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Multi-Frequency EMI in Archaeological Prospection: Case Studies of Han Hangu Pass and Xishan Yang in China

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Multi-Frequency EMI in Archaeological Prospection: Case Studies of Han Hangu Pass and Xishan Yang in China IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Lecce, Italy, October 23-25, 2017 Multi-frequency EMI in archaeological prospection: case studies of Han Hangu Pass and Xishan Yang in China Panpan Tang1, Fulong Chen1*, Aihui Jiang1 a,b, Wei Zhou1 a,b, Hongchao Wang2c, Xin Lu2c , Giovanni Leucci3, Lara de Giorgi3, Maria Sileo3, Lupeng Luod4 , Nicola Masini3 1 Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China; E- Mails: [email protected] 1 International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China; 2 Institute of Conservation and Management of Xin’an Hangu Pass (Han Dynasty), Cultural Relic Bureau of Xin’an County, Luoyang, 471800, China. 3 Institute for Archaeological and Monumental Heritage, National (Italian) Research Council (CNR), Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, - 73100 Lecce; C/da Santa Loja s.n.c., 85050 Tito Scalo (Potenza), Italy. 4 Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China Abstract – Among geophysical techniques applied to popular Luoyang Spade in China, have been proved archaeological sites , the multi-frequency EMI method effective in the early stage of archaeological evaluation is capable of identifying shallow subsurface relics by (1). Prior to excavation the Archaeological prospection simultaneously measuring the apparent electrical are an essential step in assessing the conservation value conductivity (ECa) and apparent magnetic of heritage buried (2). However, the traditional methods susceptibility (MSa).In this study, multi-frequency are time/cost-consuming, invasive as well as constrained EMI technologies were performed in two heritage by complex geological conditions. for these reasons the sites with different geological conditions. In the site of geophysical techniques have been adopted in archeology Han Hangu Pass, high ECa values were measured due since sixty years ago (3, 4), including the methods of to the cinnamon soil. Variations of ECa from the electrical (5), magnetic (6,7), electromagnetic (8,9;), surface to shallow subsurface with different depths microgravity (10) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) indicate a correlation with archaeological excavations. (11, 12), also in the context of remote sensing based Whereas, electromagnetic anomalies related to an investigations (13, 14). They have increasingly played an ancient road and five kiln caves were identified. In the essential role and opened new perspectives (14 in Xishan Yang, sandy loams result into lower ECa archaeological field excavation owing to the values. An ancient tomb, indicating extremely low improvements of sampling instruments and processing ECa and high MSa, was discovered. Its softwares (15). electromagnetic properties is attributed to the cavity Electromagnetic induction (EMI) measures the and ferroferric oxides. Afterwards, the depths of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and apparent investigation (DOI) in conjunction with the magnetic susceptibility (MSa) simultaneously. The performance of signal frequencies were assessed and survey is usually operated with high-efficient, cost- analyzed. beneficial and non-invasive. Though EMI method has been studied by archeologists (16,9, 17), its extended I. INTRODUCTION applications in archaeology remain inadequate due to For the archeological prospection the traditional field certain causes mentioned by De Smedt et al.(2). The methods, such as extensive trenching, hand augering and introduction of multi-coil or multi-frequency EMI sensors 378 has recent increased the ability of determining vertical excavation and drilling (period of 2012-2013), brought to structures by obtaining signatures at different depths of light plentiful of cultural relics, Fig.1b . The subsoil are investigation (DOI) (18). comprised of three layers from surface to deep, the depth In this study, multi-frequency EMI method was applied of two upper layers are approximately 2 m totally. Then for archaeological prospection in two heritage sites in the EMI surveys were performed in three regions (I, II China. The first is ancient Han Hangu Pass in Luoyang and III), with the areas of 40×25, 36×30 and 50×15 sq.m., City that used to be an important military fort in the respectively. Region I and II are covered by dense Western Han dynasty, 114 BC. It was included into the vegetation (see Fig.1c). cluster of Silk Roads sites: the Routes Network of Xishan Yang is a wetland park under construction in Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor that was inscribed on the Huzhou city, Zhejiang province. Due to its location that UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014. It was played as closes to the Tai Lake and the Yangtze River, ancient the first eastern