2008 Black History Obama wins Barack Obama defeats prehistory to the 21st century John McCain to become the first black president of the US. Poster print available from EasyArt collection – http://bit.ly/blackhistory-21 His victory is celebrated around the world as an historic moment. Barack Obama First Black US President (1961–) 1994 Freedom together 1960 Nelson Mandela is elected president of a multiracial In November 2008 Obama became Independence South Africa, just four years after his release from a the first African American to be Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali 27 year imprisonment under the racist Apartheid regime. elected US president. He became and are among In Rwanda, one of the biggest genocides since a US senator in 17 African states World War Two sees half a million Tutsis massacred to gain independence. by the Hutu-dominated army. 2004 (only the third African American since 1955 Civil Rights movement reconstruction). Rosa Parks refusing to give her to seat to a white passenger helps He won a second launch the civil rights movement that transforms US society. presidential Pic: Rmhermen / Wikipedia / CC BY-SA 3.0 election in 2012. 1939– 45 World War Two British Empire troops play a crucial role with over 2,500,000 from the colonies actively serving. In 1948 the UK arrival of the ship Empire Windrush heralds a new wave of migration, making Britain a modern multicultural nation. Pioneering nurse (c1805–1881) Mary Seacole became renowned 1914 –18 World War One for her humanitarian work during Many soldiers from the West Indies, India and the breadth of the British Empire join the war. the . Returning Walter Tull, one of the first black men to command white soldiers in action, is killed in battle. to London, she was awarded plaudits for bravery. 1884–85 Scramble for Africa Her autobiography, The European powers divide Africa up among themselves. The Berlin Conference sets national boundaries – some of them Wonderful crudely drawn using a ruler – that do not take into account the needs, history and languages of different African peoples. Adventures of Mrs Seacole in , 1863 Abolition of slavery in the US Many Lands Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, proclaiming slaves in the rebel Confederate states forever free. Many free African was published Americans and runaway slaves join the Union armies in the ongoing American Civil War. Slavery is formally abolished at the end of the war in 1865. to acclaim. 1834 British end to slavery Slavery is abolished in the British Empire. Slave owners receive 1804 The Haitian Revolution £20m compensation. The freed receive nothing. Thousands of formerly enslaved Africans overcome the British, Spanish, and Napoleonic French armies, establishing the first independent black republic in the Americas. Led by 1807 Slave Trade Act Toussaint L’Ouverture, Dessalaines and Petion, this revolution The British slave trade is abolished in Parliament. destroys slavery in France’s most profitable colony.

1787 Society for the Abolition of 1562 First the Slave Trade English slave The Society introduces the political poster, the consumer boycott, the trade expedition petition, the flyer, the political book tour John Hawkins is the first and investigative reporting designed to Englishman to lead a stir people to political action. slave-trading voyage from the west coast of Africa. An estimated 13 million Africans would be forcibly 1331 transported during the Untold riches . The richest man in recorded human history, Mansa Musa I, ruler of the Malian empire that covers modern day Ghana, dies.

