The Multilingualism of the Old Believers Living in Poland the Multilingualism of the Old Believers Living in Poland Anna Zieliñska
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Anna Zieliñska The Multilingualism of the Old Believers Living in Poland 6 MONOGRAPHS Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences The Multilingualism of the Old Believers Living in Poland The Multilingualism of the Old Believers Living in Poland Anna Zieliñska The Multilingualism of the Old Believers Living in Poland Translated by Joanna Modzelewska-Jankowiak 6 MONOGRAPHS Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences WARSAW 2017 Anna Zieliñska The Multilingualism of the Old Believers Living in Poland Translated by Joanna Modzelewska-Jankowiak 6 MONOGRAPHS Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences WARSAW 2017 Prof. dr hab. Elżbieta Smułkowa, University of Warsaw Editorial review Wielojęzyczność staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce Originally published in 1996 as , Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy (IS PAN). Praca naukowa finansowana w ramach programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego pod nazwą „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” w latach 2014– 2017. This academic publication was financed within the “National Programme for the Development of Humanities” of the Minister of Science and Higher Education in 2014–2017. ISSJakub PAS Ozimek MONOGRAPHS SERIES Editorial supervision Barbara Grunwald-Hajdasz Cover and title page design Jakub Ozimek Editing Barbara Adamczyk Typesetting and page makeup This is an Open Access book distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 PL License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/), which per- mits redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, provided that the book is properly cited. © Copyright by Anna Zielińska © Copyright for the English translation by Joanna Modzelewska-Jankowiak, 2017 ISBN: 978-83-64031-62-5 Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk ul. Bartoszewicza 1b/17 00-337 Warszawa tel./fax 22/ 826 76 88 [email protected], www.ispan.waw.pl CONTENTS A WORD fROM the AuTHOR . 9 1. The Old Believers in Poland at the Beginning of the 21st Century . 10 2. The Current Research on the Multilingualism of the Old Believers . 11 PREfACE . 15 1. THE AIM and METHOD Of the STuDy. ................................. 21 1.1. The Method. ......................................................... 21 1.2. The Theory of Language Contact – the Terminology. ................... 24 1.2.1. Language Contact. ................................................. 24 1.2.2. The Linguistic Results of Language Contact. ....................... 26 1.2.3. Linguistic Interference . 26 1.2.4. Bilingualism and Multilingualism. ................................. 27 1.2.5. Diglossia. .......................................................... 30 1.2.6. Primary Language and Secondary Language. ...................... 30 1.3. Sources. ............................................................. 31 1.3.1. The Linguistic Material . 31 1.3.2. The Literature . .................................................... 33 2. THE COMMuNITy Of the OLD BELIEvERS in POLAND . 35 2.1. The Size and Geographical Distribution of the Old Believers Community . 35 2.2. The Social Situation . 38 2.2.1. The Aspect of the Internal Integration of the Old Believers Community . 39 2.2.1.1. The Bonds . 39 2.2.1.2. The Organisation . 42 2.2.2. The Process of Disintegration of the Old Believers Community . 48 2.2.2.1. The Historical and Social Reasons for Disintegration of the Old Believers Community . 48 2.2.2.2. The Linguistic Determinants of Disintegration of the Old Believers Community. ...................................... 51 2.2.3. The Old Believers as a Minority Group . 54 2.3. The Linguistic Situation . 55 2.3.1. The Bilingual Centres: Suwałki-Sejny and Augustów. .............. 55 2.3.2. The Trilingual Centre: Masuria . 60 3. THE POLISH LANGuAGE Of the OLD BelievERS . 69 3.1. Phonology . 70 3.1.1. vocalism . .......................................................... 70 3.1.1.1. The Paradigmatic Axis. The Inventory of vowel Phonemes and Their variants . ................................................... 71 3.1.1.2. The Syntagmatic Axis. The Realisations of vowel Phonemes . 73 3.1.2. Consonantism . 81 3.1.2.1. The Correlation of Softness . 82 3.1.2.1.1. The Paradigmatic Axis . 82 3.1.2.1.2. The Syntagmatic Axis . ......................................... 84 3.1.2.2. The Correlation of Dental : Palatal : Alveolar /S/ : /Ś/ : /Š/. ...... 88 3.1.2.3. The Correlation of voice . 89 3.1.2.3.1. The Paradigmatic Axis . 89 3.1.2.3.2. The Syntagmatic Axis . ......................................... 89 3.2. Inflection. ........................................................... 90 3.2.1. The Noun . 