DOCSLIB.ORG

The Phylogeny and Evolution of Two Ancient Lineages of Aquatic Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Phylogeny and Evolution of Two Ancient Lineages of Aquatic Plants by William James Donaldson Iles B.Sc., The University of Toronto, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Botany) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) May 2013 c William James Donaldson Iles 2013 Abstract In my thesis I aim to improve our phylogenetic and evolutionary knowledge of two ancient and distantly related groups of aquatic flowering plants, Hy- datellaceae and Alismatales. While the phylogeny of monocots has received fairly intense scrutiny for two decades, some parts of its diversification have been less frequently investigated. One such lineage is the order Alismatales, which defines one of the deepest splits in monocot evolution. Many fami- lies of Alismatales are aquatic or semi-aquatic, and they have been impli- cated in historical discussions of monocot origins. I evaluate inter-familial relationships in the order, considering a suite of 17 plastid genes for 31 Al- ismatales taxa for all 13 recognized families. This study improves on our understanding of, and confidence in, higher-order Alismatales relationships. I also uncovered convergent gene loss of plastid-encoded subunits for the NADH dehydrogenase complex. I then expand monocot coverage outside Alismatales by including unpublished and newly sequenced data for other orders. This large-scale sample facilitated a re-evaluation of monocot phy- logeny and molecular dating, the latter using 25 fossil constraints. Previ- ously included in the monocot order Poales, Hydatellaceae are a small family of ephemeral aquatics relatively recently found to be the sister group of wa- ter lilies (Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae). I present the first molecular phylogeny of the family and evaluate aspects of the family's morphological evolution. I show how sexual system shifts are associated with shifts in other reproductive traits. I also infer a temporal scale for Hydatellaceae diversifi- cation using a two-step Bayesian approach. I use the resulting dated tree to address biogeographic patterns and aspects of niche evolution. I show that its \Gondwanan" distribution is the result of long-distance dispersal and not continental rifting, and demonstrate strong phylogenetic niche conser- ii vatism in the family. These studies expand our understanding of evolution in Hydatellaceae, and provide a substantial update to our understanding of Alismatales (and more generally monocot) phylogeny and divergence times. iii Preface All chapters benefited from input from coauthors. A version of Chapter 2 was previously published as: Iles W.J.D., Rudall P.J., Sokoloff D.D., Remizowa M.V., Macfar- lane T.D., Logacheva M.D., and Graham S.W. 2012. Hydatel- laceae (Nymphaeales): sexual-system homoplasy and a new sec- tional classification. American Journal of Botany 99: 663{676. I produced most of the sequence data, carried out analysis, and wrote the manuscript. P.J. Rudall, D.D. Sokoloff, M.V. Remizowa and T.D. Mac- farlane collected and provided plant material. M.D. Logacheva produced a small amount of sequence data. D.D. Sokoloff and M.V. Remizowa did character scoring and measurements. D.D. Sokoloff produced the sectional treatment. S.W. Graham conceived of the initial project and provided guid- ance. All authors helped with writing and editing. Chapter 3 was coauthored. I conceived of the initial project, carried out most of the analyses, and wrote most of the manuscript. D.D. Sokoloff, M.V. Remizowa, S.R. Yadav, M.D. Barrett, R.L. Barrett, and T.D. Macfar- lane provided accession location data for georeferencing. C. Lee carried out georeferencing and Maxent analysis, and wrote an initial draft of the corre- sponding material and methods section. S.W. Graham helped with writing and provided guidance. All authors helped with editing. A version of Chapter 4 is in press as: Iles W.J.D., Smith S.Y., and Graham S.W. In press. A well- supported phylogenetic framework for the monocot order Alis- matales reveals multiple losses of the plastid NADH dehydroge- nase complex and a strong long-branch effect. P. Wilkin and S.J. Mayo [eds]. In Early Events in Monocot Evolution. Cambridge: iv Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-28. I produced most of the new sequence data (19 taxa), carried out analysis, and wrote the manuscript. S.Y. Smith produced new sequence data for six taxa. S.W. Graham conceived of the project and provided guidance. All authors helped with editing. Chapter 5 was coauthored. I conceived of the initial project, gener- ated sequence data for 12 new taxa, carried out analysis, and wrote the manuscript. J. Zgurski generated most of the new sequence data in the or- der Liliales. J.M. Saarela generated most of the new sequence data in the order Poales. G. Ross and Q. Lin each generated data for one new taxon. S.Y. Smith provided advice on fossil selection. S.W. Graham helped with writing, editing, and guidance. v Table of Contents Abstract ................................. ii Preface .................................. iv Table of Contents ............................ vi List of Tables .............................. ix List of Figures .............................. x Acknowledgements ........................... xi Dedication ................................ xii 1 Introduction ............................. 1 1.1 Water lilies and Hydatellaceae . 2 1.2 Alismatales and monocots . 4 1.3 Overview of the thesis . 9 2 Phylogenetics and sexual-system evolution of Hydatellaceae 11 2.1 Summary . 11 2.2 Introduction . 12 2.3 Materials and methods . 16 2.3.1 Taxonomic and genomic sampling . 16 2.3.2 Extraction, amplification and sequencing . 17 2.3.3 Alignment and gene-tree analyses . 18 2.3.4 Species-tree inference . 20 2.3.5 Ancestral character states and character associations 21 2.4 Results . 22 2.4.1 Plastid and nuclear phylogenies of Hydatellaceae . 22 2.4.2 Species phylogeny of Hydatellaceae . 23 2.4.3 Ancestral character-state reconstructions . 25 2.4.4 Phylogenetic ANOVAs . 28 vi 2.5 Discussion . 30 2.5.1 Gene and species phylogenies . 30 2.5.2 New classification . 32 2.5.3 Morphological evolution . 34 2.5.4 Sexual-system evolution . 35 2.5.5 Conclusions . 38 3 Biogeography and niche conservatism in Hydatellaceae . 39 3.1 Summary . 39 3.2 Introduction . 40 3.3 Material and methods . 41 3.3.1 Molecular dating . 41 3.3.2 Biogeographic reconstruction . 42 3.3.3 Climate niche evolution . 43 3.4 Results and discussion . 46 3.4.1 The age of Hydatellaceae . 46 3.4.2 Biogeography of Hydatellaceae . 49 3.4.3 Phylogenetic niche conservatism in Hydatellaceae . 50 4 Phylogeny and gene loss in Alismatales . 56 4.1 Summary . 56 4.2 Introduction . 57 4.3 Material and methods . 59 4.3.1 Taxon sampling . 59 4.3.2 Gene sampling . 60 4.3.3 Data assembly . 61 4.3.4 Phylogenetic analysis . 62 4.4 Results . 63 4.4.1 The phylogenetic backbone of Alismatales . 63 4.4.2 Taxon density and branch support . 68 4.4.3 Parallel loss of ndh genes in the core alismatid clade . 69 4.5 Discussion . 72 4.5.1 A refined phylogenetic backbone of Alismatales . 72 4.5.2 Rate heterogeneity and phylogenetic inference . 76 4.5.3 Loss of NADH dehydrogenase subunit genes . 79 4.5.4 Future work on the Alismatales backbone . 80 4.6 Conclusions . 81 vii 5 Dating early events in monocot phylogeny . 82 5.1 Summary . 82 5.2 Introduction . 83 5.3 Materials and methods . 85 5.3.1 Taxonomic and genomic assembly . 85 5.3.2 Phylogeny estimation . 86 5.3.3 Fossil constraints . 88 5.3.4 Molecular dating . 102 5.4 Results . 103 5.4.1 Phylogenetic inference . 103 5.4.2 Dating analysis . 110 5.5 Discussion . 111 5.5.1 Monocot phylogeny . 114 5.5.2 Dating analysis . 130 5.6 Conclusions . 134 6 Conclusion ..............................135 6.1 Overview . 135 6.2 Limitations of the methodology . 138 6.3 Future directions . 142 6.4 Some conclusions . 144 Bibliography ...............................146 Appendices A Voucher information for Chapter 2 . 193 B Trithuria classification for Chapter 2 . 196 C Supplementary material for Chapter 3 . 198 C.1 Dating seed-plant phylogeny . 198 C.2 Dating the species tree of Hydatellaceae . 202 C.3 Biogeographic analysis of Hydatellaceae . 202 C.4 Niche evolution in Hydatellaceae . 207 C.5 Accessions for seed-plant dating . 216 D Voucher information for Chapter 4 . 218 E Voucher information for Chapter 5 . 221 viii List of Tables 2.1 Phylogenetic ANOVAs of sexuality and quantitative characters 29 2.2 Summary of the new sectional treatment of Trithuria . 33 3.1 Ancestral climate variables for Hydatellaceae . 52 4.1 Comparison of the support values for interfamilial relationships 73 4.2 MP and ML support values for relationships among the petaloid families of Alismatales . 78 5.1 The PF16 partitioning scheme . 87 5.2 Monocot fossils used as molecular dating constraints . 89 5.3 Partition scheme comparisons . 104 5.4 Ages of major monocot clades . 127 C.1 Calibration fossils for seed-plant phylogeny . 200 C.2 Inferred ages of splits in seed-plant phylogeny . 201 C.3 Ages of nodes in Hydatellaceae . 204 C.4 Specimen accessions . 210 ix List of Figures 1.1 Summary of angiosperm relationships . 3 1.2 Summary of higher-order monocot relationships . 6 2.1 Maximum likelihood phylograms of Hydatellaceae . 23 2.2 Portion of the plastid tree including Trithuria occidentalis . 25 2.3 Bayesian multispecies coalescent estimate of species phylogeny 26 2.4 Reconstructions of ancestral character states . 27 2.5 Plots of characters associated with changes in sexuality . 31 3.1 Bayesian random-local-clock dating of seed-plant phylogeny . 45 3.2 Biogeography of Hydatellaceae . 47 4.1 Placement of Alismatales in monocot phylogeny . 64 4.2 A section of the ML tree Figure 4.1, focused on Alismatales .
Recommended publications
  • FLORA from FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE of MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2

