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Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic. Language

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Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic. Language MALTESE, MALTÉS, MALTAIS Language family: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic. Language codes: ISO 639-1 mt ISO 639-2 mlt ISO 639-2 mlt Glottolog: malt1254. Linguasphere: 12-AAC-c Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: malti): maltese [MLS] hizk. Malta; baita AEB, Australia, Erresuma Batua, Italia, Kanada, Tunisia ere. malti alt maltese [MLS]. MALTA Maltese (malti) [MLS] 300.000 hiztun (1975, Katzner). Herrialde guztietako populazio osoa 330.000 edo gehiago. Halaber mintzatua AEB, Australia, Erresuma Batua, Italia, Kanada, Tunisian ere. Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic. Dialektoak: standard maltese, port maltese, rural west maltese, rural east maltese, rural central maltese, zurrieq, gozo. Magrebiar arabieratik dator, baina italierari hitz asko hartu dio; sintaxi eta fonologia ezberdinekin garatu da. Diglosiarik ez arabiera estandarrarekin; ez du arriskurik; hizkuntza nazionala; gramatika. Hizkuntza / lengua: maltera / maltese / maltés / maltais. Hiztunak / hablantes (2002): 415.000 (Rafael del Moral). Herrialdea / país: Malta (364.000) eta Australia (51.000). HISTORIA. Familia semitikoko afroasiar hizkuntza, estatus propioa lortu duen HISTORIA. Lengua afroasiática de la familia arabieraren aldaera, gaur Malta uharteko semítica, variedad del árabe que ha populazio kristauaren hizkuntza conseguido alcanzar un estatus propio y es autoktonoa. Ezin liteke ukatu agian hoy lengua nativa de la población cristiana feniziera izan zela bertako lehen de la isla de Malta. No cabe desechar la bizilagunen hizkuntza. Gero Malta posibilidad de que los hablantes primitivos erromatarrek, bandaloek eta IX. mendearen de la isla tuvieran como lengua propia al hondarrean arabiarrek inbaditu zuten. fenicio. Malta fue más tarde ocupada por los romanos, vándalos, y a finales del s. IX por XII. m.an Siziliatik sartu eta normandiarrek los árabes. bota egin zituzten arabiarrak. Gero uhartea En el s. XII los árabes fueron desplazados hurrenez hurren angerstarrek, espainiarrek, por los normandos, procedentes de Sicilia. frantsesek eta, azkenik, XIX. m.aren Posteriormente la isla sería hondarrean ingelesek inbaditu zuten. progresivamente invadida por los 1934az gero maltera eta ingelesa uhartean angevinos, los españoles, los franceses y hizkuntza ofizialak dira. finalmente por los ingleses en el s. XIX. Desde 1934 el maltés y el inglés son las lenguas oficiales de la isla. HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak. Fonetika. Bere sistema bokalikoa LENGUA. Principales características. arabierarena baino aberatsagoa da (5 Fonética. Su sistema vocálico es más rico bokal) eta bokal luzeak eta laburrak que el del árabe (5 vocales) y también bereizten ditu. distingue entre largas y breves. Morfosintaxia. A) Bi genero ditu: Morfosintaxis. A) Posee 2 géneros: maskulinoa eta femeninoa eta -a, -ti, -i masculino y femenino, que se forman con morfemekin eratzen dira. B) Hiru numero los morfemas -a, -ti, -i. B) Posee 3 números: ditu: singularra, plurala eta duala. C) singular, plural y dual. C) La conjugación Aditzaren jokaerak funtsean aspektua, verbal se basa fundamentalmente en el perfektiboa eta inperfektiboa hartzen ditu. aspecto, perfectivo e imperfectivo. El Inperfektiboak orainaldia eta geroaldia imperfectivo sirve tanto para la formación eratzeko balio du. Badago baita ere del presente como la de futuro. Existe ahalera. D) Perpausaren ohiko ordena también un modo imperativo. D) El orden Subjektua + Aditza + Osagarriak da. E) habitual de la oración es Sujeto + Verbo + Hizkuntzak elementu siziliar eta italiar ugari Complementos. E) La lengua se encuentra ditu, bereziki lexikoan, baina egitura influenciada por numerosos elementos sintaktikoetan ere badu eragina. F) Hona sicilianos e italianos, especialmente en el hemen malteraz lehenengo 10 zenbakiak: léxico, aunque también en las estructuras wieħ (1), tnejn (2), tlieta (3), erbgħ (4), sintácticas. F) Los 10 primeros números en ħamsa (5), sitta (6), sebgħa (7), tmienja maltés son: wieħ (1), tnejn (2), tlieta (3), (8), disgħa (9), ghasħra (10). erbgħ (4), ħamsa (5), sitta (6), sebgħa (7), tmienja (8), disgħa (9), ghasħra (10). Escritura. El sistema de escritura del Idazkera. Malteraz idazteko sistema maltés fue creado por la asociación de 1920an sortu zuen maltar idazleen escritores malteses en 1920 y se basa en el elkarteak eta latindar alfabetoa du alfabeto