Lakes in Winter
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Ice Ic” Werner F
Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in “ice Ic” Werner F. Kuhsa,1, Christian Sippela,b, Andrzej Falentya, and Thomas C. Hansenb aGeoZentrumGöttingen Abteilung Kristallographie (GZG Abt. Kristallographie), Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and bInstitut Laue-Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France Edited by Russell J. Hemley, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, and approved November 15, 2012 (received for review June 16, 2012) “ ” “ ” A solid water phase commonly known as cubic ice or ice Ic is perfectly cubic ice Ic, as manifested in the diffraction pattern, in frequently encountered in various transitions between the solid, terms of stacking faults. Other authors took up the idea and liquid, and gaseous phases of the water substance. It may form, attempted to quantify the stacking disorder (7, 8). The most e.g., by water freezing or vapor deposition in the Earth’s atmo- general approach to stacking disorder so far has been proposed by sphere or in extraterrestrial environments, and plays a central role Hansen et al. (9, 10), who defined hexagonal (H) and cubic in various cryopreservation techniques; its formation is observed stacking (K) and considered interactions beyond next-nearest over a wide temperature range from about 120 K up to the melt- H-orK sequences. We shall discuss which interaction range ing point of ice. There was multiple and compelling evidence in the needs to be considered for a proper description of the various past that this phase is not truly cubic but composed of disordered forms of “ice Ic” encountered. cubic and hexagonal stacking sequences. The complexity of the König identified what he called cubic ice 70 y ago (11) by stacking disorder, however, appears to have been largely over- condensing water vapor to a cold support in the electron mi- looked in most of the literature. -
Lake Mendota
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The Neighbourhood Messenger
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD MESSENGER NEWSLETTER OF THE ADOLPHUSTOWN-FREDERICKSBURGH HERITAGE SOCIETY Issue Number 8 February 2014 A Wintry World The winter solstice seemed to arrive this year with a frightening arsenal of severe winter weather. Spanning the full range of deep freezing temperatures and attendant fluffy snow, to rain, freezing rain and ice pellets, the weather served up conditions that ran from Our Society simply unpleasant to outright destructive. The falling of ice- Members of the Adolphustown- laden trees that downed power lines meant many of us were Fredericksburgh Heritage Society are without electricity in the days just before Christmas. This was a your neighbours, your friends, your family. near calamity for some, but it no doubt brought to mind how We are new to the area or have lived the people of this region endured the winters not so long ago. here all our lives. Some of us are Certainly there was hardship, and indeed tragedy, in the early descendants of the Loyalists who settled years of settlement along these shores and throughout the two the shores of the Bay of Quinte. We all share a desire to deepen our knowledge centuries that followed. However, winters of our past were not of the history of our local community and only to be survived. They also presented an opportunity to to share our passion with others. play: from sleigh or cutter rides along the roads or bays, to skating, tobogganing, ice fishing and iceboating. In this issue Our Executive of the Neighbourhood Messenger we will look at the many President: Angela Cronk ways winter has impacted life of the residents of our townships. -
Sea Ice Engineering
Sea Ice Engineering theory and application Claude Daley Sea Ice Engineering 2017 –Notes ii © Claude G. Daley 2017 With components developed by D.B.Colbourne and B.W.T. Quinton All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. This draft is solely for the use of students registered in EN8074 and EN9096, in Winter 2016. All enquiries to: C.G. Daley Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador Canada A1B 3X5 Email: [email protected] Note: images, sketches and photo's are © C. Daley unless otherwise noted Cover image by C. Daley from GEM Simulation Program Sea Ice Engineering 2017 –Notes iii …………………………………… Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... vi 1 Introducing Arctic Offshore Engineering ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Basics .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Current Arctic Engineering Activities ............................................................................ 3 1.4 Transportation ................................................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 -
