 ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE : A NEURODEGENERATIVE MENACE OF ELDERLY Anindita Joardar 171-173 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BIOPRINTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS Pravesh Kumar, K.S. Wisdom and Sneha Surendran 174-179 FOOD PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY G. Rajesh, S. Balasubramanian, N. Manimehalai and T. Anand 180-186 EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND BRAIN DISORDER Shubha Srivastava 187-191 KNOW THY INTITUTIONS 192-195 CONFERENCES/MEETINGS/SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS 196-198 S & T AROSS THE WORLD 199-204 146 Everyman’s Science Vol. LIV No. 3 August-September 2019 EDITORIAL GUT MICROBIOTA AND OBESITY Obesity has become a great health problem found in sour milk. Since then, research has nowadays. A large number of people have been continued to support his findings along with suffering from obesity. Sedentary life style and suggesting more benefits of gut microbes. increased food consumption are the two main causes During the pregnancy, infant’s intestinal tract is of this obesity epidemic. It has been shown by a free of microbes until exposed to maternal microbes group of scientists that the most frequent cause during normal birth. Cessarian section babies differs which leads to the obesity development is dysbalance in the composition of gut microbiota with the normally between energy intake and energy expenditure. born babies. Feeding also represents another source Studies reported that there is a relation between of microorganism where breast fed babies have obesity and gut microbiome. Gut microbes can effect different gut microbiota composition in comparison food intake and appetite, body weight composition to that of formula fed babies. and metabolic function through gastrointestinal Composition of gut microbiota is constantly pathways and modulation of the gut bacterial changing, affecting the health of the host by diet, community. disease state, medications, host genetics etc. A number of studies have shown connection between It is known that trillions of bacteria inhabits the diet and microbiota indicating how the composition gut. The number is more than total cells in the of different diets directly affect gut microbiota. Gut human body. Four hundred to five hundred species bacteria are beneficial to us and plays important is present in any one person. Of these 80 to 90 physiological role in the vital processes such as percent is nonculturable. Advanced molecular digestion, vitamin synthesis, metabolism etc. It is biology technique such as next generation well established that gut microbiota can increase sequencing has contributed significantly in our energy production from diet, contribute to low grade understanding of gut microbiota. The importance of inflammation and regulate fatty acid composition. th gut microbes was realised in the early 20 century, These processes are proposed as a link between when Elic Metchnikoff in 1907 had observed that gut microbiota and obesity. However, the exact rural dwellers in Bulgaria lived to very old ages mechanism of linking between gut microbes and despite extreme poverty and harsh climate. He obesity is not well understood yet. For the last decade theorised that health of this population could be several studies suggested a relation between gut enhanced and senility delayed by manipulating the microbiota and obesity. Studies have shown that intestinal microbiome with host friendly bacteria obese mice as well as humans had different gut 147 Everyman’s Science Vol. LIV No. 3 August-September 2019 composition compared to lean. Gut microbiota has been shown to be activated by acetate and contributes to energy metabolism through the propionate followed by butyrate. Mice lacking this production of short chain fatty acids by colonic receptor were obese while its over expression in fementation of dietary fibre, protein and peptides. adipose tissue exhibited leanness under normal Most abundant short chain fatty acids are acetate, conditions. propionate and butyrate which are having beneficial Although a large number of studies have been effects on body weight. made in relating gut microbiota and obesity, the exact A study has shown that butyrate and propionate mechanism of effect of gut microbiota in obesity is are protective against diet induced obesity. In not clearly established. Extensive research is required contrast, it has been noted that in genetically obese for better understanding of gut microbiota to prove mice and obese human subjects fecal short chain the beneficial effect of these in the treatment of fatty acid level increased due to decrease in colonic different metabolic disorders including obesity. absorption with obesity. Free fatty acid receptor 2 Dr. M. K. Chakrabarti is one of the short chain fatty acid receptors that Kolkata Science is Organised Knowledge— Herbert Spencer 148 Everyman’s Science Vol. LIV No. 3 August-September 2019 THE ABUSE OF ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS’ IN ATHLETES : POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS Chaitra R. Sharma and Laxmi S. Inamdar* Anabolic- androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. They have potent anabolic effects in boosting musculoskeletal system, increasing a lean body mass, vigor and sustain male libido. Recent clinical studies have discovered novel therapeutic uses for physiological doses of AAS. However, chronic administration of AAS is often associated with various adverse effects that are generally dose related. The focus of this review is to provide brief introduction to AAS, prevalence of its use, beneficial and/or side effects associated with doping. INTRODUCTION What are anabolic-androgenic steroids? anabolic activity of testosterone and its derivatives “Anabolic steroids” is the familiar name for is primarily manifested in its myotrophic action, synthetic variants of the male sex hormone which results in greater muscle mass and strength. testosterone. The proper term for these compounds This, in conjunction with the stimulatory effects of is Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)-“anabolic” androgens on the brain, which frequently results in referring to muscle-building and “androgenic” refers a feeling of euphoria and increased aggressiveness, to increased male sexual characteristics. has led to the widespread use of AAS by athletes at all levels, as well as by “recreational” drug users. The use of testosterone and related steroids is a The AAS was first documented in a major sporting widespread phenomenon among top athletes, amateurs, teanagers and a large part of the population event during the world weight lifting Championship 3 who simply desire to improve their physique. The in Vienna in 1954 . popularity of testosterone and related steroids among It was reported that in US 1-2% of adolescent drug users is due to the powerful effects of these girls and 4-6% of adolescent boys have used AAS substances on muscle mass and vitality1. at least once. AAS have recently been placed on the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) list of Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are controlled substances, because of the adverse synthesized from the male sex hormone testosterone effects seen in athletes taking accelerated dosages and are being used since 1950s in an attempt to maximize
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