Chi - the Traditional Drink of the Lepchas : a Case Study

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chi - the Traditional Drink of the Lepchas : a Case Study IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 22, Issue 11, Ver. 4 (November. 2017) PP 11-17 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Chi - The Traditional Drink of the Lepchas : A Case Study. Dr. Shera Pandi Molommu Assistant Professor,Department of History, Kurseong College, Kurseong 734203, ABSTRACT: The Lepchas like all indigenous found all over India, were in isolation and devoid of all social contact with the outside world. They were hunters and gatherers and devised a way to ferment millet grains into a sweet beer popularly known as Chi, this mild beer was so popular that it has imbibed itself into every social and cultural life of the Lepchas. We shall with this study try to bring forth how this mild beer became the drink of the gods and how every ceremony is rendered useless without it. We will delve into its origin, its preparation, the method to drink it and effects on Lepcha society. Keywords: Lepcha, Indigenous, Brew, Beer, Ceremonies, Social, Religious. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 30-10-2017 Date of acceptance: 10-11-2017 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. INTRODUCTION The Lepchas are indigenous tribals of mongoloid origin living in the basin of Mt. Kanchenjunga. With regards to the Lepchas and their land, the Lepcha inhabit the southern and eastern slopes of Mount Kanchenjunga in the Himalayas, a land located in Sikkim and Darjeeling, India, lying between 27° and 28° N and 88° and 89° E. They are nature worshippers and follow the old animist religion commonly known as Monism, in this religious practice we find the use of an alcoholic beverage brewed from millet called „Chi‟. According to ancient Lepcha tradition1 „Chi‟ is said to be of divine origin, the recipe for which is said to have been brought from a sorceress in the netherworld by a cockroach. Chi or the fermented beverage is as symbolical as the blood that flows through the body in Lepcha culture; Chi in a sense makes the Lepcha culture a whole. It is extremely difficult to fathom the Lepcha culture and Lepcha society without Chi. According to K.P. Tamsang, “Chi is the national drink of the Lepchas.”2 Foning writes, “Our tribal drink Chi is such that without it we cannot please our gods, and cannot appease the dreaded devils and the demons; so much so that without it, we cannot even get wives. Life cannot be imagined without it.”3 According to P. B. Chakrabarty “The drink has deleterious effect on snakes and demons, but for the gods it is a refreshing drink. It is said through its sacrifice their rage is calmed.”4 Through the Chi sacrifice, i.e. through the enjoyment of the intoxicating drink, they become softened and quiet. “Chi has been a part of Lepcha life, culture and religion. Chi has to be considered as holy as „Dagras‟ or „Somras‟. Boongthings and Muns have to be served Chi when they come to perform any religious ritual. Even now in the villages it is difficult to find workers to work in the farms on payment of wages, if at one time during the lunch break Chi is not served to them. On all occasions, being social, religious, marriage, or any type of festival, Chi is invariably used.”5 This Chi is an intoxicating drink and Gorer has found it “mellowing, soothing, and pleasant, rather than stimulating and exciting.” He also states that “The Lepchas believe that Chi has medicinal qualities, and especially that it is a protection against chills: it is always given to invalids.”6 For the same reason, a woman who has given birth to a child is also given daily dose of Chi. P.B. Chakrabarty states that “The Chi sacrifice has an entirely original and individual character and is closely bound up with the life and rituals of the Lepchas.”7 Chi has been said to be a medicine for light heartedness as it help the Lepchas in confronting the Lepchas in their day to day struggles to make ends meet and hardships of living in difficult terrain in the forests. II. ORIGIN OF CHI The Lepcha stories states that their supreme creator Itboo Deboo Rum on seeing the plight of the Lepchas created Tamsangthing from the pure virgin snow of Mount Kanchenjunga and blessed him with supernatural powers to save the Lepchas from the clutches of the evil Laso Mung Pano. When Tamsangthing arrived in Dzongu to deliver the Lepchas from the clutches of Laso Mung Pano, he found that the morale of Lepcha people was too low and sunken to fight against the devil, Laso Mung Pano. To remove fear from the mind of the Lepchas, Tamsangthing