Rapid Access Ice Drill: a New Tool for Exploration of the Deep Antarctic Ice Sheets and Subglacial Geology
Journal of Glaciology (2016), Page 1 of 16 doi: 10.1017/jog.2016.97 © The Author(s) 2016. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Rapid Access Ice Drill: a new tool for exploration of the deep Antarctic ice sheets and subglacial geology JOHN W. GOODGE,1 JEFFREY P. SEVERINGHAUS2 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA 2Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Correspondence: John W. Goodge <[email protected]> ABSTRACT. A new Rapid Access Ice Drill (RAID) will penetrate the Antarctic ice sheets in order to create borehole observatories and take cores in deep ice, the glacial bed and bedrock below. RAID is a mobile drilling system to make multiple long, narrow boreholes in a single field season in Antarctica. RAID is based on a mineral exploration-type rotary rock-coring system using threaded drill pipe to cut through ice using reverse circulation of a non-freezing fluid for pressure-compensation, maintenance of temperature and removal of ice cuttings. Near the bottom of the ice sheet, a wireline latching assem- bly will enable rapid coring of ice, the glacial bed and bedrock below. Once complete, boreholes will be kept open with fluid, capped and available for future down-hole measurement of temperature gradient, heat flow, ice chronology and ice deformation. RAID is designed to penetrate up to 3300 m of ice and take cores in <200 hours, allowing completion of a borehole and coring in ∼10 d at each site. -
Ice Core Science
PAGES International Project Offi ce Sulgeneckstrasse 38 3007 Bern Switzerland Tel: +41 31 312 31 33 Fax: +41 31 312 31 68 [email protected] Text Editing: Leah Christen News Layout: Christoph Kull Hubertus Fischer, Christoph Kull and Circulation: 4000 Thorsten Kiefer, Editors VOL.14, N°1 – APRIL 2006 Ice Core Science Ice cores provide unique high-resolution records of past climate and atmospheric composition. Naturally, the study area of ice core science is biased towards the polar regions but ice cores can also be retrieved from high .pages-igbp.org altitude glaciers. On the satellite picture are those ice cores covered in this issue of PAGES News (Modifi ed image of “The Blue Marble” (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov) provided by kk+w - digital cartography, Kiel, Germany; Photos by PNRA/EPICA, H. Oerter, V. Lipenkov, J. Freitag, Y. Fujii, P. Ginot) www Contents 2 Announcements - Editorial: The future of ice core research - Dating of ice cores - Inside PAGES - Coastal ice cores - Antarctica - New on the bookshelf - WAIS Divide ice core - Antarctica - Tales from the fi eld - ITASE project - Antarctica - In memory of Nick Shackleton - New Dome Fuji ice core - Antarctica - Vostok ice drilling project - Antarctica 6 Program News - EPICA ice cores - Antarctica - The IPICS Initiative - 425-year precipitation history from Italy - New sea-fl oor drilling equipment - Sea-level changes: Black and Caspian Seas - Relaunch of the PAGES Databoard - Quaternary climate change in Arabia 12 National Page 40 Workshop Reports - Chile - 2nd Southern Deserts Conference - Chile - Climate change and tree rings - Russia 13 Science Highlights - Global climate during MIS 11 - Greece - NGT and PARCA ice cores - Greenland - NorthGRIP ice core - Greenland 44 Last Page - Reconstructions from Alpine ice cores - Calendar - Tropical ice cores from the Andes - PAGES Guest Scientist Program ISSN 1563–0803 The PAGES International Project Offi ce and its publications are supported by the Swiss and US National Science Foundations and NOAA. -
Phytoplankton and Primary Production
