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Agroforestry in Rice-Production Landscapes in Southeast Asia a Practical Manual

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Agroforestry in rice-production landscapes in Southeast Asia a practical manual Agroforestry in rice-production landscapes in Southeast Asia a practical manual Editors Prasit Wangpakapattanawong Robert Finlayson Ingrid Öborn James M. Roshetko Fergus Sinclair Kenichi Shono Simone Borelli Anique Hillbrand Michela Conigliaro This manual is intended to help rural advisory and agricultural extension workers guide farming communities in the establishment of agroforestry practices in rice-production landscapes in Southeast Asia. It sets out the steps to be taken to successfully integrate trees in rice-fields and associated farms and landscapes and presents practical tools that can be used by extensionists when supporting farmers who are implementing agroforestry practices on their farms. The ultimate aim of this guide is to support farmers in increasing the overall productivity of their farms while increasing resilience to climate change, improving the health of the surrounding environment, and enhancing the livelihoods of their communities. Published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) 2017 Wangpakapattanawong, P., Finlayson, R., Öborn, I., Roshetko, J.M., Sinclair, F., Shono, K., Borelli, S., Hillbrand, A. & Conigliaro, M., eds. 2017. Agroforestry in rice-production landscapes in Southeast Asia: a practical manual. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand & World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Bogor, Indonesia. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of ICRAF The World Agroforestry Centre concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or ICRAF in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO or ICRAF. © FAO, 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. ISBN 978-92-5-109737-3 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Athit Road Bangkok 10200 Thailand www.fao.org/asiapacific/en World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115 PO Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia Tel: +62 251 8625415 Fax: +62 251 8625416 Email: [email protected] www.worldagroforestry.org/region/southeast-asia blog. worldagroforestry.org Front cover: Mango trees in a rice field in Lao PDR © FAO/Prasit Wangpakapattanawong Back cover: A farmer in her tree nursery, Viet Nam © FAO/World Agroforestry Centre Design and layout: Riky Mulya Hilmansyah and Tikah Atikah iii Preface In recent years, it has become widely accepted that overall productivity of agricultural systems cannot be measured only on the basis of crop yield but should also take into account the products and services delivered by the agroecosystem as a whole. With this recognition, FAO designed the Regional Rice Initiative (RRI) for Asia1 in 2013 to support countries in improving policies and strategies to promote sustainable management of rice agroecosystems. RRI, comprising regional and national components, developed pilot projects in Indonesia, Lao PDR and the Philippines. The Assessment of Trees Outside Forests in Asian Rice-production Landscapes2 project was a pilot implemented under RRI. The project aimed to evaluate the extent of trees outside forests at selected sites in the three countries and to collect information on the uses and functions of trees in rice-production landscapes. The results provided evidence that trees in rice-production landscapes can contribute to improving local socio-economic and environmental conditions. Planted or naturally regenerated trees found in homegardens, along roads and streams, in agroforestry systems, in small woodlands, along hedges and in fallows have proven to be excellent sources of goods and services to increase the socio-economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural landscapes. Trees on agricultural land can provide food and non-food products, support adaptation to climate change, increase biological diversity, regulate hydrological and nutrient cycles, protect the soil and improve nutrition and income. As a result, they can play an important role in mitigating and adapting to the multiple stressors that agricultural systems are currently facing and, consequently, in increasing food and nutrition security of rice-based farming communities. The project not only objectively demonstrated the benefits of trees outside forests in rice- production landscapes but also documented farmers’ awareness of the value of tree resources. This manual has been developed by FAO in collaboration with the World Agroforestry Centre to provide practical tools and guidelines for the implementation of agroforestry practices in rice-production landscapes in Southeast Asia. It builds on the findings of the Asian Rice-production Landscapes project and the FAO Advancing Agroforestry on the Policy Agenda: A Guide for Decision-makers3 (released in 2013) and takes advantage of ICRAF’s extensive experience with, and knowledge of, agroforestry practices. We hope that this manual will prove useful for promoting the integration of trees outside forests as part of sustainable management of these landscapes. 1 FAO, 2015c 2 FAO, 2014 3 FAO, 2013 iv Agroforestry in rice-production landscapes in Southeast Asia: a practical manual Acknowledgements The authors extend our deep appreciation to the many thousands of farmers and government officers throughout Southeast Asia for their time and knowledge provided during the many projects, consultations and field visits over more than two decades and, most recently, conducted specifically for the making of this manual in Indonesia, Lao PDR, the Philippines and Thailand. In particular, for their help in organizing visits to rice-production landscapes with agroforestry, in Indonesia we thank Riyandoko, Elok Mulyoutami, Lia Dahlia and James M. Roshetko; in the Philippines, Agustin Mercado Jr; and in Lao PDR, Natjan Chairat and Vilaphorn Visounnarath. The production of this manual has provided us with the opportunity to compile the knowledge and experience of many people over many decades not only in Southeast Asia but throughout the world. In this regard, in particular, we thank the researchers and communicators of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry. v Contents Introduction: who should read this book and how to use it ..................................................... ix 1. Background to rice production and agroforestry in Southeast Asia ............................... 3 1.1 Rice production globally and in Southeast Asia ................................................................3 1.2 Impacts of climate change on rice production ..................................................................4 1.3 Rice-production systems in Southeast Asia .......................................................................5 1.3.1 Rice in irrigated environments ...................................................................................6 1.3.2 Rice in rainfed, lowland environments .....................................................................6 1.3.3 Rice in rainfed, upland environments .......................................................................6 1.4 What is agroforestry? ..............................................................................................................7 1.4.1 Types of agroforestry ....................................................................................................9 1.4.2 Agroforestry in rice-production landscapes in Southeast Asia .......................10 1.4.3 Benefits of agroforestry in rice-production landscapes ....................................13 1.4.4 Some disadvantages of agroforestry in rice-production landscapes .............15 2. Planning, designing, developing and managing agroforestry systems in rice- production landscapes in Southeast Asia ............................................................................21 2.1 Getting started: first steps .................................................................................................
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