consecrated a young Nyolik-Nyosong as the first „Mun‟, a Lepcha priestess, to rejuvenate the lost morale of the Lepchas. He gave Nyolik Nyosong Mun supernatural powers by offering her three young shoots of „Pashyaor‟, the elephant grass Nyolik Nyosong Mun tired her best to revive the lost morale of the Lepchas and prepare them for the battle with Laso Mung Pano but even her supernatural powers DOI: 10.9790/0837-2211041117 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page Chi - The Traditional Drink of the Lepchas : A Case Study. were letting her down. In her search for a remedy Nyolik Nyosong Mun found that a recipe for a strong brew was in the possession of a spirit „Matlimanyoo‟ a sorceress in the netherworld that would be able to restore the lost morale of the Lepchas. She looked for a volunteer to go to the netherworld and bring back the power potion; a cockroach „Tungdyer Palyung‟ came forward and volunteered for this arduous adventure. In due course of time the cockroach was able to trick the sorceress and steal the valuable item which was hidden in the back of her neck. On his journey back the cockroach got tired and rested for a while, seeing the cockroach resting a black cobra „Pamaol Bu‟ took his chance and stole some of the brew, on tasting it the snake became mad and extremely poisonous. Next in line came the honey bee „Hu‟ as soon as it tasted the brew it grew a sharp needle like sting. Next in line were birds, the birds that tasted the brew became carnivorous, even the fig tree „Kantek‟ tasted some and developed a sour taste, last to taste this brew was the plantain tree „Kundong koong‟ which developed sweet fruits. After all these trees and animals had the brew it was purified from all its poisonous elements. The cockroach then handed over this precious brew to the Mun, she cooked some millet and mixed the power potion known to the Lepchas as „Bhut‟ and was able to prepare „Chi‟. She then handed over the Chi to all the Lepchas which lifted the morale of the Lepchas, the Lepchas fought gallantly alongside Tamsangthing and was able to defeat the demon Laso Mung Pano. Thus goes the myth on the origin of Chi. The sorceress on coming to know of the robbery of her prized possession put a curse on Chi „Chi thong ya gong ney maon, thong ma ya na gong ney nyung‟, meaning it is a good medicine if drunk properly, but a poison if taken in excess.8 The Lepchas believe that it is due to this curse that if taken in excess it makes a man fight, quarrel, lose respect, health and wealth. H.G. Joshi has written, “This intoxicating drink according to the tradition of Rong is of heavenly origin. Tradition has it that at the very outset the ferment used in the manufacture of the intoxicant was brought to mankind from the other side of the world in a cunning manner by a special messenger. Immortality, too, is linked up with this drink. Birds have a special part to play with the drinks.”9 III. PREPARATION OF CHI Usually made of black millet, as it is a hardy plant and easily grown without much tending along the Himalayas. It is first husked, cleaned and after a simple wash normally cooked in large quantity in an earthen or metal container ( preferably copper ) the cereal is cooked until all the water has been absorbed, it is continually stirred by a bamboo paddle specially made for the purpose. Sometimes millet is replaced by rice or wheat depending on availability, after it is cooked properly the hot millet is spread on a large bamboo mats (nowadays polythene sheets) then powdered yeast (a concoction of roots) is vigorously mixed with the millet while it is semi hot. Then the grain is transferred to large wicker baskets made of bamboo (nowadays huge plastic buckets) lined with banana leaves or plastic in an airtight manner. The top is also covered in an airtight manner and left untouched in a corner usually covered by something heavy, the fermentation process normally takes a few days depending on the weather. The Chi is ready in three days in summer and takes nearly seven days in winter, the drink which is ready is a pleasantly smooth and sweet which has low alcohol content which grows stronger with each passing day if left untouched. IV. DRINKING OF CHI To prepare the drink; grains of fermented millet is put in a bamboo container, „patyoot‟, hot boiling water is then put into the container to the brim and left aside for some time, the hot water incites the fermented soft millet grains to burst and give out its juices. The juice is then drunk through a narrow bamboo pipe, „pahip‟, at one end of which small holes are made so as to let the juice in but not the grains, a rudimentary filter of sorts.
