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MF1034 Specialty Cut Flowers: a Commercial Growers Guide

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MF1034 Specialty Cut Flowers: a Commercial Growers Guide CUT FLOWERS A COMMERCIAL GROWERS GUIDE Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service 3 Contents “More than anything, I must have flowers, always, always.” —Claude Monet 5 Introduction .............................................................5 Choosing a Site Preparing the Bed What To Grow: The Ideal Crop Definitions Fresh Cut Flowers—Annuals Fresh Cut Flowers—Perennials Fresh Cut Flowers—Bulbs Fresh Cut Flowers—Flowering Woody Stems Dried Materials—Flowers and Miscellaneous Plant Parts Planting ....................................................................9 When to Plant Annuals Biennials Perennials How to Plant Plant Density Crop Support How to Grow .......................................................... 11 Watering Fertilizer Weed Control Disease Control Table 1. Diseases Common to Flowering Plants 6 Harvest ................................................................... 18 Table 2. Optimal Development Stage of Cut Flowers for Direct Sale Postharvest .............................................................22 Pulsing Marketing and Selling Table 3. Flowers Particularly Sensitive to Ethylene Summary ................................................................24 Recommendations Summarized References Suppliers .................................................................25 Cut Flower Seeds Plugs, Transplants, and Bulbs Preservatives and Dyes Cleaning Supplies Synthetic, Organic, and Biological Controls Soluble Organic Fertilizers Containers, Harvest, Holding, Packing Seeding and Planting Equipment Tillage and Bedding Equipment Transplanting Equipment Irrigation Equipment General Materials Recommended Reading ..........................................29 Directories .............................................................. 31 Organizations ......................................................... 32 7 Introduction Many agricultural producers in Kansas are considering alternative enterprises to increase their incomes. Field production of specialty fresh or dried cut flowers could be a profitable alternative crop in Kansas. Our state has a climate advantageous to production of many flowers, grasses, and grains for the floral and decorative crafts markets. Perennial flowers that are high in demand, such as Liatris, are native to Kansas and flourish in our climate and soils. National, regional, and local markets exist for high- quality specialty cut flowers. These markets can be served with Kansas-grown products. The outdoor production of specialty cut flowers is an old segment of the floriculture industry currently in revival across the country. The market conditions, technology and varieties are new. As an emerging industry, it offers unique opportunities for those who enter. This publication discusses basic cut flower production factors. The term “cut flower” in this publication refers to all fresh and dried flowers, seed heads and stalks, and all plant parts used for floral and decorative purposes. Choosing a Site Labor efficiency is a critical from public roads to parking areas Most cut flowers prefer a loca- factor in choosing a site. Flower and from parking to the fields will tion in full sun throughout the production requires intensive enhance the consumer’s overall entire day. The field and soil management. The site should shopping experience. should be well drained. Wind have ready access for production protection is highly desirable for equipment and removal and Preparing the Bed all plants. Windbreaks serve to handling of the harvested prod- Plants should be grown in beds reduce water stress on plants and uct. Study the proposed site for raised 4–6 inches to maximize help prevent stem breakage and ease in movement of materials drainage. Poorly drained soil floral damage. It is important to and plants into it to begin produc- should be corrected by placing consider any competitive effect tion, within the site while pro- drain lines 10–12 inches deep which may occur from the roots ducing and harvesting the crop, under the beds. Check for the of any plant used as a windbreak. and of the harvested crop to existence of a hardpan in the soil. The site should have sufficient storage and packing areas. The A deep-rooted cover crop such as cold air drainage to avoid recur- idea is to maximize efficiency of alfalfa may help to break up the ring early or late season frosts. the labor required for all produc- hardpan. A well-drained soil A source of irrigation water is tion and marketing functions. environment is essential for essential. If animal foraging is a If a pick-your-own marketing maximum root development and problem, fencing may be required. strategy is your choice, a site with reduces the potential for root rot easy access is critical. Easy access problems. 