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Chapter 9: Manifest Destiny, 1835-1848

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Chapter 9: Manifest Destiny, 1835-1848 Manifest Destiny 1835–1848 Why It Matters In this period, Americans strove to expand the nation’s boundaries. Many believed they had a “manifest destiny” to spread democratic ideals. Others simply wanted to go west to find a new and better life. In Texas, settlers came into conflict with Mexico, while those going west on the Oregon Trail came into conflict with Native Americans. The Impact Today Developments of the era have left a legacy for Americans. • The nation now stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. • Americans remain a restless people, ready to move to pursue economic opportunity. • Many Americans continue to view themselves as destined to succeed and prosper. The American Vision Video The Chapter 9 video, “Manifest Destiny,” chronicles the war between Texas and Mexico from the Mexican point of view. 1836 • Texas war for 1841 independence • President Harrison dies of • Battle of the Alamo pneumonia, becoming first president to die in office • Texas wins independence from Mexico ▲ Van Buren W. Harrison Tyler ▲ 1837–1841 1841 1841–1845 1836 1839 1842 ▼ ▼ 1839 1842 • First pedal-propelled bicycle designed • China cedes Hong by Kirkpatrick MacMillan of Scotland Kong to Britain 292 The Emigrant Train Bedding Down for the Night by Kenneth John Myers, 1867 1845 • Congress votes to annex Republic of Texas 1848 • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1846 ends war with Mexico • Great Britain and U.S. agree to divide Oregon Territory at 49th parallel • United States begins war with Mexico HISTORY ▲ Polk 1845–1849 ▲ ▲ Chapter Overview Visit the American Vision 1845 1848 Web site at tav.glencoe.com and click on Chapter ▼ ▼ ▼ Overviews—Chapter 9 to 1843 1845 preview chapter information. • Charles Dickens’s • Irish potato 1848 A Christmas Carol famine begins • Karl Marx and Frederick Engels publish published The Communist Manifesto • Numerous revolutions sweep Europe 293 The Western Pioneers Main Idea Reading Strategy Reading Objectives In the 1840s, Americans headed west to Organizing As you read about the • Discuss the inventions that made it the frontier states of the Midwest and the westward movement of emigrants in the easier to farm the plains. rich lands of California and Oregon. 1840s, complete a graphic organizer • Analyze why Americans were willing to similar to the one below by filling in the give up their lives in the East to move to Key Terms and Names names of the main trails they used. the West. John Louis O’Sullivan, Manifest Destiny, squatter, Jethro Wood, John Deere, Cyrus Section Theme McCormick, John Sutter, Kit Carson, Science and Technology Several Jim Bridger, overlander, Donner Party, Trails to inventions of this period helped make the West Brigham Young settling the West possible. ✦1835 ✦1840 ✦1845 ✦1850 1834 1841 1847 1851 McCormick Preemption Act The Mormons arrive at Treaty of Fort reaper patented passed the Great Salt Lake Laramie signed Mary Richardson Walker, a young woman from the East with a strong religious faith, wanted to serve God as a missionary to Native Americans. In April 1838 she and her hus- band started out from Missouri, bound for Oregon. After a 129-day trek along the Oregon Trail, they established a mission at Tshimakain near what is now Spokane, Washington, and began their efforts to convert the Nez Perce people to Christianity. She wrote in her diary of some of her experiences: “January 21, 1839. The Indians have covered our house with grass & boughs & chinked it so that we are very comfortable. August 5, 1839. I have just been exercising some [Nez Perce] boys in adding numbers. I never could make white children understand half as quick. December 9, 1847. We were hoping to have Dr. Whitman to supper with us tonight. But Mary Richardson Walker about sunset, Old Solomon arrived bringing the sad intelligence that Dr. & Mrs. Whitman . & others have been murdered by the Indians. ...I do not see why I should expect to be preserved when more faithful servants are cut off.” —quoted in Women of the West Americans Head West In 1800 only around 387,000 white settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains. By 1820 that number had grown to more than 2.4 million people, and the numbers con- tinued to rise rapidly. By the time the Civil War began, more Americans lived west of the Appalachians than lived in states along the Atlantic coast. 