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Livestock Production Reduced Managing Animal & Plant Pests & Diseases CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP: Building Climate Resilience Agriculture in Pacific SIDS 11-13 August 2016, Nadi Fiji Climate change (CC) influence on Pest & Diseases triangle Change in insect pest adaptation • Farmers growing crops and vegetables on mountains on certain altitudes have been adversely affected by insect pests. • The mountains have started to become much warmer thus these insect pests than never use to be seen at these altitudes have adapted themselves and causing havoc to farmers fields and forest vegetation. • Natural enemies like parasitoids and predators take time to move up and establish in these mountains thus damage can always be seen. • Farmers purchase expensive pesticides to try and control these insect pests. • In the event of spraying these pesticides to control the insect they also kill whatever predators and parasitoids that have also may have adapted to this high altitude temperatures. Pine Wilt disease Pine wood nematode - Monochamus (pine sawyer) beetles, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. female (left) and male (right). (Courtesy Blue stain fungus colonizing pine wood. (Courtesy P. Donald, copyright-free) M. Linit) (Courtesy P. Donald, copyright-free) Movement of vector, nematode and disease pathogen up the mountain rangers Dead pine tree with symptoms of pine wilt. (Courtesy P. Donald, copyright-free) CC impacts on Insect Pests Guam strain – G Strain Cocoa pod borer moth [Conopomorpha cramerella] Samoa strain – S Strain Papaya mealybug Very invasive – Guam, Hawaii, PNG Solomon Is & Palau – within 8 (Paracoccus years (2007 – 2015) marginatus) • Change in Weed adaptability patterns • Change in Disease adaptability & pathogenicity Measures to counter CC changes • Introduce integrated approach;- Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Integrated Crop Management (ICM) and Integrated Vector Management (IVM). • IPM – emphasis on use of biological control, enhance natural enemies, cultural practices and IPM compliant insecticides. • ICM – planting of different crops in a given site (intercropping) increases both plants and insect biodiversity thus reduces dominance (avoid outbreaks) of a single population. • IVM – understand the non-crop host plants for pest & diseases (reservoirs) and practice sanitation measures, manage vectors that transmit viruses to other plants. • Cropping Cycle to also reflect and include resilient crops. Cont’d • Ongoing pest and disease surveillance on low and high altitude areas and comparison of related pests on weather patterns. • Research on the Biological niche on the flora and fauna and diversity present out there in the various pacific Island regions and identifying possible biological controls for various insect pests and diseases of concern. • Update and Strengthen existing Biosecurity legislations to help individual Pacific Island regions identify and prevent the introduction of exotic pests and diseases. • Also continue to strengthen the internal Biosecurity measures within the region to prevent the introduction of these pests and diseases internally within the islands. • Research on available Bio-pesticides and its use. • Acknowledge the ongoing crop diversity resilient research and the link with important partners in trials and ensuring proper fast feedback to the farmers on selected resilient crop varieties. CC Impacts on livestock Livestock stress and reduced performance; Feed and water shortage, pastures affected by no water and i) Increased frequency and fires, mortality increases due to lack of quality feed and water, duration of droughts Increase in pests &b diseases e.g. horse flies, reduced ii) Increased intensity and vegetation for feed and shade. Drought force animals to frequency of cyclones vandalize food crops iii) New diseases continue to Livestock production affected /reduced: emerge Due to national and farm infrastructures damaged, forests and trees damaged for feed and shade, livestock mortality increased, water condemnation from pollutants and water- borne diseases occur. Deforestation force animals to destroy gardens TC Winston - Pictures from Taveiuni integrated coconut/cattle farm estate CC Impacts on livestock i) Storm surge, salt water intrusion and salt spray Livestock production reduced: resulting from sea level rise • Grazing land reduced, • water availability and quality reduced, • salinification of fresh water sources occur, • infrastructure suffer from rust and damage, resulting in machinery losses, • Pasture suffer from erosion, degradation, decreases in quality and overall losses. • Spoilage of feeds in storage will occur, and costs will rise. Anti-microbial resistance • Traditional treatment losing effect • Antimicrobial agents used to be highly successful in treating infections but their unrestricted use in humans and animals has led to an alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance, especially in the developing world • Climate change has contributed to resistance as a result of increasing rate of infectious diseases and indiscriminate use of antibiotics treatment Adaptation and resilience • Activity 1.2: In collaboration with GSD develop a GIS-based system for climate change risk assessment and resiliency planning for the livestock sector. • Activity 1.3: Support the process of livestock climate disaster planning at Community, 5 Year Strategic Plan for Mainstreaming national and regional levels. Climate Change in the Livestock Sector • Activity 2.4: Develop and disseminate climate adapted breeds and lines of chickens and in the Pacific 2011 – 2015 pigs. • Activity 2.5: Develop and disseminate climate appropriate livestock housing technologies adapted from current SPC designs. These technologies will be developed and tested in partnership with one or more national agricultural research services (NARS). • Activity 4.1: Establish a program to support member countries in integrating livestock advice into seasonal forecast information production and dissemination. • Activity 4.3: Implement a program of annual climate change training for AHP and stakeholders on key technical topics. • Activity 4.4: Establish program of AHP visits, information sharing and networking with livestock units in other regional organizations, to facilitate transfer of knowledge and experiences related to adapting livestock to climate change. • Activity 4.5: Build capacity of extension workers through community-based and participatory processes whilst promoting collaborative research into both endogenous and exogenous adaptation options. • Activity 4.6 : Build capacities for improved climate forecasting and warning and increase awareness of climate change and its consequences. 10 Concept Notes developed to promote CC Adaptation & Resilience farming for livestock species AHP developed-Climate Change Fact Sheets THANK YOU For more information visit http://www.spc.int/ .
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