Primate (USA 1974) - Frederick Wisemann, © Zipporah Films, Inc. DOCUMENTARY FORUM CREDITS Foreword Artistic Director: Hila Peleg “Talk Show” (Omer Fast) is a PERFORMA Commission co-produced by Artis Contemporary Israeli Art Fund with support from the Edith Russ Site for Media Art, Research and Programme Coordinator: Oldenburg, and the Goethe Institute, Hong Kong. | “The Inhabitants of Images” Koen Claerhout (Rabih Mroué) is co-produced by Bidoun Magazine, New York, Ashkal Alwan, Beirut, Tanzquartier Wien I “Feminism and Performance Art”, a screen performance by Programme Coordinator: Nadja Talmi Angela Melitopoulos and Bettina Knaup, is based on the exhibition “re.act.feminism Rabih Mroué projects images of a main street in Beirut for a performance. Project Assistants: Leyla Discacciati, – performance art of the 1960s & 70s today” curated by Bettina Knaup and Beatrice E. Stammer, Akademie der Künste, Berlin | “Product of Other Circumstances” Katharina Haverich (Xavier Le Roy) is a production by Le Kwatt, co-produced by Le Musée de la danse, Photos of Hezbollah martyrs have been attached to lampposts in Intern: Thomas Radinger Rennes, special thanks to Boris Charmatz, Performing Arts Forum, Saint Erme Outre et Ramecourt | “Gaza” (Michael Mraktisch) is produced by Saarländischer the central reservation. Mroué draws his audience’s attention to Assistants: Pauleena Chbib, Lisa Rave, Alexander Röhl Rundfunk | All presented works by Joachim Koester: Courtesy Jan Mot, Brussels a confusing element – the martyrs all have the same body. The Stage Manager: Anja Lindner reality shown on the photos is manipulated in order to communicate Architecture: Kooperative für Darstellungspolitik: THANKS Jesko Fezer, Anita Kaspar, Andreas Müller AP Images, Arsenal – Institut für Film und Videokunst, Beirut Art Center, BERLIN additional significance. The interplay between the photos and the BIENNALE, Berlin Verlag, Corbis, Deutsches Filminstitut Wiesbaden, Deutsches BDF Online-TV: Open Video – Multitude Media: Jan Historisches Museum, Ronald Feldman Gallery, FOCUS Photo- und Presseagentur various layers of meaning is the crux of this performance, which is Gerber, Ines Gerber, Sören Köhler, Susanne Lang, GmbH, Galerie Jan Mot, Galerie Lelong, Galerie Sabine Knust, Koch Oberhuber Wolff Berlin, Musée national d'art moderne - , Radio Bremen, enlightening in every respect. Simone Rau Saarländischer Rundfunk (SR), Südwestrundfunk (SWR), Westdeutscher Rundfunk Mroué’s piece clearly illustrates the role of documentary strategies (WDR), Zipporah Films, Inc. Astrid Arndt, Michel Balagué, Nathalie von Bernstorff, Lindsay Bosch, Annett in the arts, which are not concerned with simply depicting reality Editors: Hila Peleg, Bert Rebhandl Busch, Tiziana Chiaravalle, Elizabeth Corwin, Bojana Cvejic, Sandra Dagher, Valérie Managing Editor: Martin Hager Degrelle, Harun Farocki, Anselm Franke, Jörg Frieß, Gaby Gehlen, Dietmar Häger, in contrast to a fictitious reality. Instead our attention is drawn to Andréa Holzherr, Gabriele Horn, Christine Houard, Hannah Hurtzig, Ludger Ikas, Copy Editor (English): Nicola Morris Markus Jochem, Margot Klingsporn, Sabine Knust, Matthias Kunz, Oliver Laqua, how we construct reality with our signs, images and symbols. The Copy Editor (German): Jörg Hartung Armin Linke, Adi Nachman, Olaf Nicolai, Frauke Nissen, Eva Markovits, Mai Meksa- wan, Daniele Maruca, Vincent Mutsaerts, Gertrud Nippen, Nikolaus Oberhuber, crucial step consists of leaving behind art as a self-referential Translation English-German: Bert Rebhandl Mile Penava, Chris Rehberger, Jean-Pierre Rehm, Avi Pitchon, Irit Rogoff, Joshua Translations German-English: Nicola Morris Simon, Carrie C. Roseland, Saint-Gervais Genève, Michele Sarrazin, Catherine system of signs and admitting an external reality upon which our Schelbert, Carsten Siebert , Kasey Skeen, Peter Trentmann, Anne Tyderle, Solidea Design: Double Standards Valenti, Renate Wagner, Eveline Walendzus, Katharina Webersinke, Cornelia own language can be constructed. Print: pickme Wilhelm, Nicole Wolf, Cecile Zoonens Different constructions of reality on the basis of different languages All texts © the authors and systems of signs have been a central theme for the Haus der