    FLORA from FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE of MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2

    ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70 ORIGINAL PAPER FLORA FROM FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureş, Romania 2Mureş County Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania *Correspondence: Silvia OROIAN [email protected] Received: 2 July 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 15 July 2018 Abstract The aim of this study was to identify a potential source of medicinal plant from Transylvanian Plain. Also, the paper provides information about the hayfields floral richness, a great scientific value for Romania and Europe. The study of the flora was carried out in several stages: 2005-2008, 2013, 2017-2018. In the studied area, 397 taxa were identified, distributed in 82 families with therapeutic potential, represented by 164 medical taxa, 37 of them being in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.5. The study reveals that most plants contain: volatile oils (13.41%), tannins (12.19%), flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages (8.53%) etc. This plants can be used in the treatment of various human disorders: disorders of the digestive system, respiratory system, skin disorders, muscular and skeletal systems, genitourinary system, in gynaecological disorders, cardiovascular, and central nervous sistem disorders. In the study plants protected by law at European and national level were identified: Echium maculatum, Cephalaria radiata, Crambe tataria, Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus, Salvia nutans, Iris aphylla, Orchis morio, Orchis tridentata, Adonis vernalis, Dictamnus albus, Hammarbya paludosa etc. Keywords: Fărăgău, medicinal plants, human disease, Mureş County 1.
  • Network Scan Data