Thomas-Alexandre c1000 1241 Dumas Far reaching trade Earliest image of a black Briton French General (1762–1806) Mapungubwe lay near the Limpopo river in South Africa. One of many A black man is pictured supporting the first letter on a ancient cities established by black Africans, it traded with China and India. page in an abbreviated Domesday Book used to collect taxes. The highest ranking black officer in any Western army in the 1790s, 1 0 0 – 9 4 0 Kingdom of Aksum According to legend, this northern Ethiopian kingdom is the last resting place of the Ark of the Covenant. only bettered in 1989 Pic: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. by US General Colin Their coins (pictured, right) were minted from c270 AD and used internationally. http://www.cngcoins.com / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Powell. His son’s novels The Count 43 ad Roman rule in Britain begins of Monte Cristo A Roman Army African auxiliary unit, the Numerus Maurorum Aurelianorum, and The Three helps guard the empire’s borders (c100–c400) on Hadrian’s Wall in northern England. Musketeers drew It was visited by African Roman Emperor, Septimius Severus (pictured, left). on his life. c300 bc Nubia rules The rulers of Nubia establish a capital, Meroë, by the Nile. These black Africans develop Queen Nzinga their own alphabetic script as early as the second century BC. Great military leader (1583–1663) In 1624 Ana Nzingo c730 bc The Black Pharaohs became queen of The Kings of Kush, an advanced African civilisation, conquer and dominate Egypt. Ndongo. Aware of the They revitalise pyramid building. devastating impact of the slave trade on c1264 bc African kingdoms, she struggled against The Great Temple of Abu Simbel Construction of awe-inspiring temple carved from mountains. European domination Twice a year, sunrise illuminates the faces of figures in the in Southern Africa. temple. Alongside stand 20 foot statutes of Pharaoh Rameses II and his wife, Nefertari. Hatsheput Female Pharoah (1508–1458 BC) c2500 bc Pyramids of Giza The tallest human-built structures of the time, containing enough blocks of One of Egypt’s most stones to put a wall around France. Each side slopes at exactly 51 degrees. important and powerful female c150,000 bc Out of Africa Pharaohs. The first modern humans migrate from Africa, fanning out to the rest of the world.

Pic: flickr / Rob Koopman / CC BY-SA 2.0 Originator and author: Gaverne Bennett Development and design: Jon Wedderburn algebradesign.com Pic: Nina Aldin Thune / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Black History forward into the 21st century Poster print available from The Guardian EasyArt collection – http://bit.ly/blackhistory21

2009 JAN Historic inauguration Barack Obama takes office as the first black president of the United States, having won the previous year’s election. JUNE His inauguration draws a crowd estimated at 1.8 million people – the largest audience of any event ever held in Washington, D.C. Death of Michael Jackson Michael Jackson’s death at 50 shocks the world. He was one of the most successful entertainers of all time, having been a child prodigy from the age of five with his brothers in The Jackson 5. He distilled what was universal about the genius of African American music – jazz, soul, blues, R&B, spiritual music – simplifying it for a mass audience to gain black music overdue recognition and create the best-selling album and video of all time.

2010 OCT Half century JUNE First World JAN Haiti earthquake Nigeria joins Gabon and A catastrophic earthquake kills an estimated Senegal in celebrating Cup in Africa 220,000 people in the world’s first black South Africa hosts soccer’s 19th World 50 years since independence republic. As the poorest country in the Cup. Expertly organised and a thrilling in 1960. Two years later Western Hemisphere, Haiti’s infrastructure international spectacle, the tournament silences those who Rwanda, Trinidad and collapses, affecting 3 million people despite say an African nation cannot host an event of this scale. Tobago, Jamaica and the belated help of many organisations and Nelson Mandela presides over the opening ceremony as Uganda would celebrate nations. It is another tragedy for the country South Africa becomes synonymous with “vuvuzela” their 50th anniversaries. that struck the first blow in ending the and “rainbow nation” instead of “Apartheid” and Atlantic slave trade. “racial segregation”.

2011 JAN Legal first Kamala Harris becomes the first female African American Attorney General in California. FEB Culture shock? UK prime minister, David Cameron, declares multiculturalism dead in a speech in Munich. Pic:flickr/Alan Stanton CC BY-SA 2.0 AUG Riots in cities across England Riots break out after the police shoot a black man, Mark Duggan, in north London. After four days, five have died with £200 million of damage to property. Some 3,000 people are arrested and prison sentences total 1,800 years. 2012 JAN FEB Shooting Stephen Lawrence conviction of Trayvon Martin New evidence finally convicts Dobson and Norris, two Black teenager Trayvon Martin, returning of those long accused of the 1993 racist murder of home after buying sweets, is shot dead by Stephen Lawrence. The case had been described as “one of a neighbourhood patrol organiser in Sanford, the highest-profile unsolved racially-motivated murders”. Florida. His shooter is only put on trial after a mass campaign collecting 1.5 million signatures. SEPT Soccer racism England captain John Terry gets a four match ban for using racially abusive language. Following Luis Suárez’s similar ban, many fear a reappearance of overt racism in football. Rio Ferdinand and other black players protest at a lack of action. NOV Second term Obama wins a second presidential election, the first Democratic president since Roosevelt to win half the popular vote twice. 2013 JAN Obama’s second inauguration Drawing on the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, the inauguration’s theme is “Faith in America’s Future”. FEB African Manoeuvres Former colonial ruler, France, sends troops to Mali to push back Islamist insurgents. Black Victorian The Democratic Republic of the Congo, where rebels had taken a major city, sees a peace deal remembered backed by 11 African countries. This resource-rich country supplies tantalum, essential in Mary Seacole’s exploits mobile phones. It is still recovering from death of millions during the 19th century caring for sick soldiers occupation by the Belgian in the Crimean War King Leopold. kept on the UK schools’ National Curriculum by a thousands-strong petition. JUN Landmark ruling The British government pays £2,600 compensation to 5,200 Kenyans who were tortured during the war of independence.