8 Organic matter should be A worker can efficiently reach Biennial: A plant that normally incorporated into the beds to only 2 feet into a bed to make a requires two years to complete its a depth of 10–12 inches. The proper cut and remove the flower life cycle. It will grow and produce addition of organic matter is best without damage to the crop. leaves, but produces flowers and if incorporated in the fall, but can Bed length also is set to maxi- seed pods only after subsequently be done anytime before planting mize the area in production versus undergoing a cold period, usually if the nitrogen status of the soil the area in aisles. The limiting the second year. is monitored. Remember that for factor to bed length is labor Perennial: A plant which has beds planted to perennials, it may efficiency. The maximum distance a life span of more than two years, not be possible to work additional a worker should carry harvested but flowers for only a set period organic matter deep into the soil flowers is about 50–60 feet. during the season. until the plants are divided or Planting beds should be 100– replaced. For these beds, sufficient 120 feet long. Fresh Cut Flowers— organic matter should be added Annuals initially to provide a soil structure What To Grow: Ageratum houstonianum—Floss with optimum aeration and The Ideal Crop flower; in demand for blue flower; drainage. An ideal cut flower crop, either a variety to try is ‘Blue Horizon.’ Always have the soil tested for fresh or dried, would have the Ammi majus—Queen Anne’s nutrient content before adding following characteristics: lace, snowflake; white lacy head any fertilizer to the planting bed. •low cost of production— can be dyed. Production decisions made materials and labor Antirrhinum majus—Snapdragon; without adequate information are •high value and unlimited tall spike required, varieties to try merely guesses and can be costly. demand are Rocket and the Potomacs. If nitrogen levels are low and large •high production per square foot Callistephus chinensis—China amounts of organic matter have of bed space aster; many cutting strains avail- been added, an application of •extended production and able, the Florett Series is an extra- 20–45 pounds of actual nitrogen marketing season double, large-flowered type. per acre prior to planting may •long productive life Caution: aster yellows, a disease be appropriate. •ability to sell fresh and to sell transmitted by insects, is devastat- Marketing strategy, plant growth surplus as a dried or preserved ing and difficult to control. habit, and labor efficiency deter- floral product Celosia cristata—Cockscomb, mine the ideal size of a planting •postharvest vase life of at least feather or plume Celosia; for the bed. If a pick-your-own market 7 days red crested flower try the Chief strategy is the choice, beds should •resistance to diseases and pests Series. The Sparkler Series is a red 1 be narrow—about 2 ⁄2–3 feet wide of all types feather-type to try. Wheat celosia —so consumers easily can pick •resistance to heat and drought bear slender white plumes during their flowers without damaging stress summer heat and are rose tinted the crop. Bed length should be •long stems (18 inches) under cool nights of fall. about 25 feet, with sodded aisles •easy harvest and handling Centaurea cyanus—Cornflower, to provide customers with quick •aesthetically pleasing and/or bachelors’ buttons; frilly buttons and clean access to any product fragrant flowers, foliage, or of white, pink, and blue. they desire. Traditional produc- stems Centaurea americana— tion beds are 3–4 feet wide No single species or variety Cornflower; much larger flowers depending on the growth habit of plant material will meet all than C. cyanus, lilac-pink color. of the crop. of these criteria. They are pre- Clarkia amoena—Godetia; try Bed width is set to allow maxi- sented here to provide a means the Grace Series; prefers cool mum light penetration to the of evaluating the relative desir- temperatures. center of the bed and to facilitate ability of producing a crop of a Consolida regalis—Larkspur; harvesting. The wider a bed is, the specific plant. Giant Imperial Strain is the better the ratio of production standard strain; try Qis Series space to aisle space and the greater Definitions and ‘Blue Cloud.’ the return per acre. Tall, dense Annual: A plant that lives, Dianthus barbatus—Sweet flower growth habits reduce the grows, and dies with a completed William; old types are biennials, amount of light reaching lower life cycle within a single year, new types act like true annuals; leaves in the center of the bed. usually blooms continually during try the new Pride of Park Avenue its life cycle. Series. 9 Eustoma grandiflorum— Fresh Cut Flowers—
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