    Network Scan Data

    Selbyana 15: 132-149 CHECKLIST OF VENEZUELAN BROMELIACEAE WITH NOTES ON SPECIES DISTRIBUTION BY STATE AND LEVELS OF ENDEMISM BRUCE K. HOLST Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, USA ABSTRACf. A checklist of the 24 genera and 364 native species ofBromeliaceae known from Venezuela is presented, including their occurrence by state and indications of which are endemic to the country. A comparison of the number of genera and species known from Mesoamerica (southern Mexico to Panama), Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana), Ecuador, and Peru is presented, as well as a summary of the number of species and endemic species in each Venezuelan state. RESUMEN. Se presenta un listado de los 24 generos y 364 especies nativas de Bromeliaceae que se conocen de Venezuela, junto con sus distribuciones por estado y una indicaci6n cuales son endemicas a Venezuela. Se presenta tambien una comparaci6n del numero de los generos y especies de Mesoamerica (sur de Mexico a Panama), Colombia, Venezuela, las Guayanas (Guyana, Suriname, Guyana Francesa), Ecuador, y Peru, y un resumen del numero de especies y numero de especies endemicas de cada estado de Venezuela. INTRODUCTION Bromeliaceae (Smith 1971), and Revision of the Guayana Highland Bromeliaceae (Smith 1986). The checklist ofVenezuelan Bromeliaceae pre­ Several additional country records were reported sented below (Appendix 1) adds three genera in works by Smith and Read (1982), Luther (Brewcaria, Neoregelia, and Steyerbromelia) and (1984), Morillo (1986), and Oliva-Esteva and 71 species to the totals for the country since the Steyermark (1987). Author abbreviations used last summary of Venezuelan bromeliads in the in the checklist follow Brummit and Powell Flora de Venezuela series which contained 293 (1992).
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic

    Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic

    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
  • Nordic Journal of Botany NJB-02477 She, R., Zhao, P

    Nordic Journal of Botany NJB-02477 She, R., Zhao, P

    Nordic Journal of Botany NJB-02477 She, R., Zhao, P. , Zhou, H., Yue, M., Yan, F., Hu, G., Gao, X. and Zhang, S. 2020. Complete chloroplast genomes of Liliaceae (s.l.) species: comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses. - Nordic Journal of Botany 2019: e02477 Appendix 1 Table A1. List of taxa sampled in this study and species accessions numbers (GenBank). Genus Species Accession number Genus Species Accession number Aletris fauriei KT898912 Polygonatum sibiricum KT695605 Aletris Polygonatum Aletris spicata KT898911 Polygonatum verticillatum KT722981 Allium cepa KM088013 Lilium amabile KY940845 Allium obliquum MG670111 Lilium bakerianum KY748301 Allium Allium prattii MG739457 Lilium brownii KY748296 Allium victorialis MF687749 Lilium bulbiferum MG574829 Amana anhuiensis KY401423 Lilium callosum KY940846 Amana edulis KY401425 Lilium cernuum KX354692 Amana Amana erythronioides KY401424 Lilium distichum KT376489 Amana kuocangshanica KY401426 Lilium duchartrei KY748300 Amana wanzhensis KY401422 Lilium fargesii KX592156 Fritillaria cirrhosa KF769143 Lilium hansonii KM103364 Lilium Fritillaria eduardii MF947708 Lilium henryi KY748302 Fritillaria hupehensis KF712486 Lilium lancifolium KY748297 Fritillaria meleagroides MF947710 Lilium leucanthum KY748299 Fritillaria persica MF947709 Lilium longiflorum KC968977 Fritillaria Fritillaria thunbergii KY646165 Lilium philadelphicum KY940847 Fritillaria unibracteata var. KF769142 Lilium primulinum var. ochraceum KY748298 wabuensis Fritillaria ussuriensis KY646166 Lilium taliense KY009938 Fritillaria
  • Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum Italicum (Araceae)

    Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum Italicum (Araceae)

