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The Seventeenth-Century English Cod Fisheries of Newfoundland and New

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The Seventeenth-Century English Cod Fisheries of Newfoundland and New The Seventeenth-Century English Cod Fisheries of Newfoundland and New England, circa 1600-1713: An Archaeological and Historical Comparison By © Arthur R. Clausnitzer Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Memorial University of Newfoundland May 2018 St. John’s Newfoundland ABSTRACT This dissertation presents the results of a comparative study of English colonial- period fisheries sites from the Gulf of Maine and the English Shore of Newfoundland. Through a combination of archaeological and historical analysis, this dissertation sought to answer questions about the role of early resource-extraction industries in colonial societies, especially regarding the transition from a migratory to a permanent European presence in North America, and the construction of new social structures and identities. The expansion of Europeans into North America was motivated by a desire for new sources of wealth; the Atlantic Cod was one of the most important of these resources. The lightly salted and dried flesh of the codfish possessed not only economic, but also social, political, and strategic value. European exploitation of North American cod began at the start of the 16th century in Newfoundland; within the century it expanded southward to the Gulf of Maine and the adjacent New England territories of Massachusetts Bay and Maine. European exploitation in both regions originated with the cod fishery, yet by the end of the 17th century, differences had appeared in the social structures of English settlements in each region. Newfoundland remained largely dependent on the health and success of the cod fisheries to maintain its social structures. Maine was similar, yet with enough differences to be considered a distinct culture in its own right; Massachusetts Bay was an aberration in colonial history, quickly developing a relatively stable social, political, and economic structure which earned the colony a degree of independence not seen elsewhere in the English colonial world. i This dissertation examines archaeological collections from six colonial fishing sites, three each from Newfoundland and New England, in an attempt to understand how the inhabitants lived and worked within the confines of the fisheries and the attendant socio-economic structures. Combined with a critical reevaluation of the existing historiography, this answered not only the research objectives of this dissertation but also allowed the construction of a novel research framework intended to help create a new and unified way of looking at all early resource-extraction industries. ii Acknowledgements When I moved to Newfoundland in 2009, I had little idea of the experience I was in for. The first two years working on my Masters of Arts were amazing, but the decision to continue onto a Ph.D. was not made lightly. The last several years have been a firm mixture of highs and lows and have been financially, emotionally, mentally, and physically exhausting, and could not have been done without the support of a large number of people and organizations. Before I thank them, however, I want to dedicate this dissertation to five very special individuals. The first four are my grandparents, none of whom are still with us but who inspired me in life: John D. and Helen F. Freeman; and Jean E. and Alfred H. Clausnitzer. The final individual is my husky, Boo. This dissertation kept me away from you for six years except for the occasional and all too brief visits, and even though you are gone now you remain my greatest friend and most trusted confidant. The first people I would like to acknowledge are my supervisors at Memorial University: Dr. Barry Gaulton and the late Dr. Peter Pope. Their guidance and support have been invaluable in the completion of this project, and their willingness to entertain ridiculous questions and respond gracefully to rambling, insomnia-fueled e-mails was greatly appreciated, as was allowing me access to collections for study. The other two members of my comprehensive examination committee, Dr. Brad Loewen of the University of Montreal and Dr. Emerson (Tad) Baker of Salem State University, contributed with their inspired and provoking comments which helped to build this dissertation into something more than it might have been. Tad is further thanked, along iii with the Dyer Library and Saco Museum, for granting me access to the Sagadahoc Island collection and his reports on the excavations there. The remaining faculty and staff of the Department of Archaeology are thanked for all of their advice and assistance. I cannot go further without acknowledging Dr. Nathan Hamilton of the University of Southern