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The Many Faces of the Polish Language. Dialects and Local Language VariaOns

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The Many Faces of the Polish Language. Dialects and Local Language Varia�Ons The many faces of the Polish language. Dialects and local language variaons The many faces of the Polish language. Dialects and local language variaons Lesson plan (English) Lesson plan (Polish) Bibliografia: Jan Miodek, O śląsko-ogólnopolskich homonimach, „Wiedza i Życie” 1998, nr 12. The many faces of the Polish language. Dialects and local language variaons Source: domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn you will talk about the internal diversification of the Polish language you will explain the differences between the local languages, dialects and regional language variations. you will indicate the areas where individual dialects occur Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu The Polish language is internally diversified, which means that we can distinguish its numerous variations. The basic variation is the general language, also known as the nationwide or general Polish, which is universal and anybody who speaks Polish should be familiar with. Individual variations can be distinguished with the application of various criteria. The most important criteria for the variations of the Polish language are: 1. Communication channel – written and spoken variation. Each of them can be executed in careful or free variation. 2. Territory – dialects, local and regional language variations. 3. Affiliation to social or professional groups – sociolect, professiolect, slangs (jargon). 4. Functional styles – ways of forming statements depends on the communication situation. They differ mainly in their grammatical features (e.g. sentence formation) and the choice of vocabulary. The main styles are: colloquial, artistic, official and scientific. But other styles can also be identified: journalistic, religious, biblical, rhetorical and popular science. What is more, text styles can be divided into those which are official and unofficial. Exercise 1 In pairs, discuss the meaning of Mieczysław Jastrun’s words: „A man is connected with his language more closely Than a tree with the soil”. The territorial variations of the Polish language are primarily dialects and local languages, meaning the variations of the Polish language characteristic to rural residents. Dialect is the language of the rural population covering a large area of a country – an entire region. Five dialects can be identified in Poland: Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, Masovian, Silesian and Kashubian. There are also such regions in which none of these dialects dominate, e.g. territories in the west and north of Poland recovered after the end of World War II, where new, mixed dialects prevail. Exercise 2 Based on your geographical knowledge, indicate the areas where individual dialects occur. Drag the elements to the appropriate places. Can you determine the historic reasons for the occurrence of mixed dialects in some regions? Lesser Polish, Masovian dialect, language/Kashubian dialect, New mixed dialects, Silesian dialect, Greater Polish ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. Within one dialect a few local languages can be distinguished. This concept is used to refer to the language of the residents of several or more villages. The linguistic element characteristic of a given dialect and distinguishing it from other dialects is dialectism, and the lexical or grammatical characteristic feature of an individual local language is local dialectism. An example of a dialectism characteristic to Lesser Poland and Masovia, is masourism, namely pronouncing sounds ż, sz, dż, cz as z, s, dz, c e.g. instead of żaba – zaba, szyja – syja, czapka – capka. With reference to the way of speaking of the uneducated population of individual cities, the term regional Polish language is applied, which differs from the general language in the use of regionalisms. One can notice such regionalisms in the speech of the residents of Poznań, Warsaw, Krakow, along with the cities and towns of Silesia and Eastern Poland. All territorial variations differ from the general language mainly in the use of vocabulary and phonetics (pronunciation), and, to a lesser extent, in the declension of words as well as sentence formation and ways of creating new words (word‐formation). Territorial linguistic variations, however, are becoming less dominant due to the migration of the population and the influence of the media. Exercise 3 Read Jan Miodek’s essay on the Silesian language. Jan Miodek “ O śląsko-ogólnopolskich homonimach Dobiegła końca trzydniowa konferencja, której gospodarzem był mój polonistyczny instytut. Odprężony, zadowolony z jej organizacyjnego toku, powiedziałem do najbliższej współpracownicy: Wszystko klapnęło! – A co