Recommended publications
  • Five Times Daily
    Five Times Daily: The Dynamics of Prayer Worship Among Muslim Immigrants in St. John's, NL By Scott Royle A thesis submitted to the Department of Religious Studies at Memorial University of Newfoundland in partial fulfillment for the degree of Masters of Arts in Religious Studies March 2016 Abstract This thesis explores the ritual of prayer among Muslim immigrants in the city of St. John's, NL. Immigration across national, cultural, religious, and ethnic borders is a moment in an individual's life marked by significant change. My premise is that in such contexts the relatively conservative nature of religious ritual can supply much-needed continuity, comfort, and consolation for individuals living- through the immigrant experience. As well, ritual forms are often put under stress when transferred to a considerably different place and cultural context, where “facts on the ground” may be obstacles to traditional and familiar ritual forms. Changes to the understanding or practice of ritual are common in new cultural and geographic situations, and ritual itself often becomes not merely a means of social identification and cohesion, but a practical tool in processing change - in the context of immigration, in learning to live in a new community. St. John's is a lively and historic city and while Muslim immigrants may be a small group within it they nevertheless contribute to the city's energy and atmosphere. This thesis endeavours to better understand the life stories of ten of these newcomers to St. John's, focusing on their religious backgrounds and lives. In particular, this thesis seeks to better understand the place of prayer in the immigrant experience.
    [Show full text]
  • August 8, 2019 – the Invitation Topic: 21 Days of Prayer & Fasting for the Uofn Join Ywamers Around the Globe in Praying
    August 8, 2019 – The Invitation Topic: 21 Days of Prayer & Fasting for the UofN Join YWAMers around the globe in praying and hearing from God. He is inviting you! From left to right: YWAM Lausanne; University of the Nations graduation. Photo credits: YWAM Lausanne, Emily Ranquist This year, YWAM is celebrating 50 years of training. It all began with a small group of young adults studying evangelism in Lausanne, Switzerland. This year YWAM has set aside time to remember, to pray, and to look to the future of YWAM’s training, which has now grown into a global university called the University of the Nations. Please join us on August 8, for YWAM’s global prayer day, called The Invitation, as we pray for YWAM’s training. This day is also the kickoff for 21 days of prayer and fasting for the University of the Nations from August 8 – August 28. This will be a time as a family of ministries where we seek God together, wait on Him and pray what He has shown us. We believe the Lord is leading us in a time of transition and a time of going deeper in Him for His purposes for the U of N. We believe your prayer will provide a protection and preparation for the Holy Spirit to lead us afresh into this phase of growth and multiplication. Please find the simple prayer guide to help give daily prayer focus at this link: (http://hwcdn.libsyn.com/p/0/c/4/0c41bad60d287fca/21_Days_of_Prayer_and_Fasting_2019.pdf?c_i d=47740064&cs_id=47740064&expiration=1563889257&hwt=8207060723128ac0fe396e85a5edaaa 4) We encourage your family, ministries and teams to enter into this time, to give up some type of normal indulgence such as food or media and to seek God together.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critique of Religion As Politics in the Public Sphere
    DigitalCommons@NYLS Articles & Chapters Faculty Scholarship 1993 A Critique of Religion as Politics in the Public Sphere Ruti Teitel New York Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/fac_articles_chapters Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Religion Law Commons Recommended Citation 78 Cornell L. Rev. 747 (1992-1993) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@NYLS. A CRITIQUE OF RELIGION AS POLITICS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE Ruti Teitel t TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . 7 48 I. THE CALL FROM POLITICS •••.••.•••••••••••..••••••••• 750 A. Epistemology and Lawmaking ...................... 750 B. Of Beliefs and Conversation . 752 C. Of Fragmentation and Consensus . 754 II. THE CALL FROM RELIGION •.••.•••••••.•••.•••••••••••• 756 A. The Original Separation Model . 7 56 B. Three Antinomies of Separation . 759 C. The New Engagement . 760 D. The Retreat from the Original Model . 762 E. Of Fragmentation and Consensus . 763 III. RELIGION, POLITICS, AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW • • . • . • • • 766 A. The Original Neutrality Principle . 766 B. The New Neutrality: Religion as Politics ........... 768 1. In Legislative Decisionmaking . 768 2. In Individual Decisionmaking and Free Exercise Clause Doctrine......................................... 773 3. Employment Division v. Smith and Religion as Politics.......................................... 774 C. Religion as Politics and the Analogy to Political Speech ............................................ 777 IV. THE DISCOURSE MODEL • . • • . • • • . • • . • • . • • . • • . • • • • • • . 780 A. The Call to Conversation . 780 B. The Commitment to Conversation . 781 C. The Commitment to Equality of Access . 782 D. Of Duty and of Civility . 783 t Associate Professor of Law, New York Law School.