294 CHAPTER 9 Manifest Destiny Some Americans headed west for religious rea- treeless expanse of the Great Plains, which lay just sons. Others were lured by the chance to own their beyond the frontier, contained poor land for farming. own farms. While most settled east of the Mississippi River, more than 250,000 Americans headed farther Dividing Oregon Other nations, as well as Native west, across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains to Americans, had already laid claim to parts of Oregon California and the Pacific Northwest. and California. In the case of Oregon, the United In 1845 a magazine editor named John Louis States and Great Britain competed for possession, O’Sullivan declared that it was the “manifest des- though they had agreed in 1818 to occupy the land tiny” of Americans “to overspread the continent allot- jointly and settle their disputes later. In the late 1830s, ted by Providence. .” Many Americans believed in American missionaries began arriving in Oregon, this concept of Manifest Destiny—the idea that God hoping to convert Native Americans. It was these had given the continent to Americans and wanted missionaries who first spread the word about them to settle western land. Oregon, persuading many Easterners to come to the lush Willamette Valley. Farming the New Lands Early settlers marked out farms on the rich river bottom land. Others occupied Populating California In 1821, after a bloody fertile woodland soil. These pioneers became known struggle, Mexico gained its independence from as squatters, because they settled on lands they did Spain. The new nation controlled a vast territory, not own. The federal government intended to survey including California, but that territory lay far from the land and then sell large parcels to real estate com- the central government in Mexico City. The local panies, but squatters wanted to buy the land they California government often relied on foreign set- occupied directly from the government. tlers because it could not attract enough emigrants Bowing to public pressure, Congress passed the from Mexico. In 1839, hoping to attract more settlers, Preemption Act of 1830, a renewable law made per- Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of California, manent in 1841. This law protected squatters by granted 50,000 acres (20,250 ha) in the Sacramento guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it Valley to John Sutter, a German immigrant. There was surveyed and the right to buy up to 160 acres for Sutter built a trading post and cattle ranch. Sutter’s the government’s minimum price of $1.25 per acre. Fort—as it was called—was often the first stopping point for Americans reaching California. By 1845 Plows and Reapers A few decades earlier, farmers more than 200 Americans had settled in California. had only wooden plows to break the grass cover and roots of Midwestern sod. Jethro Wood patented an GEOGRAPHY iron-bladed plow in 1819, and in 1837, John Deere The Trails West Much of the terrain between the engineered a plow with sharp-edged steel blades frontier jumping-off points and the Pacific was diffi- that cut cleanly through the sod. This reduced by half cult. A small number of trailblazers—mountain men the labor needed to prepare an acre for farming. like Kit Carson and Jim Bridger—made their living Midwestern agriculture also received a boost by trapping beaver and selling the furs to traders. At from the mechanical reaper, which Cyrus the same time they gained a thorough knowledge of McCormick patented in 1834. For centuries farmers the territory and the local Native Americans. had cut grain by hand using a sickle or a scythe— By the 1840s the mountain time-consuming and exhausting work. Switching men had carved out several from a sickle to a McCormick reaper pulled by east-to-west passages that horses or mules, farmers could harvest far more HISTORY played a vital role in western grain with far less effort. settlement. The most popu- Student Web Reading Check Explaining How did Congress help lar route was the Oregon Activity Visit the squatters attain land in the West? Trail. Others included the California Trail and the Santa American Vision Web site at tav.glencoe.com Fe Trail. and click on Student Web Activities— Settling the Pacific Coast Wagon Train Life Emi- Chapter 9 for an Latecomers to the Midwest set their sights on grants made the journey in activity on westward California and Oregon. This push to the Pacific Ocean trains of covered wagons. expansion. happened partly because emigrants assumed that the Before starting out, the trains CHAPTER 9 Manifest Destiny 295 Overland Trails West, 1840–1860 Conestoga wagon storage box Columbia N R. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA W E WASHINGTON S TERR. Ft. Walla Missou Portland ri Walla R . OREG. Snake NEBRASKA UNORG. R. TERR. MINN. Ft. Boise O TERR. R N WIS. MASS. E O TR G A South Pass N.Y. I 4 L MICH. R.I. 0°N CALIFORNIA TRAIL MORMON TRAIL Donner Great Salt Ft. Laramie CONN. IOWA PA. Pass Lake Ft. Bridger Platte R. Council Bluffs Sacramento N.J. PONY E Salt Lake City Ft. Kearny Nauvoo OH. XPRESS UTAH TERR. IND. San Francisco St. Joseph ILL. DEL. IL Denver Independence MD. RA R. SANTA FE TRAIL VA. CALIF. T o SH d Bent's Fort NI ra St.
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