gateway of the land “Silk Road”. The residents made up tombs at a relatively higher altitudes second study site is Xishan Yang, a famous national among hills, but relics of ancient tombs are still not wetland park in Zhejiang province. Ancient tombs with discovered today. A study region IV with an area of various scales dated back to several centuries are widely 12×25 sq.m was selected in a hill covered by dense trees distributed among the hills of the site. (see Fig.1d and 1e). The soil in the hill is mainly In this study, results and interpretations of EMI surveys composed by sandy loam. in conjunction with quantitative analyses were reported. We aims to demonstrate the potential of multi-frequency III. METHOD AND DATA COLLECTION EMI survey in archaeological prospection for future EMI sensors transmit ‘primary’ electromagnetic (EM) investigations. field and receive the ‘secondary’ EM field through inducing the alternating currents in the soil (19,20). II. STUDY AREA Generally, EMI sensors could be classified into Locations of two study sites were shown in Fig.1a. The frequency-domain (FD) and time-domain (TD) Han Hangu Pass is located in a valley of Xin’an county, categories. FD sensors are used to derive the ECa and Luoyang city. Hills stand on both the north and south MSa, working both as a magnetometer and a conductivity sides with the elevation up to 100 m. A river, railway and meter (21, 22). ECa and MSa can be used to define the highway go through the site along the East-West (E-W) conductivity and susceptibility of a homogeneous half- direction. ( Fig.1b). space that would generate the same response as surveyed over the real earth. ECa mainly depends on the combination of soil physico-chemical properties of clay content and mineralogy, soluble salts, soil content, compaction, and etc (23). It is proportional to the moisture held by the soil particles as well as is positively correlated with the soil compaction. According to Grisso et al. (24), the clay is more conductive than the silt, and the sandy soil is most resistive. MSa is related with the type, content and particle size of magnetic minerals, which generally can be classified into ferromagnetism, paramagnetism and diamagnetism. Ferromagnetism materials have the large susceptibility, e.g. iron. Paramagnetism materials mainly include the transition and rare earth metals, as well as gas of the oxygen, indicating small positive susceptibility values. The susceptibilities of diamagnetism corresponds to common materials comprised by copper, silver, gold, zinc, graphite, inactive gas and most organic matters In this study, a hand-held, digital and multi-frequency broadband electromagnetic (so-called Geophex GEM-2) Fig. 1. (a) Locations of two study sites. (b) Google earth was used. This instrument is able to transmit and receive map of Hangu Pass. (c) Photo of region II. (d) Photo of any digitally synthesized waveform by means of the region IV. (e) Google earth map of Xishan Yang. technology of pulse-width modulation. It is portable with a light weight, allowing a surveyor to cover Existing monuments on the surface mainly include a approximately one acre per hour with up to ten pass gate, inner walls and two ancient structure frequencies ranging from 30 Hz to 93 KHz. However, it foundations named Jiming and Wangqi. The conducted is not necessary to acquire signatures with more than 4-5 379 frequencies because no more information would be construction. In general, the measured ECa values obtained due to the performance limitation of sensors. It increase gradually with the depth in the near-surface in is bistatic with a transmitter coil and a receiver coil conjunction with the rapid decline of values in deeper separated by 1.6 m. Two calibration sets (amplitude and layers. This phenomenon results in the occurrence of the free-air calibration) had been done at the Geophex maximum values in the middle layer, corresponding to factory. The maximum DOI can research deep to 20-30 m the interface between back-filled soil and raw soil. In in resistive regions (> 1000 ohm-m) and 10-20 m in contrast, the maximum absolute values of MSa occurs in conductive regions (< 100 ohm-m) (Huang, 2005). the shallowest layer that could be related to the modern Five wave frequencies, ranging from 525Hz to and/or past human activities. The surveying region in 57075Hz, were used for the surveys. The sampling Xishan Yang is covered by natural surfaces. The intervals are 0.5 m (region I and II), 1 m (region III) and maximum ECa values were observed in the deep layers 0.3 m (region IV and V), respectively. The GEM-2 sensor interpreted by the increase of soil moisture with the has three filters for smoothing noise and improving result increasing depth. And for the measurement of MSa in the maps. In this study, the median filter using a moving Xishan Yang, the hypothesis became not true. The ECa window was selected. The three-layer model was adopted values measured in the Xishan Yang were much smaller for the depth inversion.
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