With the kind support of: Kulturen der Welt since its inception. Its very name implies the tension HAUS DER KULTUREN DER WELT the Embassy of the French Republic, Culturesfrance, the Embassy of the United Director: Bernd M. Scherer States of America, the Royal Thai Embassy, and the Embassy of the Federative inherent in the relationship between interpretative and semiotic Head of Communications: Silvia Fehrmann Republic of Brazil. systems, namely between culture and reality, in other words, the Press Officer: Anne Maier world. Media Partner: Head of Visual Arts: Valerie Smith However, over the last twenty years it has become ever more Project Coordination Film: Doris Hegner Technical Director: Jochen Petzold necessary to devote greater attention to this relationship, for several Head of Audio and Video Engineering: André Schulz reasons. Firstly, there is the rapid development of the media which,

Head of Event Engineering: Hermann Volkery The Haus der Kulturen der Welt is supported by thanks to the technological opportunities offered by digitalisation, is Assistant to the Technical Director: Harald Weißmann increasingly beginning to lead an independent existence beyond the association with non-media based realities. Additionally, increasing

aufgrundon the basis eines of a Beschlussesresolution adopted des Deutschenby the German Bundestage Bundestags mobility has caused direct competition between various means of representation and their associated ways of seeing the world. This places the question of their relationship to the world in a new light. Last but not least, we are currently clearly in a transitional phase brought about by the developments mentioned above, among other things, where the old frames of reference are being questioned, necessitating the development of new representational forms and content within the debate about a reality in flux. The BERLIN DOCUMENTARY FORUM will make a contribution to this debate by incorporating a range of contemporary and historical perspectives.

Bernd M. Scherer, Director of Haus der Kulturen der Welt

2 3 Tout est dans le montage 32-minute film commissioned in 1955 by the Notes on “Documentary French World War II history committee (Comité d’histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Moments: Renaissance” mondiale) is the first fictionalised docu- mentary representation of the Nazi concen- tration and extermination system.

On a chilly spring night of April 1961, the As only one of the four cameras installed in Nazi officer Adolf Eichmann gets taken out the Jerusalem court could be recorded from his high security prison in order to at- on videotape, Hurwitz decided to trace the tend an extraordinary unofficial and discrete images of the spectator. He focused on session of the Jerusalem district court Adolf Eichmann’s initial discovery of the im- where his trial has been taking place since ages rather than on the screened image, the month of March. Following a request privileging the projection rather than the from Eichmann’s lawyer the court convenes screening. The counter shots, the screened to preview the films which the attorney film footage, create (in real time) a confron- general wished to show during the next day’s tation between the Nazi’s gaze and the public session. consequences of his deeds. Eichmann the spectator becomes a witness. Wearing a prison uniform and wool pullover, the defendant Adolf Eichmann enters the Almost five decades later, Resnais’ friend dark court and takes his place in the glass and colleague, the French image-maker booth opposite the cinema screen. The Chris Marker, downloads Leo T. Hurwitz’s mute scene of the man in his sixties, wear- night screening shots from the Eichmann ing a homey outfit, staring with curiosity at trial video archives available on the Internet. the images appearing on the screen in Chris Marker, Resnais’ assistant on Nuit et front of him, was secretly recorded on video. Brouillard, synchronises Hurwitz’s shots In fact, Leo T. Hurwitz – the American with those of Resnais’ film. Re-placing the director in charge of the Eichmann trial multi- missing sound and changing the screened camera recordings – violated the legal images with the equivalent scenes from Re- framework of the court’s video recordings nais’ Night and Fog, Marker composes and documented the perpetrator Adolf Henchman Glance. Horwitz’s unauthorised Eichmann as an ordinary silent cinema images of Eichmann watching Resnais’ spectator in his intimacy. Night and Fog, edited by Marker together with the original film’s sound and colour Filmed by the Allied forces during the liber- shots are an invitation to experience the ation of the Nazi concentration and death destabilising effect of watching the horror camps, the images on the screen were to- with the perpetrator, and through his eyes. tally new to Eichmann. Hurwitz’s mute The unsigned 32-minute documentary scene of Adolf Eichmann, the documentary composition Henchman Glance is a para- cinema spectator, tells the initial encounter digmatic representation of the documen- between the criminal and the image of the tary practice question. The observation of crime. In addition to these images previ- the perpetrator, the visual interrogation of ously screened at the 1945–46 Nuremberg the witness of the political evil, the investiga- Trials (which since then have gained an tion of power and authority, marked the iconic status of the Holocaust representa- post-World War II documentary cinema. tion) the Israeli attorney general chose to screen to the defendant and the court the Paradoxically, immediately after the end of short documentary film Nuit et Brouillard the war, documentary moving images (Night and Fog). Produced ten years after seemed to gain both the status of witness the Nuremberg Trials by the French film- and proof. During the Nuremberg Military maker Alain Resnais, edited with a text by Tribunals (NMT) staged in Germany in French author Jean Cayrol and a score by 1945, documentary images were mobilised German composer Hanns Eisler, Resnais’ in order to deliver their truth testimony, to