Phytoplankton and Primary Production Phagotrophic dinoflagellates Cryptomonads & photosynthetic Chain Forming diatoms Diatoms Green algae Blue Green algae (Cyanobacteria) Anabaena Productivity: rate at which organic matter is produced Microcystis Production: Total organic matter produced Relationship Between Primary Productivity Lakes are Categorized According to their Level of and Phytoplankton Biomass (Production) Productivity or “Trophic State” More Productive For conditions in which nutrients are limited Less Productive Biomass Productivity g Carbon . m-3. day-1 (Production) Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic g Carbon . m-3 Greater Water Clarity : 10 m Less Water Clarity: 2.5 m Less Algae : 1.7 µg/L Chl a More Algae : > 14 µg/L Chl a Lower Phosphorus : < 8 µg/L More Phosphorus: 16 µg/L time PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATIONS AND SECCHI DISK DEPTHS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE TROPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES Phosphorus Concentrations Vary Across the Western Finger Lakes MEASURED PARAMETER Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Total Phosphorus (µg/L) AVG 8 26.7 84.4 Range 3.0- 17.7 10.7- 95.6 16-386 Chlorophyll a (µg/L) AVG 1.7 4.7 14.3 Range 0.3 - 4.5 3 – 11 3 – 78 Secchi Disk Depth (m) AVG 9.9 4.2 2.45 Range 5.4 - 28.3 1.5 – 8.1 0.8 – 7.0 Table I – Data from Wetzel, 1983 Source: CSLAP data Chlorophyll Concentrations Are Relatively Low In Conesus Lake Cycle of Phytoplankton Production and Biomass in Temperate Lakes Source: CSLAP data Start of Spring bloom Autumn bloom fall Summer turnover Dry Period & fallout Surface temperature in a -
A Field Guide to Falling Snow
Basic Snowflake Forms (from SnowCrystals.com) Although no two snowflakes are exactly alike, snow crystal forms usually fall into several broad categories. You can find a more descriptive guide in the book – The Snowflake: Winter’s Secret Beauty. Stellar Dendrites Dendrite means "tree-like", which describes the multi-branched appearance of these snow crystals. Stellar dendrites have six symmetrical main branches and a large number of randomly placed sidebranches. They can also be large, perhaps 5mm in diameter. Although they have complex shapes, each stellar dendrite is a single crystal of ice. The molecular ordering of the water molecules is the same from one side of the crystal to the other. Sectored Plates What identifies these crystals are the numerous ice ridges that seem to divide the plate-like arms into sectors -- hence the name. Like the stellar dendrites, sectored plates are flat, thin slivers of ice that grow into in a stunning diversity of complex shapes. Hollow Columns Plate-like snow crystals get the most attention, but columnar crystals are the main constituents of many snowfalls. The columns are hexagonal, like a wooden pencil, and they often form with conical hollow features in their ends. Needles Columnar crystals can grow so long and thin that they look like ice needles. Sometimes the needles contain thin hollow regions, and sometimes the ends split into additional needle branches. Spatial Dendrites Not all snowflakes form as thin flat plates or slender columns. Spatial dendrites are made from many individual ice crystals jumbled together. Each branch is like one arm of a stellar crystal, but the different branches are oriented randomly. -
TIEE Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology - Volume 3, April 2005
TIEE Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology - Volume 3, April 2005 ISSUES : DATA SET Changes in Lake Ice: Ecosystem Response to Global Change Robert E. Bohanan, Center for Biology Education, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, [email protected] Marianne Krasny, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, [email protected] Adam Welman, Center for the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853 THE ECOLOGICAL QUESTION: Is there evidence for global warming in long term data on changes in dates of ice cover in three Wisconsin Lakes? ECOLOGICAL CONTENT: Effects of climate change on ecological systems. WHAT STUDENTS DO: Students plot more than 100 years of data on dates of "ice on" and "ice off" and duration of ice cover for three Wisconsin Lakes. They examine patterns of variation at different time scales to see the importance of long-term data. SKILLS: Interpreting data, making inferences from trends or patterns in data, making spatial and temporal comparisons of ecological systems. ASSESSABLE OUTCOMES: Interpretation of data, analyzing trends and patterns in spatial and temporal data, and constructing explanations about the links between abiotic and biotic factors on ecological systems from large-scale data. SOURCE: North Temperate Lakes LTER archive (http://lterquery.limnology.wisc.edu/abstract_new.jsp?id=PHYS) TIEE, Volume 3 © 2005 - Robert E. Bohanan and the Ecological Society of America. Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology (TIEE) is a project of the Education and Human Resources Committee of the Ecological Society of America (http://tiee.ecoed.net). page 2 Robert E. Bohanan, Marianne Krasny, Adam Welman TIEE Volume 3, April 2005 OVERVIEW Note: the overview is written for faculty but can be used as the basis for an introduction to the data set for students. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