    [Show full text]
  • N.I.Il`Minskii and the Christianization of the Chuvash
    Durham E-Theses Narodnost` and Obshchechelovechnost` in 19th century Russian missionary work: N.I.Il`minskii and the Christianization of the Chuvash KOLOSOVA, ALISON,RUTH How to cite: KOLOSOVA, ALISON,RUTH (2016) Narodnost` and Obshchechelovechnost` in 19th century Russian missionary work: N.I.Il`minskii and the Christianization of the Chuvash, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11403/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 Narodnost` and Obshchechelovechnost` in 19th century Russian missionary work: N.I.Il`minskii and the Christianization of the Chuvash PhD Thesis submitted by Alison Ruth Kolosova Material Abstract Nikolai Il`minskii, a specialist in Arabic and the Turkic languages which he taught at the Kazan Theological Academy and Kazan University from the 1840s to 1860s, became in 1872 the Director of the Kazan Teachers‟ Seminary where the first teachers were trained for native- language schools among the Turkic and Finnic peoples of the Volga-Urals and Siberia.
    [Show full text]
  • Spiritualism and Possession
    Moshe Sluhovsky. Believe Not Every Spirit: Possession, Mysticism, and Discernment in Early Modern Catholicism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 384 pp. $45.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-226-76282-1. Reviewed by Marc R. Forster (Department of History, Connecticut College) Published on H-HRE (February, 2008) Spiritualism and Possession Moshe Sluhovsky has wrien an excellent study of ese forms of “passive interiority” were however possession and mysticism in early modern European not just for women and were widely practiced among Catholicism. His elegantly wrien and clearly argued Catholics, including, for example, the Jesuits. However, book, Believe Not Every Spirit, points scholars in some the official church also always considered them suspect. new directions in understanding the meaning of demonic Sluhovsky explains in detail the theological debates that possession. Most importantly, Sluhovsky links cases of aempted to draw lines between acceptable and unac- demonic possession to spiritual developments in Catholi- ceptable (possibly heretical) forms of mysticism. He cism, developments that caused considerable tension and points out, in addition, that mystical practices were in- even confusion for church leaders, while opening both creasingly considered feminine. French mystics of this opportunities and dangers for individual believers, espe- type were sometimes called femmelees, people who cially women, who were inclined toward mystical and lacked the reason and control for proper piety. More sig- interiorized spirituality. nificant for the argument of this book, Sluhovsky empha- Sluhovsky presents a clear narrative of the history of sizes that both practitioners and church leaders consid- diabolic possession. is story is perhaps not surpris- ered the practices of passive interior mysticism fraught ing and mirrors in many ways developments in witch with the danger of diabolical possession.
    [Show full text]
  • MUN BRIEFING PAPER Faith State = Face Palm?
    MUN BRIEFING PAPER Faith State = Face Palm? Hi, I’m Andrew Ratter and I will be one of your Secretaries-General and Chair of the Security Council at the upcoming MUN conference. I’ve been doing MUN for six years, and have visited Russia and Ireland with the school’s MUN group. I hope everyone is looking forward to the conference, and if you aren’t, well, I hope we’ll prove you wrong, and we’ll try to show you that during the course of the weekend. The GA Debate for our Conference this year is Faith State = Face Palm?. Please make sure your Delegation comes having considered the Briefing Paper below – and preferably with a Resolution already written, especially if you want to be in the running for a Delegation Award at the end of the Conference. Although the influence of faith in Western life is declining, that pattern is not mirrored across the globe. Many modern states, especially in the Middle East, have seen a reverse of this pattern, with increased participation in religious activities, and many modern states, even Western liberal democracies, maintain religiously-inspired laws. Religiously-inspired laws remain in force in nearly every nation on Earth to a greater or lesser degree. Some are totalitarian in nature – Iran, for instance, has the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as its Supreme Leader, and all laws must pass through an Islamic “Guardian Council” – whilst others are either relics or traditions – the Monarch of the UK is also head of the Church of England, and in Ireland the law guarantees a “special position” for the Catholic Church, and the constitution says of God: “The state…shall hold his name in reverence and respect and honour religion.” Obviously, these examples operate at different ends of a spectrum.