27 Les Statues Meurent Aussi (FR 1953) - Chris Marker, Alain Resnais. show reality. Staged in order to give an image the oral history of the post Euro-Genocide has absolutely no meaning as far as I’m Documentary Moments: Renaissance to the Nazi horror, the cinema screening in (documentary) image. Four takes depict concerned.” A conversation between Fred- Take 1 – Towards Night and Fog: Alain Resnais. court (becoming simultaneously a cinematic the reinvention of documentary language erick Wiseman and film historian Stella Thursday June 3, 7 pm object) is a turning point for documentary and the exploration of its potentialities in Bruzzi is followed by a screening of his film cinema interrogation. the years that followed the war. Primate (1974), which presents a scientific Take 2 – Memory of the Future: Edgar Morin. Friday June 4, 6 pm An historical era during which, being a favou- study of the physical and mental develop- A generation of young filmmakers born be- rite tool of power, the documentary images ment of primates, as conducted at Yerkes Take 3 – ‘Direct ’, ‘Truth’ and other Myths: Frederick tween the 1920s and 1930s and having were disseminated as a weapon among others. Primate Research Center. Wiseman. Saturday June 5, 4.30 pm grown up through the war would gradually and by various modes domesticate the “Take 1” delineates a path toward the seminal “Take 4” is called “Wartime/War crime”. Take 4 – Wartime/War crime: Marcel Ophuls. documentary cinema in order to interrogate Nuit et Brouillard. Several short documen- Filmmaker Marcel Ophuls uses the docu- Sunday June 6, 6 pm the documentary practice’s potential to tary films produced in the 1940s and 1950s mentary interview and montage to review produce truth. will be screened: Guernica (1950) and Les and re-edit historical narration, subverting Statues Meurent Aussi (Statues Also Die, the hegemony of authority and its propaganda Suspicious of power and inhibited by the 1953) as well as Henchman Glance with image. His epic oeuvre – both in scope urgent interrogation of authority, challenged commentaries by cultural historians Adrian and in length – is a landmark of the critical by public habits of spectatorship under the Rifkin and Marie-José Mondzain. historical essay. By introducing the film- shadow of propaganda and the cold war, maker as an actor of history, “where (my) the post-World War II documentary practi- “Take 2” of “Documentary Moments” is called point of view and creativity come in”, he re- tioners forged new modalities of produc- “Memory of the Future”. It consists of a defines the notion of resistance. A conversa- tion and distribution, and witnessed the ar- revisit of the film Chronicle of a Summer (1961). tion between Marcel Ophuls and Eyal Sivan rival of the TV channels as influential actors. Directed by anthropologist Jean Rouch is followed by a screening of the film The The twenty years that followed the end of and sociologist Edgar Morin, Chronicle of a Memory of Justice (1973-1976). The film uses World War II led to major aesthetical-political Summer builds truth through constructed or Telford Taylor’s book Nuremberg and Vietnam: debates and experimentation around cine- almost fictional situations. When released, it An American Tragedy as a point of departure ma, documentary practice and language – provoked heated debates on the relationship in exploring wartime atrocities and individual two decades which became the backdrop between cinema, reality and truth. In 2007, versus collective responsibility. for a process of reinvention and emancipation artists Ayreen Anastas, François Bucher of the documentary moving image. It was a and Rene Gabri unearthed an interview with practice expropriated from ruling power and Edgar Morin, in which he mentioned a re-appropriated by independent images- cache of original rushes. With the assistance makers in order to achieve its re-politicisa- of Françoise Foucault, a former collaborator of tion and apotheosis during the late 1960s Rouch, they succeeded in finding nearly and 1970s. everything that had not been included in the final edit. Shots from the original 16 mm In order to tell the story of the regaining of rushes of Chronicle of a Summer and a confidence in the documentary image after discussion with Edgar Morin will make up World War II, this montage is seeking to the core of this programme. narrate and review some landmarks of the practice’s history(ies). “Documentary Mo- “Take 3” is entitled “’Direct’, ‘Truth’ and other ments” is a montage born from the desire Myths”. Independent producer and filmmaker to observe, to grasp, to historicise and Frederick Wiseman’s unswerving interest is then re-view the documentary gesture. It is to produce direct cinema, a notion refuted by a feeling of need to elaborate on the articula- Wiseman himself. Since the mid-1960s, he tion of the documentary film practice as a has scrutinised American life and institutions, tool enabling the reading of the image – any revealing the mechanisms of administration image – as image. and hierarchy. His practice is a benchmark in the entire history of social documentary. 1946, the year when the Nuremberg trials Both a school and a genre, Wiseman’s were staged in Germany, is designated as infinitely re-qualified cinema is indispens- the year zero of documentary film practice. able in any debate on the potential of the The project “Documentary Moments: Re- documentary image to produce truth. Sig- naissance” brings together the ‘classics’ of nificantly, Wiseman declares, “Cinema documentary cinema in an attempt to write verité is just a pompous French term that

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