Septimus Severus Augustine Zenobia The Moors John Blanke Nanny Toussaint L’Ouverture Alexander Pushkin William Cuff ay Harriet Tubman Sojourner Truth Frederick Douglass Paul Robeson Ida B Wells Martin Luther King Malcolm X Bob Marley CLR James Muhammad Ali Nelson Mandela Barack Obama African-born Roman emperor The African saint Queen of Palmyra,Poetic Syria Africans in Europe first Trumpeter in Man of letters Freedom fi ghter General Writer Writer Fighter for universal suff rage Liberator of Great orator Abolitionist Political activist, actor, singer. Journalist and Civil Rights Radical leader Liberation musician Writer and historian Boxer and political activist Great African leader Politician (AD145-211) (AD354-430) (cAD274) (711 to 15th century) the king’s court (1729-1780) (c1734) (1743-1803) (1799-1837) (1788-1833) (1788-1870) enslaved peoples (c1797-1883) (1818-1895) (1898-1976) civil rights campaigner (1929-1968) (1925-1965) (1945-1981) (1901-1989) (1942- ) (1918- ) (1961 - ) BLACK HISTORY Septimus Severus (pictured) ruled the Born in Africa in the On the death of her husband, The Moors – as the Arabs, north Africans, (c1509) Thought of in his time as “the extraordinary The feared leader of the Maroon community in Jamaica Toussaint L’Ouverture was the leader of Pushkin was one of the founders of modern Born in , Mary Prince was Cuff ay’s father came to Britain from St Kitts (a West (1820-1913) Born a slave, Frederick Douglass Born in Princeton, New Jersey, Paul Robeson — an outstanding athlete, singer (1862-1931) Martin Luther King was one of the foremost leaders in An eloquent speaker who argued for black self- Bob Marley’s blend of militant Rastafarianism and One of the most outstanding writers on black Muhammad Ali has become more than just one of Became the fi rst black president of a fully In November 2008 Obama became the fi rst African Roman empire from AD193-211. He was town of Tagaste. King Septimus Odaenathus, and west African Muslims were labelled One of the earliest negro”, Ignatius Sancho gained the respect of in the early 1700s (there were fi ve large Maroon the only successful slave revolt in the Russian literature, as revered in that country the fi rst black writer to recount the Indian island) on a British warship. After losing his job Harriet Tubman (pictured) was Sojourner Truth, born Isabella went on to become one of slavery’s and actor — fi rst came to England in 1922 and developed a strong attachment Ida B Wells was the foremost campaigner against lynching (the breaking legally enforced inequality in the American reliance and freedom “by any means necessary”, subtle yet beautiful music have ensured history. Born in Trinidad, CLR James was a tireless the greatest sportsmen who have ever lived. He was representative democracy in South Africa in 1994. American to be elected US president. A graduate one of a number of Roman emperors born He wrote many books Zenobia becameMalorie the ruler of Blackmanby Europeans – invaded the Iberian becomesimages of a black the UK’smany important peoplefirst in 18th-century London black Children’scommunities in Jamaica during slavery). The MaroonsLaureate. Caribbean. With an army of formerly as Shakespeare is in Britain. Pushkin’s CAMDEN COUNCIL reality of what it meant to be a because of his involvement in a strike in 1834, Cuff ay a leader of the Underground Baumfree, changed her name, formidable critics, especially in his to the working class people he met. He was acclaimed for his performance of killing by white mobs of African Americans, which often involved south (known as segregation). Born in Atlanta, Georgia, as opposed to Martin Luther King’s dream of that his face can be seen on millions fi ghter against racism. His key passions were a three-times world heavyweight champion. But As a young lawyer he led opposition to apartheid. of Harvard Law School, he began his working life timeline in Africa. The reign of Severus saw Rome which had an enduring the Palmyrene empire, later peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) person in Britain, this for his appreciation of the literary arts. were enslaved Africans