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Analyse Des Macro-Restes Végétaux Du Site Colonial De Ferryland (Terre-Neuve, Canada)

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Analyse Des Macro-Restes Végétaux Du Site Colonial De Ferryland (Terre-Neuve, Canada) MARIE-ANNICK PRÉVOST ANALYSE DES MACRO-RESTES VÉGÉTAUX DU SITE COLONIAL DE FERRYLAND (TERRE-NEUVE, CANADA) Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en archéologie pour l’obtention du grade de maître ès arts (MA) DÉPARTEMENT D’HISTOIRE FACULTÉ DES LETTRES UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC 2008 © Marie-Annick Prévost, 2008 Résumé La morue des bancs de Terre-Neuve (Canada) a dès le XVIe siècle attitré les Européens en Amérique, bien que ce ne soit qu’au début du siècle suivant qu’on assiste à l’installation de colonies permanentes, comme celle de Ferryland fondée par les Anglais (1621-1696). L’analyse des macro-restes végétaux (incluant les charbons de bois) prélevés lors des fouilles archéologiques effectuées sur ce site a permis de mieux comprendre les interrelations entre les habitants et leur environnement. Leur alimentation était composée d’une grande variété de fruits sauvages indigènes ainsi que de céréales, de pois, de fines herbes et de fruits séchés d’origine étrangère. On ne sait pas si l’agriculture était surtout pratiquée sur place ou si les denrées étaient principalement importées. Les habitants auraient également utilisé les ressources végétales (bois, branches de conifères, sphaigne) pour la construction et le chauffage. En outre, les activités menées par les habitants auraient pu faciliter l’introduction de nombreuses mauvaises herbes d’origine étrangère. Abstract The rich cod stocks of Newfoundland’s Grand Banks (Canada) attracted Europeans to the Americas from the sixteenth century onwards. However, the establishment of permanent colonies like that of Ferryland, founded by the English (1621-1696), date to the seventeenth century. The analysis of macro botanical remains (including wood charcoal) from this archaeological site shed light on the relationships between settlers and their environment. Their diet included a great variety of native wild berries as well as cereals, peas, herbs and dried fruits of European origin. However, we can not tell if this food grew mostly on or around the site or was imported. Settlers also used other plant resources (wood, conifer twigs, peat moss) for building and heating. Also, the activities of the settlers appear to have facilitated the introduction of many non-native weeds. Remerciements Lorsque j’ai entrepris cette maîtrise en 2003, je ne connaissais strictement rien à l’archéobotanique. Si j’en connais un peu plus aujourd’hui, c’est grâce à de nombreuses personnes qui ont eu la générosité de partager avec moi leurs connaissances. Je souhaite en premier lieu remercier ma directrice de recherche à l’Université Laval, Mme Allison Bain, qui m’a fait confiance avec ce projet et qui a su dénicher pour moi les ressources nécessaires pour le mener à terme. Je tiens également à remercier ma co-directrice de recherche, Mme Najat Bhiry, pour ses commentaires rigoureux et pour m’avoir donné accès aux ressources du Centre d’Études Nordiques de l’Université Laval. C’est à cet endroit que j’ai eu la chance de travailler avec Mme Élisabeth Robert dont la patience et les conseils judicieux furent inestimables pour l’identification des macro-restes végétaux. L’identification n’aurait pas non plus été possible sans l’aide de M. Michael Deal, professeur à la Memorial University of Newfoundland, et de M. Alayn Larouche, du laboratoire de paléophytogéographie et de palynologie de l’Université de Montréal, qui ont réussi à mettre un nom sur des pièces particulièrement difficile à identifier. Quant à l’analyse des charbons de bois, elle est l’œuvre de M. Dominique Marguerie et de Mme Nancy Marcoux de l’Université de Rennes I. J’espère que l’interprétation que j’ai faite de leurs données rend pleinement justice à leur travail. Cette maîtrise m’a également donné le privilège de travailler sur l’extraordinaire site archéologique de Ferryland. MM. James A. Tuck, alors professeur à la Memorial University of Newfoundland, et Barry Gaulton, désormais professeur dans ce même établissement, m’ont fourni toute l’aide nécessaire pour la collecte de mes échantillons. Barry a de plus répondu patiemment à mes nombreuses questions par la suite et je lui en suis très reconnaissante. Je tiens par ailleurs à souligner ici les conseils prodigués généreusement par Mme Catherine Fortin, une grande pionnière de l’archéobotanique au Québec, au sujet de l’échantillonnage et de la flottation. Mon séjour à Terre-Neuve a également été grandement facilité grâce à la collaboration de Mme Cathy Mathias, conservatrice à la Memorial University of Newfoundland. J’en profite pour remercier tout spécialement les gens de la communauté de Ferryland qui m’ont offert un si chaleureux accueil. iv Mes remerciements s’adressent également aux étudiants de premier cycle qui m’ont aidée lors du tri : Mélissa Burns, Véronique Forbes et Michael Long. Merci pour votre patience, votre enthousiasme et vos encouragements. Merci également à Mme Andrée Héroux qui a effectué la numérisation des figures 2-1 et 2-11. Par ailleurs, si je suis en train d’écrire ces lignes, c’est beaucoup grâce à Étienne Taschereau qui a cru en moi. Merci pour tout. Évidemment, la recherche n’existerait pas sans la participation de nombreux organismes qui ont à cœur de subventionner la recherche en archéologie. J’ai notamment eu la chance de bénéficier d’une bourse du Conseil de Recherche en Science Humaines du Canada. Le groupe de recherche en archéométrie, le fond d’enseignement et de recherche de la faculté des Lettres de l’Université Laval et le département d’histoire de l’Université Laval m’ont également fourni les ressources financières nécessaires pour participer à un colloque et pour mener à bien mes recherches sur le terrain. Finalement, je remercie tous les professeurs et tous les employeurs qui m’ont fourni du travail durant mes études. Table des matières RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................................II REMERCIEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... III TABLE DES MATIÈRES............................................................................................................................... V LISTE DES TABLEAUX...............................................................................................................................IX LISTE DES FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... X INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 1 DOMAINE DE RECHERCHE................................................................................................................. 1 CONTEXTE À L’ÉTUDE ET PROBLÉMATIQUE.................................................................................... 2 OBJECTIFS ET HYPOTHÈSES DE RECHERCHE................................................................................... 4 Objectifs .................................................................................................................................................... 4 Hypothèses ................................................................................................................................................ 7 SOURCES DE DONNÉES....................................................................................................................... 8 PLAN DU MÉMOIRE ............................................................................................................................ 9 1 ÉTAT DE LA QUESTION................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 L’ARCHÉOBOTANIQUE............................................................................................................... 12 1.1.1 Définition........................................................................................................................................ 12 1.1.2 Historique....................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.2.1 La pratique européenne ............................................................................................................................15 1.1.2.2 La pratique nord-américaine ....................................................................................................................16 1.1.3. Axes de recherche.......................................................................................................................... 17 1.1.3.1 Reconstitutions paléo-environnementales ................................................................................................17 1.1.3.2 Origines et diffusion de l’agriculture .......................................................................................................18 1.1.3.3 Pratiques agricoles ...................................................................................................................................19 1.1.3.4 Paléonutrition et pratiques alimentaires ...................................................................................................19
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