    [Show full text]
  • Composition As a Spiritual Discipline
    The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning Volume 21 Winter 2015-2016 Article 6 2016 Composition as a Spiritual Discipline Scott Wagar Miami University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/jaepl Part of the Creative Writing Commons, Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons, Disability and Equity in Education Commons, Educational Methods Commons, Educational Psychology Commons, English Language and Literature Commons, Instructional Media Design Commons, Liberal Studies Commons, Other Education Commons, Special Education and Teaching Commons, and the Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons Recommended Citation Wagar, Scott (2016) "Composition as a Spiritual Discipline," The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning: Vol. 21 , Article 6. Available at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/jaepl/vol21/iss1/6 This Special Section is brought to you for free and open access by Volunteer, Open Access, Library Journals (VOL Journals), published in partnership with The University of Tennessee (UT) University Libraries. This article has been accepted for inclusion in The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning by an authorized editor. For more information, please visit https://trace.tennessee.edu/jaepl. JAEPL, Vol. 21, Winter 2015–2016 Composition as a Spiritual Discipline Scott Wagar want to claim in this article that it’s possible, and indeed even desirable, to see composition and rhetoric as an academic discipline marked by a spiritual ethos. I’m I not merely talking about the fact that quite a few scholars have written approvingly about spirituality or spiritual practices in the teaching of composition.1 Instead, my argument is broader: I want to offer a spiritual “lens” on some of the core practices and values of the field writ large, including a propensity for self-scrutiny as well as what I call the value of radical inclusivity, of continually expanding our purview to welcome what Parker J.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Baylor University Model United Nations High School Conference Delegate Guide
    2014 Baylor University Model United Nations High School Conference Delegate Guide Copyright 2014 All rights reserved No part of this guide should be reproduced without the express permission of Baylor Model United Nations 1 Distinguished Delegates and Advisors, Welcome to the 2014 Baylor Model United Nations Conference! Since 1994 Baylor has fostered an academically rigorous environment in which delegates are given the opportunity to improve their speaking, writing, negotiating, conflict resolution and networking skills. Students are placed in a learning environment where they will formulate resolutions to resolve difficult international problems. This experience will not only prepare delegates for future MUN conferences, but will also prepare them for their future in college and the professional world. The topics discussed at this year’s conference have been chosen carefully by the Baylor MUN Secretariat to provide exposure to a broad range of pressing issues before the United Nations today. It is my hope that each student will come thoroughly prepared and ready to generate deep and meaningful discussion. Delegates should learn both about the issues at hand, generally, and about their nation’s position on the issue, specifically. Not all nations hold the same views when it comes to such delicate issues; however, these diverse opinions help the United Nations to form a more comprehensive approach to resolving world problems. All delegates should come prepared to collaborate and negotiate with their fellow delegates. To facilitate discussion, each delegate should know and understand the rules and procedures of this conference. The Baylor Model United Nations Conference staff hopes that this experience is a positive one for each delegate.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Plan of the Project/Workshop the Participants
    Media fellowships and creative media workshop (2012) Outputs Achieved - The quantitative or qualitative deliverables or results of the project activities - i.e. what has actually happened? Plan of the Project/Workshop The three-day Workshop was planned in a way that would give the participants enough opportunity to get to know the victims of forced migration directly. Enough room was left for theoretical sessions as well as sessions based on practical experiences of the practising journalists. CRG had chosen the Tibetan Self Help Centre at Darjeeling and the Indigenous Lep cha Tribal Association at Kalimpong and an indigenous Lepcha village near Lolegaon as two sites for field visits. Accordingly, it was decided that the Participants (the Workshop as well as the Orientation Course Participants) would reach Darjeeling a day before the field visits, and have a pre-field visit orientation and a Round-Table discussion on “Between the State, Media and the People”. The next day was marked for two field visits by participants, who were divided into two groups. It was also planned that in the evening of the field visits (on return to Darjeeling), an interaction between the participants and the members of local media would be organised. It was also decided that some of the important local dignitaries should be invited to take part in that interactive session. On the next day, the participants were to visit the North Bengal University (NBU) at Siliguri, on their way back to Kolkata. There the participants would share their experiences of field visits with the students and teachers of t he NBU.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Art of Tribal Studies an Annotated Bibliography