się stało? – zapytała z przestrachem koleżanka. W sekundzie się zorientowałem, że odmiennie interpretujemy formę klapnąć. Dla mnie wszystko klapnęło to tyle, co „wszystko zagrało, wszystko się powiodło”, dla niej – „wszystko zrobiło klapę, zbankrutowało, nie powiodło się”. Poróżniła nas słowotwórcza motywacja: ja skojarzyłem dokonaną postać czasownika klapnąć z podstawą klapować – „być w porządku, pasować”, koleżanka – ze znaczeniem „doznać niepowodzenia”, wywiedzionym od dosłownego: „paść bezwładnie, upaść” (zmęczony – klapnął na krzesło). Nie wykluczam, że chwilowemu naszemu nieporozumieniu „pomógł” mój górnośląski rodowód. Tam klapnąć na pewno częściej jest używane w znaczeniu „pasować” niż „doznać niepowodzenia” (jednym z najpopularniejszych zwrotów niemieckich jest przecież radosne alles klappt – „wszystko klapuje, wszystko gra”, więc i tego wpływu na dialekt śląski wykluczyć nie można). Starym leksykalnym sprawdzianem znajomości polszczyzny śląskiej jest funkcjonowanie innego czasownika, a mianowicie kucać. Nie znaczy on w niej tyle, co „przysiadać na zgiętych kolanach, siadać w kucki”, lecz... „kaszleć”. Przed laty wcale nie należały do rzadkości zabawne sytuacje w gabinecie lekarskim, kiedy poproszony o zakucanie pacjent nie‐Ślązak uginał kolana, podczas gdy miejscowy doktor oczekiwał zakaszlnięcia! Źródłem wesołych nieporozumień bywała i bywa forma ożarty. Użytkownicy polszczyzny ogólnej traktują ją jako regionalny wariant postaci obżarty – „nadmiernie najedzony”. Tymczasem na Śląsku od wieków ożarty znaczy tyle, co „pijany”. Jest to jeden z wielu bohemizmów (czeskie ożrat se – „upić się”), taki jak strom – „drzewo” czy cesta – „droga” (te dwa ostatnie typowe dla Śląska południowego). Śląskie wieprzki to wcale nie, jak można by się spodziewać, „świnie”, lecz „agrest”. Podobieństwo kształtu – zwierzęcia i owocu – odegrało tu na pewno rolę dominującą. Smary są określeniem „lania, batów”, a nie oleistej substancji, cera zaś to „córka”, a nie „karnacja”. Pukiel to po śląsku „garb”, a nie „lok, kędzior”, warzyć (od waru) to „gotować”, rzyć – „tyłek, d...”, płaczka – „łza”, niewiastka – „synowa” (bo się o niej nic nie wie, gdy wchodzi do rodziny), sam natomiast to „tutaj” (powszechne pódź sam – „chodź tu, tutaj”). Wybrałem tych kilkanaście śląsko‐ogólnopolskich homonimów, czyli wyrazów tak samo brzmiących, ale mających różne znaczenia, by uzmysłowić czytelnikom niebezpieczeństwa leksykalne, na jakie narażeni są nawet użytkownicy tego samego języka, zróżnicowanego jednak dialektalnie, czy użytkownicy dwu pokrewnych i bardzo podobnych języków. A zakończę ten przegląd jeszcze jednym przykładem – krótkim wyrazem zaś. We współczesnej polszczyźnie jest on spójnikiem zestawiającym zdania współrzędne (lub ich równoważniki), podkreślającym przeciwstawność treści tych zdań (pewne fakty nabierają znaczenia, inne zaś tracą). Bywa też partykułą uwydatniającą człon objaśniający, wyróżniający, a przyłączany do zdania treściowo nadrzędnego (lubił wszystkie owoce, najbardziej zaś jabłka). Słowniki XIX‐wieczne rejestrują jeszcze jedno, dawne znaczenie naszego zaś, a mianowicie „znowu, nazad” (czytamy w słowniku Maurycego Orgelbranda z roku 1861: Witold ziemię żmudzką, którą był Krzyżakom postąpił, zaś opanował). Na Śląsku wszyscy mówią do dziś: zaś dzisiaj przyjdzie, zaś pada, Ruch zaś zremisował, Jurek zaś jest chory. W wypowiedzeniach tych zaś jest odpowiednikiem ogólnopolskiego znów, znowu. A ja – nie ukrywam – muszę się pilnować, by w rozmowach z nie‐Ślązakami pamiętać o tej istotnej różnicy znaczeniowej. Source: Jan Miodek, O śląsko-ogólnopolskich homonimach, „Wiedza i Życie” 1998, nr 12. Exercise 4 On the basis of Jan Miodek’s essay, fill in the gaps. klapnęło, pukiel, complexion, a woman who cries oen for no reason, drunk Word General meaning Silesian meaning klapnęło complexion drunk pukiel a woman who cries oen for no reason Exercise 5 Visit the web-page of Zakład Historii Języka Polskiego i Dialektologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (The Department of the History of the Polish Language and Dialectology of the University of Warsaw) and under „Opis dialektów polskich” (descripon of Polish dialects) select a dialect that you find interesng, and then under “Teksty gwarowe” (local language texts) specify the area. Listen to a recording, while following the text, and try to enumerate the characterisc features of a local language (you can use the descripon from „Charakterystyka dialektu” (characterisc features of a dialect). Was the recording comprehensible? Do you think local languages can survive? Create a multiple choice question testing your classmates' knowledge from the lesson. Then exchange the question with your classmate. Question: ... a. ... b. ... c. ... d. ... e. ... Keywords Local language, regionalism, dialectism, dialect Exercise 6 Match the pairs: English and Polish words. słowotwórstwo,
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