    M. GIBERNAU,]. ALBRE, 2008 101 Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum italicum (Araceae) Marc Gibernau· and Jerome Albre Universite Paul Sabatier Laboratoire d'Evolution & Diversite Biologique (UMR 5174) Bat.4R3-B2 31062 Toulouse cedex 9 France *e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION In Arum, bigger individuals should An extreme form of flowering character proportionally invest more in the female variations according to the size is gender function (number or weight of female modification, which occurs in several flowers) than the male. The aim of this species of Arisaema (Clay, 1993). Individ­ paper is to quantify variations in repro­ ual plant gender changes from pure male, ductive characters (size of the spadix when small, to monoecious (A. dracon­ parts, number of inflorescences) in rela­ tium) or pure female (A. ringens) when tion to plant and inflorescence sizes. The large (Gusman & Gusman, 2003). This appendix represents 44% of the spadix gender change is reversible, damaged length. The female zone length represents female individuals will flower as male the 16.5% of the spadix length and is much following year (Lovett Doust & Cavers, longer than the male zone (6%). Moreover 1982). These changes are related to change these three spadix zones increase with in plant size and are explained by the plant vigour indicating an increasing size-advantage model. The size-advantage investment into reproduction and pollina­ model postulates a sex change when an tor attraction. It appears that the length of increase in body size is related to differen­ appendix increased proportionally more tial abilities to produce or sire offspring than the lengths of the fertile zones.
  • Wild Ginger, Asarum Spp

    Wild Ginger, Asarum Spp

    A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 27 June 2005 Wild Ginger, Asarum spp. There are 60-70 species of woodland perennials in the genus Asarum. These great foliage plants in the family Aristolochiaceae make excellent ground covers for shady sites. Their leaves vary considerably in texture, colors of green and patterning. They all need rich organic soil with plenty of moisture to thrive. Under favorable conditions they spread quickly and vigorously. Of these numerous species, European wild ginger, A. europaeum, and wild ginger, A. ca- nadense, are the most commonly available to Asarum europeaum has at- tractive glossy leaves. American gardeners. Both spread slowly to form dense colonies once established. The interest- ing but inconspicuous, dark brown, reddish or purple, bell-shaped fl owers are produced near the ground in spring, hidden by the leaves and blending in with The fl owers of wild gin- soil and leaf litter. ger, Asarum canadense, are small, dark-colored European Wild Ginger (A. europeaum) and hidden by the foliage. This elegant plant with glossy, dark green, nearly rounded leaves makes an excellent ground cover. Plants form neat clumps up to 6 inches high and remain evergreen where winters are not too harsh; in Wisconsin the leaves generally die back to the ground. The leaves are produced in pairs and the small, greenish-brown drooping fl owers are rarely noticed, being hidden by the foliage. This plant prefers part to full shade and rich, moist soil – but has done very well in my garden on clay soil with summer sun until about 2:00 p.m.
  • Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis Kåre Bremer Uppsala University

    Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis Kåre Bremer Uppsala University

    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 22 | Issue 1 Article 3 2006 Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis Kåre Bremer Uppsala University Thomas Janssen Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Bremer, Kåre and Janssen, Thomas (2006) "Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 3. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/3 Aliso 22, pp. 22-27 © 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden GONDWANAN ORIGIN OF MAJOR MONO COT GROUPS INFERRED FROM DISPERSAL-VICARIANCE ANALYSIS KARE BREMERl.3 AND THOMAS JANSSEN2 lDepartment of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvagen l8D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; 2Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Departement de Systematique et Evolution, USM 0602: Taxonomie et collections, 16 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France 3Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Historical biogeography of major monocot groups was investigated by biogeographical analysis of a dated phylogeny including 79 of the 81 monocot families using the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (APG II) classification. Five major areas were used to describe the family distributions: Eurasia, North America, South America, Africa including Madagascar, and Australasia including New Guinea, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. In order to investigate the possible correspondence with continental breakup, the tree with its terminal distributions was fitted to the geological area cladogram «Eurasia, North America), (Africa, (South America, Australasia») and to alternative area cladograms using the TreeFitter program.
  • GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation

    GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation

    GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Kate L. Hertweck Dr. J. Chris Pires, Dissertation Advisor JULY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS Presented by Kate L. Hertweck A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. J. Chris Pires Dr. Lori Eggert Dr. Candace Galen Dr. Rose‐Marie Muzika ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their assistance during the course of my graduate education. I would not have derived such a keen understanding of the learning process without the tutelage of Dr. Sandi Abell. Members of the Pires lab provided prolific support in improving lab techniques, computational analysis, greenhouse maintenance, and writing support. Team Monocot, including Dr. Mike Kinney, Dr. Roxi Steele, and Erica Wheeler were particularly helpful, but other lab members working on Brassicaceae (Dr. Zhiyong Xiong, Dr. Maqsood Rehman, Pat Edger, Tatiana Arias, Dustin Mayfield) all provided vital support as well. I am also grateful for the support of a high school student, Cady Anderson, and an undergraduate, Tori Docktor, for their assistance in laboratory procedures. Many people, scientist and otherwise, helped with field collections: Dr. Travis Columbus, Hester Bell, Doug and Judy McGoon, Julie Ketner, Katy Klymus, and William Alexander. Many thanks to Barb Sonderman for taking care of my greenhouse collection of many odd plants brought back from the field.
  • Pollen Morphology of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae) and Its Systematic Relationships

    Pollen Morphology of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae) and Its Systematic Relationships

    J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(2)1833-1838, 2012 ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied © 2012, TextRoad Publication Scientific Research www.textroad.com Pollen Morphology of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae) and its Systematic Relationships Sayed-Mohammad Masoumi Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran ABSTRACT Pollen morphology of three genus of Erythronium was studied by the Light Microscopy (LM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Sulcus long reaching the ends of the grains, with operculum (E. giganteum, E. sibiricum) or without it (E. caucasicum). With surface latticed ornamentation and large lattice, thickness of muri and size of Lumina in E. sibiricum are widely varied. Also, most palynomorphological characteristics of the data transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed no strong differences between E. caucasicum and E. sibiricum, , but these species are well distinguished from E. giganteum according to ectexine thickness (thickness of the tectum and the foot layer), shape and diameter of the caput, height and width of the columella. KEY WORDS: Caput; Columella; Exine ornamentation; intine; Microrelief; Pollen grain; Tectum. INTRODUCTION Takhtajan, 1987 indicated that the genus of Erythronium in Tribe Tulipeae is of the Liliaceae family. Different sources have considered the species number of this genus varied from 24-30. Baranova (1999) introduced 24 species for this genus, of which 20 species were spread in North America. Allen et al. (2003) examined the genus of Erythronium, Amana, and Tulipa using the DNA sequences from the chloroplast gene matK and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Palynomorphological characters of 20 different pollen species of Erythronium were evaluated by different researchers (Ikuse, 1965; Beug (1963); Radulescu, 1973; Nakamura, 1980; Schulze, 1980; Kuprianova, 1983; Takahashi (1987); Kosenko, 1991b, 1992, 1996, 1999; Maassoumi, 2005a, 2005b, 2007).
  • Italian Arum Flyer

    Italian Arum Flyer

    PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT- WESTERN INVASIVES NETWORK Revised April, 2020 847 NW Monroe Ave. Corvallis, OR 97330 (541) 910-8769 Photo: Travis Johnson 1Photo: Liz West************ NOXIOUS WEED ALERT************ Italian Arum Italian arum (Arum italicum), also known as Digging and disposing of the small “orange candleflower” and “Italian lords and underground corms in the garbage can help. ladies,” is a non-native perennial that was However, manual removal is only introduced as an ornamental plant. It has recommended on small patches, because if now naturalized and appears to be the plant is not completely eradicated, the spreading. Arum italicum is a woodland soil disturbance can increase its spread. If species and prefers moist, well-shaded you have it on your land, do not let it go to environments. It’s extremely difficult to seed. Wearing gloves, cut and bag all seed eradicate once it becomes established and heads, and dispose of them in the garbage. may spread from residential gardens into The variegated, exotic leaves and showy red fruits woodland areas. For more info on Italian arum: make it an attractive garden plant. Unfortunately, Western Oregon is the perfect environment for Why is it a problem? WA Noxious Weed Control Board unwanted invasions. (Photo: East Multnomah SWCD) This plant is problematic because of its ability Lower Hudson PRISM to form a dense cover in open sites. It can out-compete native plants and prevent their The Western Invasives Network encourages establishment. you to report Italian arum, in an effort to inform future management priorities across Italian arum is also toxic to humans and western Oregon.
  • Aponogeton Pollen from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of North America and West Greenland: Implications for the Origin and Palaeobiogeography of the Genus☆