1 Sailboat Autopilot
Sailboat Autopilot: Mainsheet Tender Module Jonathan Harris Engineering 90 2007 – 2008 Professor Fred Orthlieb 1 Abstract The Art of sailing a wind powered vessel relies heavily on the ability of the crew to trim the sails. Finding the right angle of the sail with respect to the vessel will apply the optimal amount of force with the least amount of drag on the boat. Using the idea that there is an optimal sail angle, a device has been constructed which based on wind direction relative to the boat calculates the optimal sail angle and adjusts the mainsheet accordingly. The tender is designed as a modular system that functions independent of an autopilot program that would be set to maintain a heading, hence it can be used with any autopilot system currently on the market or used independently with a sailor steering the vessel. 2 Acknowledgements Without the assistance of the Engineering Faculty and staff at Swarthmore College, this project would not be. I would like to thank the following professors for their assistance in bringing me to where I am today, and helping me complete this project. Fred Orthlieb Lynne Molter Erik Cheever Ani Hsieh Tali Moreshet Bruce Maxwell Nelson Macken Carr Everbach Grant Smith Doug Judy Don Reynolds Holly Castleman Thank you. 3 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Overview of the E90 Program at Swarthmore College 5 Objective 8 Reasons for Construction 9 Theory 11 Project Overview 33 Project Specifications 35 Design and Construction: Motor Selection 37 Motor Controller Selection 39 Battery Selection 41 Vishay Smart Position Sensors 43 Gears 44 Circuit Design 45 Testing 48 Discussion 49 Lessons Learned 51 Conclusion 52 Appendix 54 4 Overview of the E90 Program at Swarthmore College “Students work on a design project that is the culminating exercise for all senior engineering majors. -
Properties of Diamond Dust Type Ice Crystals Observed in Summer Season at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica
180 JournaloftheMeteorological SocietyofJapanVol 57,No.2 Properties of Diamond Dust Type Ice Crystals Observed in Summer Season at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica By Katsuhiro Kikuchi Department of Geophysics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo and Austin W. Hogan Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York (Manuscript received 17 November 1977, in revised form 20 May 1978) Abstract The properties of diamond dust type ice crystals were studied from replicas obtained during the 1975 austral summer at South Pole Station, Antarctica. The time variation of the number concentration and shapes of crystals, and the length of the c-axis, the axial ratio (c/a) and the growth mode of columnar type crystal were examined at an air tempera- ture of -35*. Columnar type crystals prevailed, but occasionally more than half the number of ice crystals were plate types, including hexagonal, scalene hexagonal, pentagonal, rhombic, trapezoidal and triangular plates. A time variation of two hour periodicity was found in the number concentration of columnar and plate type crystals. When the number con- centration of columnar type crystals decreased, the length of the c-axis of columnar type crystals also decreased. When the number concentration of columnar type crystals increased, the length of the c-axis of the crystals also increased. There was sufficient water vapor to grow these ice crystals in a supersaturation layer several tens to several hundred meters above the surface. The growth mode of columnar type crystals was different from that of warm and cold region columns reported by Ono (1969). The mass growth rate was 6.0* 10-10 gr*sec-1, and was similar to that obtained in cold room experiments by Mason (1953), but less than that found in field experiments by Isono, et al.