90 3.2.1.1. The feminine Singular . .......................................... 90 3.2.1.2. The Masculine Singular . ......................................... 93 3.2.1.3. The Neuter Singular ............................................. 95 3.2.1.4. Nouns of All Genders in the Plural. ............................... 96 3.2.1.5. Inflection of Toponyms . 100 3.2.2. Adjectives and Parts of Speech Inflectable as Adjectives . .......... 100 3.2.2.1. feminine Plural Adjectives. ...................................... 100 3.2.2.2. The Plural of Adjectives of All Genders. .......................... 101 3.2.3. The verb. .......................................................... 102 3.2.3.1. The Present Tense . 102 3.2.3.2. The Past Tense. .................................................. 103 3.2.3.3. The Past Perfect . 104 3.2.3.4. The future Tense . 104 3.2.4. The Perfect Adverbial Participle . 104 3.2.5. The Adverb . 104 3.3. Elements of Syntax . 105 3.3.1. The Issues Related to Agreement . 105 3.3.2. The Issues Related to Government . ................................ 108 3.3.2.1. Constructions with the verb . 108 3.3.2.2. Constructions with the Preposition. ............................. 109 3.3.2.3. Constructions with the Numeral. ................................ 113 3.4. Russian and German Lexical Elements in the Polish Language of the Old Believers . 114 3.4.1. Quotations. ........................................................ 114 3.4.2. Adapted Russian and German Lexemes . 116 3.4.3. Lexemes with Altered Meanings . 118 3.5. Linguistic Interference . 119 3.5.1. Manifestations of Interference in the Polish Language of the Old Believers of the Suwałki-Sejny and Augustów Centres . 119 3.5.1.1. Stimulation – Supporting the Subdialectal Tendencies and Phenomena Common for the Suwałki Subdialects and the Russian Subdialect in the Polish Language of the Old Believers . 119 3.5.1.2. The Hinderance of Tendencies and the Elimination of the Suwałki Subdialectal Phenomena in the Polish Language of the Old Believers . 122 3.5.1.3. The Introduction of Russian Elements to the Polish Language of the Old Believers . 123 3.5.2. Manifestations of Interference in the Polish Language of the Old Believers from the Masurian Centre . 125 3.5.2.1. Stimulation – Supporting the Subdialectal Tendencies and Phenomena Common to the Masurian Subdialect, the German Language and the Russian Subdialect in the Polish Language of the Old Believers . 125 3.5.2.2. The Masurian Subdialectal Phenomena in the Polish Language of the Old Believers . 127 3.5.2.3. The Introduction of German and Russian Elements to the Polish Language of the Old Believers . 128 3.5.3. Summary . ......................................................... 130 4. the SOCIOLINGuISTIC ASPECTS Of RESEARCH ON the POLISH LANGuAGE Of the OLD BelievERS . 133 4.1. The Shaping of Linguistic Competence in the Conditions of Multilingualism . 133 4.1.1. The Shaping of Linguistic Competences of Informants from the Suwałki-Sejny and Augustów Centres . 137 4.1.2. The Shaping of Competences of Informants from the Masurian Centre . 149 4.2. Code Switching . ..................................................... 153 4.3. The Issues Related to Awareness and the Linguistic Norm in the Communities of the Old Believers. .............................. 157 CONCLuSION . 169 REfERENCES . 173 WielojęzycznośćA WORD staroobrzędowców fROM the mieszkających AuTHOR w Pols- ce The book entitled [Zielińska 1996] was published in 1996 in the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. The research that became1 the basis for writing this book was carried out in the years 1987–1994. There- fore the work presents the state of the Polish-Russian bilingualism of the Old Believers in the Suwałki-Sejny and Augustów centres and the German-2 -Polish-Russian trilingualism in the Masurian centre twenty years ago. Since that time the methods of research on multilingualism have developed considerably, and other studies on the Old Believers living in Poland have also been elaborated. My book has been frequently cited in these works, becoming the point of reference for subsequent researchers. During my research done twenty years ago I was convinced that the groups of the Polish Old Believers were in decline and that I was describing the situation of language variants which were to become extinct. I thought that the processes of replacement of the Russian and German languages in favour of the Polish language were well advanced and that the multilin- gualism of the Old Believers would soon become history. Poland is a homo- geneous country as regards culture, denomination and language, where the Polish language and the Catholic religion firmly prevail. The preservation of a minority language and religion by groups and individuals involves high personal and social costs. I mean the negative stereotypisation of nation- al, religious and linguistic minorities, and the social stigma towards