    Aponogeton Pollen from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of North America and West Greenland: Implications for the Origin and Palaeobiogeography of the Genus☆

    Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 200 (2014) 161–187 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/revpalbo Research paper Aponogeton pollen from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of North America and West Greenland: Implications for the origin and palaeobiogeography of the genus☆ Friðgeir Grímsson a,⁎, Reinhard Zetter a, Heidemarie Halbritter b, Guido W. Grimm c a University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), Vienna, Austria b University of Vienna, Department of Structural and Functional Botany, Rennweg 14, Vienna, Austria c Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Palaeobiology, Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden article info abstract Article history: The fossil record of Aponogeton (Aponogetonaceae) is scarce and the few reported macrofossil findings are in Received 15 January 2013 need of taxonomic revision. Aponogeton pollen is highly diagnostic and when studied with light microscopy Received in revised form 4 September 2013 (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it cannot be confused with any other pollen types. The fossil Accepted 22 September 2013 Aponogeton pollen described here represent the first reliable Cretaceous and Eocene records of this genus world- Available online 3 October 2013 wide. Today, Aponogeton is confined to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, but the new fossil records show that during the late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic it was thriving in North America and Greenland. The Keywords: Alismatales late Cretaceous pollen record provides important data for future phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies Aponogetonaceae focusing on basal monocots, especially the Alismatales. The Eocene pollen morphotypes from North America aquatic plant and Greenland differ in morphology from each other and also from the older Late Cretaceous North American early angiosperm pollen morphotype, indicating evolutionary trends and diversification within the genus over that time period.
  • Biogeography of the Monocotyledon Astelioid Clade (Asparagales): a History of Long-Distance Dispersal and Diversification with Emerging Habitats

    Biogeography of the Monocotyledon Astelioid Clade (Asparagales): a History of Long-Distance Dispersal and Diversification with Emerging Habitats

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 Biogeography of the monocotyledon astelioid clade (Asparagales): A history of long-distance dispersal and diversification with emerging habitats Birch, Joanne L ; Kocyan, Alexander Abstract: The astelioid families (Asteliaceae, Blandfordiaceae, Boryaceae, Hypoxidaceae, and Lanari- aceae) have centers of diversity in Australasia and temperate Africa, with secondary centers of diversity in Afromontane Africa, Asia, and Pacific Islands. The global distribution of these families makes this an excellent lineage to test if current distribution patterns are the result of vicariance or long-distance dispersal and to evaluate the roles of tertiary climatic and geological drivers in lineage diversification. Sequence data were generated from five chloroplast regions (petL-psbE, rbcL, rps16-trnK, trnL-trnLF, trnS-trnSG) for 104 ingroup species sampled across global diversity. The astelioid phylogeny was inferred using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods. Divergence dates were estimated with a relaxed clock applied in BEAST. Ancestral ranges were reconstructed in ’BioGeoBEARS’ applying the corrected Akaike information criterion to test for the best-fit biogeographic model. Diver- sification rates were estimated in Bayesian Analysis of Macroevolutionary Mixtures [BAMM]. Astelioid relationships were inferred as Boryaceae(Blandfordiaceae(Asteliaceae(Hypoxidaceae plus Lanariaceae))). The crown astelioid node was dated to the Late Cretaceous (75.2 million years; 95% highest posterior densities interval 61.0-90.0 million years) with an inferred Eastern Gondwanan origin. However, aste- lioid speciation events have not been shaped by Gondwanan vicariance. Rather long-distance dispersal since the Eocene is inferred to account for current distributions.