latino con el ajuste de algunas oinarritzat letra batzuen doikuntzarekin eta letras y la exclusión de otras. Resulta así beste batzuk kenduz. Honelako karaktereak una de las lenguas más especiales en el uso erabiltzen hizkuntza berezietako bat da de tales caracteres. Su dimensión literaria, maltera. XVII. mendeaz gero bada bere o al menos su uso escrito, queda literaturaren testigantza edota bai atestiguada desde el s. XVII. behintzat idazten erabiliarena. GRAMATIKAK, METODOAK, ESKULIBURUAK BEGINNING MALTESE, Malta University Publishers, Lydia Sciriha, 21x15, XX+122 or, Malta, 2004. GRAMMATIKA MALTIJA, Brother Henry F.S.C., ta’ Bro, Henry Grech FSC, riveduta minn Charles Briffa, De la salle Brothers Publications, 26x19, 243 or., Malta, 2004. GWIDA ghall-ortografija, Għajnuniet ghall-kitba bil-Malti, It-tieni edizzjoni, Carmel Azzopardi, Klabb kotba maltin, 24x17, 387 or., Malta, 2007. MALTATAR ALFABETOA MALTESE ALPHABET Maltatar alfabetoa / Maltese alphabet A a B b Ċ ċ D d E e F f Ġ ġ G g Għ għ H h a be ċe de e ef ġe ge ajn akka Ħ ħ I i Ie ie J j K k L l M m N n O o P p ħe i ie je ke elle emme enne o pe Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Ż ż Z z qe erre esse te u ve we exxe że ze Malteraren ahoskera / Maltese pronunciation għ is silent but pharyngealizes and lengthens vowels h has a simliar function to għ għ and h at the end of a word are both pronounced as ħ għh = ħħ Final consonants are devoiced: b = [p], d = [t], ġ = [ʧ], g = [k], v = [f], ż = [s] i before għ, h, ħ or q = [iː] m followed by a consonant at the beginning of a word is pronounced im, e.g. mnejn = [imnejn]. Modern system of Maltese orthography was Maltatar ortografiaren sistema modernoa introduced in 1924. Below is the Maltese 1924 ezarri zen. Behean malteraren alphabet, with IPA symbols and alfabetoa, IPA ikurrekin eta gutxi approximate English pronunciation: gorabeherako ahoskera ingelesarekin: Letter Name Maltese example IPA Approximate English pronunciation A a a anġlu (angel) ɐ similar to 'u' in nut in RP bar, but at the end of a word it is B b be ballun (ball) b devoiced to [p]. church (note: undotted 'c' has been Ċ ċ ċe ċavetta (key) t͡ʃ replaced by 'k', so when 'c' does appear, it is to be spoken the same way as 'ċ') day, but at the end of a word it is D d de dar (home) d devoiced to [t]. envelopp E e e ɛ end (envelope) F f effe fjura (flower) f far gem, but at the end of a word it is Ġ ġ ġe ġelat (ice cream) d͡ʒ devoiced to [tʃ]. game, but at the end of a word it is G g ge gallettina (biscuit) ɡ devoiced to [k]. has the effect of lengthening and pharyngealizing associated vowels (għi and għu are [aˤj] and [oˤw]). When found GĦ għ ajn għasfur (bird) ˤː, ħː at the end of a word or immediately before 'h' it has the sound of a double 'ħ' (see below). not pronounced unless it is at the end of a H h akka hu (he) word, in which case it has the sound of 'ħ'. no English equivalent; sounds similar to Ħ ħ ħe ħanut (shop) ħ /h/ but is articulated with a lowered larynx. I i i ikel (food) ɪ bit no English equivalent; sounds similar to IE ie ie ieqaf (stop) iɛ, iː /i/, as in yield, but opened up slightly towards /ɛ/ J j je jum (day) j yard K k ke kelb (dog) k kettle L l elle libsa (dress) l line M m emme mara (woman) m march N n enne nanna (granny) n next O o o ors (bear) ɔ like 'aw' in law, but shorter. P p pe paġna (page, sheet) p part glottal stop, found in the Cockney English Q q qe qattus (cat) ʔ pronunciation of "bottle" or the phrase "uh-oh" /ʔʌʔoʊ/. R r erre re (king) r road S s esse sliem (peace) s sand T t te tieqa (window) t tired U u u uviera (egg cup) ʊ put vast, but at the end of a word it is V v ve vjola (violet) v devoiced to [f]. W w we widna (ear) w west shade, sometimes as measure; when X x exxe xadina (monkey) ʃ / ʒ doubled the sound is elongated, as in "Cash shin" vs. "Cash in". t͡s / Z z ze zalza (sauce) pizza d͡z maze, but at the end of a word it is Ż ż że żraben (shoes) z devoiced to [s]. Testu-lagina / Sample text Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom igibu ruħhom ma' xulxin bi spirtu ta' aħwa. Itzulpena / Translation All human beings are born free and equal in Gizon-emakume guztiak aske jaiotzen dira, dignity and rights. They are endowed with duintasun eta eskubide berberak dituztela; reason and conscience and should act eta ezaguera eta kontzientzia dutenez gero, towards one another in a spirit of elkarren artean senide legez jokatu behar brotherhood. dute. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of (Giza Eskubideen Aldarrikapen Human Rights) Unibertsaleko 1. artikulua) Thanks to Arvind Iyengar. .
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