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Studies in the Linguistic Sciences ill:; ^^ary at l paign BOOKSTACKS .or The »lnlmu. Fe. Library Materials. or renew a-« NOTICE; R^wm» .„, $50.00. Lost Book .s for each _^ responsible th.smat^er_^^ ^^^^^^^„ The person charging ^^ ^^^ the l^brarj Us return to ^^^3^3ua ^^^^ ^^^i,,. the Latest ^.^^.p,.. on or before ^^^^^^^ ^^^ aoc. unde,.>„^^^^^^^^^^ ,„,,,3,^. Then, -toatio" ^^^ re::?rcarSrCenter.333-S400 _^ AT _ .. ...rMC 1 IRRARY APRi m. 61 .OCT 19 L161-O-1096 les in rhe Linguistic Sciences PAPERS IN GENERAL LINGUISTICS LEE A. BECKER AND DAVID P.B. MASSAMBA CiRuri Tonology (A Preliminary View) 1 CHIN-CHUAN CHENG AND CHARLES W. KISSEBERTH Ikorovere Makua Tonology (Part 2) 15 ANNE GARBER Word Order Change and the Senufo Languages 45 HANS HENRICH HOCK Archamisms, Morphophonemic Metrics, or Variable Rules in the Rig- Veda? 59 JANICE L. JAKE Object Verb Agreement in Tigre 71 BRAJ B. KACHRU "Socially Realistic Linguistics": The Firthian Tradition 85 YAMUNA KACHRU AND RAJESHWARI PANDHARIPANDE Toward a Typology of Compound Verbs in South Asian Languages 113 CHARLES W. KISSEBERTH AND DAVID ODDEN Aspects of Tone Assignment in Ki/natuumbi 125 CHARLES W. KISSEBERTH AND WINIFRED J. WOOD Displaced Tones in Digo (Part I) 141 RICHARD LUTZ Hindi Verbs of Judging: An Application of Fillmore's System of Semantic Description 179 BRUCE ARNE SHERWOOD AND CHIN-CHUAN CHENG A Linguistics Course on International Communication and Constructed Languages 1 89 S.N. SRIDHAR AND KAMAL K. SRIDHAR The Syntax and Psycholinguistics of Bilingual Code Mixing 203 Department of Linguistics University of Illinois STUDIES IN THE LINGUISTIC SCIENCES PUBLICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN EDITORS: Charles W. Kisseberth, Braj B. Kachru, Jerry L. Morgan REVIEW EDITORS: Chin-W. Kim and Ladislav Zgusta EDITORIAL BOARD: Eyamba G. Bokamba, Chin-chuan Cheng, Peter Cole, Alice Davison, Georgia M. Green, Hans Henrich Hock, Yamuna Kachru, Henry Kahane, Michael J. Kenstowicz and Howard Maclay. AIM: SLS is intended as a forum for the presentation of the latest original research by the faculty and especially students of the Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Especially invited papers by scholars not associated with the University of Illinois will also be in- cluded. SPECIAL ISSUES: Since its inception SLS has devoted one issue each year to restricted, specialized topics. A complete list of such special issues is given on the back cover. The following special issues are under preparation: Studies in Arabic Linguistics, edited by Michael J. Kenstowicz; Studies in Language Variation: Nonwestern Case Studies, edited by Braj B. Kachru; Papers on Diachronic Syntax, edited by Hans Henrich Hock; South Asian Linguistics: Syntax and Semantics, edited by Yamuna Kachru. BOOKS FOR REVIEW: Review copies of books (in duplicate) may be sent to the Review Editors, Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana, lUinois, 61801. SUBSCRIPTION: There will be two issues during the academic year. Requests for subscriptions should be addressed to SLS Subscriptions, Department of Linguistics, 4088 Foreign Languages Building, University of Illinois, Urbana, IlHnois, 61801. Price: $5.00 (per issue) STUDIES IN THE LINGUISTIC SCIENCES EDITORS Charles W. Kisseberth Braj B. Kachru, Jerry L. Morgan REVIEW EDITORS Chin-W. Kim and Ladislav Zgusta EDITORIAL BOARD Eyamba G. Bokamba, Chin-chuan Cheng, Peter Cole, Alice Davison, Georgia M. Green, Hans Henrich Hock, Yamuna Kachru, Henry Kahane, Michael J. Kenstowicz and Howard Maclay. VOLUME 10, NUMBER 1 SPRING, 1980 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801 3j% i/./O TABLE OF CONTENTS Lee A. Becker and David P.B. Massamba: CiRuri Tonology (A Preliminary View) 1 Chin-Chuan Cheng and Charles W. Kisseberth: Ikorovere Makua Tonology (Part 2) 15 Anne Garber: Word Order Change and the Senufo Languages 45 Hans Henrich Hock: Archaisms, Morphophonemic Metrics, or Variable Rules in the Rig-Veda? 59 Janice L. Jake: Object Verb Agreement in Tigre 71 Braj B. Kachru: "Socially Realistic Linguistics": The Firthian Tradition 85 Yamuna Kachru and Rajeshwari Pandharipande : Toward a Typology of Compound Verbs in South Asian Languages 113 Charles W. Kisseberth and David Odden: Aspects of Tone Assignment in Kj.matuumbi 125 Charles W. Kisseberth and Winifred J. Wood: Displaced Tones in Digo (Part 1) 141 Richard Lutz: Hindi Verbs of Judging: An Application of Fillmore's System of Semantic Description 179 Bruce Ame Sherwood and Chin-Chuan Cheng: A Linguistics Course on International Communication and Constructed Languages 189 S.N. Sridhar and Kamal K. Sridhar: The Syntax and Psycholinguistics of Bilingual Code Mixing 203 PREFACE The present volume contains a number of papers that were originally presented at the Eleventh Annual Conference on African Linguistics which was held at Boston University on April 10-12, 198O. The following papers have