Maine, who inspired me to pursue a career in archaeology as a history undergrad and who both gave me the opportunity to work on the Isles of Shoals and allowed me to use that collection in this study. Finally, Dr. James Tuck, Dr. James Lyttleton, Dr. Amanda Crompton, and Stephen Mills all offered advice and support during my years at Memorial University, which is greatly appreciated. Lori Temple and the Rooms Provincial Museum in St. John’s, Newfoundland granted me use of and found the artifacts from the Goodridge site amongst their extensive collections. The Colony of Avalon Foundation has made research at Ferryland possible for over twenty years and gave me the opportunity to excavate such an exciting and important site. The Provincial Archaeology Office of Newfoundland and Labrador, the Institute for Social and Economic Research at Memorial University, and the J.R. Smallwood Foundation all provided financial support for research and fieldwork, without which no project can be completed, this one included. The Sir William Vaughan Trust partnered with me during my research in Trepassey, Newfoundland, and although that project did not produce anything that could be included in this dissertation their enthusiasm and assistance was still appreciated. Barry Masterson and the Colonial Pemaquid Historic Site gave me access to the collections there and permitted me to use them in this study. Anatolijs Venocevs created the initial versions of all of the maps, and iv I thank him sincerely for his work in doing so. The staff of the collections and archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society, New Hampshire Historical Society, and Portsmouth Athenaeum lent me their time and services, and for that I am grateful. I have made innumerable friends in my six years in Newfoundland, all of whom deserve thanks for their various contributions. I would like to specifically mention the following: Tom Cromwell and Megan Ormshaw; Annique Jones-Doyle; Jon Harrison and Katie Budgell; Trish Kelvin; Christina Robinson; Sarah Ingram; Susi Vallejos; Chelsee Arbour; Kara Wolfe; Erica Peddle; Adrian Morrison and Brittany Roberts; Jen Comeau; Catherine Hawkins; Asta Rand; and Hilary Hatcher. You’ve all been a great help both in and out of academics, keeping me grounded when the world started slipping away. Old friends I would also like to acknowledge are Megan Victor, Lauren Silverstein, Kate McMahon, and Gareth Jones, all of whom have been able to, despite the distances involved, provide academic and personal support and assistance. And last, but by no stretch the least, I would like to thank my family. My parents Arthur and Ginny are the real heroes of this dissertation not only for their steadfast support and understanding but also for their generosity while I was in Newfoundland, both financially and through taking care of my obnoxious, self-absorbed but entirely needy dog. My siblings, Alison, Jess, and Jeremy, were always there for me as well. We may not like each other on occasion, but I always knew you had my back in any situation. And then there are my sister-in-laws Stephanie and Heather, brother-in-law Jesse, nephews JJ and Bryan, and nieces Addison and Marian, all of whom have provided v inspiration in some way and have enriched my life as a result. And finally, to Georgiana Vincenza Clausnitzer, this one is for you. vi Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..i Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………...ii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………vii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………..xi List of Tables………………………………………………………………….xiv List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………..xv Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………….1 Section 1. I. Project Background………………………………………….1 Section 1. II. Chapter Overviews…………………………………………5 Section 1. III. Importance of Research……………………………………6 Chapter 2: Theoretical Considerations and Research Framework………………..8 Section 2. I. Research Goals………………………………………………8 Section 2. II. Theoretical Approaches to a New Research Framework…...9 Section 2. III. Cases Studies of Early Resource Industries………………17 Section 2. IV. Agency, Identity, and Consumption……………………...29 Chapter 3: Historical Background……………………………………………….33 Section 3. I. Introduction………………………………………………...33 Section 3. II. The Cod Fish………………………………………………34 Section 3. III. The History of the Fisheries………………………………36 Section 3. III.1. Introduction…………………………………….37 Section 3. III. 2. Early English Maritime Expansion…………….44 Section 3. III. 3. Development and International Character of the Cod Fishery………………………………………………………42 Section 3. III. 4. English Overseas Expansion 1565-1600………51 Section 3. III. 5. First Settlements: Newfoundland 1600-1638….57 Section 3. III. 6. Southern Expansion: New England 1600-
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