    The State of Art of Tribal Studies An Annotated Bibliography Dr. Nupur Tiwary Associate Professor in Political Science and Rural Development Head, Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Tribal Affairs Contact Us: Centre of Tribal Research and Exploration, Indian Institute of Public Administration, Indraprastha Estate, Ring Road, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110002 CENTRE OF TRIBAL RESEARCH & EXPLORATION (COTREX) Phone: 011-23468340, (011)8375,8356 (A Centre of Excellence under the aegis of Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India) Fax: 011-23702440 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Email: [email protected] NUP 9811426024 The State of Art of Tribal Studies An Annotated Bibliography Edited by: Dr. Nupur Tiwary Associate Professor in Political Science and Rural Development Head, Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Tribal Affairs CENTRE OF TRIBAL RESEARCH & EXPLORATION (COTREX) (A Centre of Excellence under Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India) INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION THE STATE OF ART OF TRIBAL STUDIES | 1 Acknowledgment This volume is based on the report of the study entrusted to the Centre of Tribal Research and Exploration (COTREX) established at the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), a Centre of Excellence (CoE) under the aegis of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA), Government of India by the Ministry. The seed for the study was implanted in the 2018-19 action plan of the CoE when the Ministry of Tribal Affairs advised the CoE team to carried out the documentation of available literatures on tribal affairs and analyze the state of art. As the Head of CoE, I‘d like, first of all, to thank Shri.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin Insert
    June 4 Kim Mun in Vietnam y daughter is a 72-ounce “Msilver girl, not a 12-ounce one!” According to tradition, a Kim Mun young man has to pay a price in silver to his bride’s parents to obtain her release. A young woman’s price is based on her beauty and health. Another unusual Kim Mun custom is that a girl bites the arm of her boyfriend to show her interest in him. Almost all Kim Mun practice folk religion and veneration of their ancestors. Ministry Obstacles No written Scripture is currently available in the Kim Mun’s language. POPULATION: 212,000 Outreach Ideas LANGUAGE: Kim Mun Believers from other tribes can take RELIGION: Ethnic Religions the gospel to the Kim Mun. BIBLE: Translation needed STATUS: Unreached Prayer Focus Pray that the Kim Mun believers spiritual and physical blessings for the would be established in the faith and Kum Mun people. Pray that the Bible share the good news with their is soon translated into the Kim Mun families and friends until there is a languages. Pray for them to have a powerful movement to Christ among spiritual hunger that will lead them to them. Pray for the Lord’s abundant the cross and the empty grave. SCRIPTURE While they stood in their place, they read from the book of the Law of the Lord their God for a fourth of the day. And for another fourth they told their sins and worshiped the Lord their God. Neh 9:3 PRAY that hearing the word will lead to deep repentance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lepchas: from Legends to the Present Day
    kELiGioN AND SociBTV Vol. XXXH, No. 2, June 1985 The Lepchas: From Legends to the Present Day Tanka B. Subba, Rajammmohmpur Introduction The Lepcha community has historical importance in the hill areas of Sikkim and Darj eling in India. A plethora of books and articles is available on them, written since as early as 1840 to the present day. These writings are mainly by British scholars like Campbell, Hooker, Hunter, Hodgson, Gorer, Mainwaring and Sprigg and by some Indian scholars like K. K. Das, A. K. Das and R. N. Thakur. Chie Nakane, a Japanese, and Halfdan Siiger, a Dane, have also contributed to the stock ofliterature on the Lepchas. A survey of literature on the Lepchas reveals, among others, the following main shortcomings: (i) Some of the earlier scholars have misunderstood the Lepchas especially with reference to their origin; (ii) the change in their socio-economic life has not been properly studied in its historical perspective ; and (iii) the grov ng difibrentiation (or stratification)—social as well as economic—has been almost totally ignored. On the other hand, A-POF Mei to some, about the land alienation and physical disappearance is amply projected. \ The objective of this paper is to clear some of the mist about the Lepchas and present a coherent picture ofthe Lepchas from the legendary days to the present. The data on the historical aspect are culled from secondary sources and supplemented by my own field observations and interviews in Darjeeling and Sikkim which together formed one political territory tiU the mid-nineteenth century and the current data have been based on my field Work in Tanek village.
    [Show full text]