their origin from that conference: Anne Garber, "Word Order Change and the Senufo Languages" Janice L. Jake, "Object Verb Agreement in Tigre" Charles W. Kisseberth and David Odden , "Aspects of Tone Assignment in Kimatuumbi" Charles W. Kisseberth and Winifred J. Wood, "Displaced Tones in Digo (Part l)" Charles W. Kisseberth studies in the Linguistic Sciences Volume 10, Number 1, Spring 1980 CIRURI TONOLOGY (A PRELIMINARY VIEW) Lee A. Becker and David P.B, Massamba Indiana University In this study the tonal pattern of the CiRuri infinitive and present tense is described. The tonal pattern of CiRuri is of special interest for the understanding of the historical development of tonal displacement processes. CiRuri has a phonological process which displaces a high tone one syllable to the right toward the end of the word; this apparently developed out of a tonal doubling process (exhibited in Makua) with a subsequent lowering of the preceding high. In addition, CiRuri has a rule which places a high on a word final syllable when at least two highs are located earlier in the word; this appears to be related to a tonal displacement process in Oigo. 1. Introduction This study represents the first description (to our knowldege) of the toanl system of CiRuri. CiRuri is a Bantu language spoken on the eastern shores of Lake Nyanza (Victoria) in the southern areas of Musoma District in the Mara Region of Tanzania. Although CiRuri has 20,000 speakers (according to the 1967 census), it is not normally mentioned in surveys and classifications, of Bantu languages. It is very closely related to CiJita and KiKwaya, which are classified by Guthrie as E 25. The data on which this study is based are drawn entirely from the speech of one of the authors, David Massamba. In this preliminary report we will examine the tonal patterns of the infinitive and the present tense. We will employ the following diacritics: ' = high, * * falling, * rising; low is left unmarked. 2. The Infinitive The canonical shape of the infinitive in CiRuri may be represented as follows: (1) ku (Vo preprefix prefix We will start w^th consideration of infinitives which do not contain object markers. Following Cheng 6 Kisseberth (1979) we refer to these as "simple" (vs. "complex") infinitives. Simple infinitives with monosyllabic stems fall into two classes with respect to tone: (a), with low tone throughout, and (b), with high tone on the stem initial syllable. (2) a. okugura 'to buy' b. okutema 'to cut' okuseka 'to laugh* okuruina 'to bite' okupara 'to kick' okup6na 'to get/find' Simple infinitives with disyllabic stems also fall into two classes, as do stems with three or more syllables. (3] a. okugorora 'to straighten' b. okusaPura 'to dish out' okugurira 'to buy for' okutemana 'to cut each other' okuparana 'to kick each other' oku^onana 'to meet/see each other' (4) a. okusukvunura 'to pour (out)' b. okutemerana 'tocut each other for' okusorotorera 'to pull out for' okusuruntura 'to untie' It should be noted that the morphological composition of the stem has no effect on the tonal possibilities (cf ./tem-er-an/vs./surumur/, /gur-ir/ vs./goror/J. It is hoped that any analysis would account for the following facts. Extensions, like the reciprocal -an- in (3), appear phonetically sometimes with a high tone and sometimes witE a low tone. They carry a high tone when they appear immediately following a monosyllabic root which carries high tone in (2) . Roots with a high tone in (2) do not carry high tone in (3) and (4). Polysyllabic roots regardless of length, if they exhibit a high tone at all, exhibit it on the second syllable of the stem. In addition, one must incorporate the distinction between roots in (a) and (bj With respect to the distinction between (a) and (b) , roots in the latter group could be treated as carrying high tone on one of their syllables in the Underlying Representation or as carrying a feature to which the assignment of high tone is sensitive. We will refer to the first treatment as the UR High Analysis, and the second as the Diacritic Analysis. It should first be noted that the verbal roots in (2b) , (3b) , and (4b) do not bear high tone in all verbal forms (for example in recent past tense forms such as asurumure 'he untied'). In these cases roots in (b) under the UR High Analysis would have to have high tone deleted. Under the Diacritic Analysis a rule sensitive to the diacritic marking of this class would have to assign high tone in the complement set of cases. Under either treatment the rule could be sensitive to morphological category or phonological environment, or both. It should be pointed out that the Diacritic Analysis is a viable alternative here only due to the lack of contrast between different locations of high tone in polysyllabic roots. At present, analyses involving the use of diacritic features are generally avoided when alternative treatments are possible.
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