who managed to escape the enslaved Africans he defeated the greatest great-grandfather was an African known as female slave in the West Indies. Her became a leading member of the Chartist movement Railroad that helped free saying that this was the name hardhitting autobiography The Narrative Othello in London in 1930, and later acted in CLR James’ play Black Majesty, on being hung from a tree or burned at a stake) in the period after King excelled at all the segregated schools he attended integration and pacifi cism. He joined the Nation of T shirts/posters and his sound politics and cricket. His book The Black Jacobins, his eloquence, his opposition to the war in Vietnam His African National Congress movement abandoned as a community organiser in disadvantaged areas briefl y return to glory. He spent most of impact on western conquering Egypt. A Roman in 711. They ruled much of the region for shows John Blanke, He composed music, entertained many of plantations and form independent communities all armies of the day including the forces of the Hannibal. writings challenged the prevailing (which campaigned for greater democracy) and was thousands of Africans in the God gave her. After gaining of the Life of Frederick Douglass. the life of Toussaint L’Ouverture. He mixed with African liberation leaders such emancipation. She also used her journalistic gifts to encourage the as a child. At Boston University he studied the methods of Islam, a radical black nationalist organisation, heard in every corner of the world. which tells the story of the successful slave for which he was stripped of his world title and pacifi cism following the brutal massacre of of Chicago. He became a US senator in 2004 (only his reign quelling revolts (including in literature, including writer said: “Her complexion seven centuries. a trumpeter at the London’s literary and artistic fi gures, and across the Americas. French, the English, and the Spanish when Though he won the hearts of his assumption of the time, that elected president of the London Chartists in 1842. period before the American her freedom around 1827 He was instrumental in the abolition as Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta. boycott of racially segregated transport in the United States, and in of non-violent protest espoused by Ghandi. These ideas while in prison for minor crimes, and rejected the Jamaican music and Bob revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, has inspired threatened with jail, his refusal to accept racism, 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville in 1960. He the third African American since reconstruction). England) and died in York. City of God and The was dusky or dark brown. They oversaw the translation of courts of Henry VII and had his portrait painted by Thomas Gainsborough. Nanny was reputed to be able to repulse bullets they tried to reimpose slavery. countrymen, there is literary evidence Africans enjoyed their slavery. In He, along with other Chartist leaders, were tried, civil war. During the war she gave black women a of slavery in the United States. In 1952 he was considered too close to Soviet Russia by the American 1884 was thrown off a train after refusing to sit on seats designated for shaped his approach to opposing segregation. His “I have “slaveowner” surname he was born with. He later Marley have come to symbolise generations. James was friends with some of the and his conversion to Islam (he joined the Nation was put on trial and made an inspirational speech from His presidential acceptance speech, given in African-born Quintus Lollius Urbicus Confessions. She was acquainted with scientifi c works from other languages, Henry VIII. We also His letters were collated and published by and to be the sister of Cudjoe (see 1739 on the timeline He eventually took control of the to show Pushkin was not ashamed of his The History of Mary Prince, A West convicted, and transported to Tasmania because of itself, she was the fi rst distinctive voice in the He also visited Britain and Ireland as government and was banned from travelling outside the USA. A huge British black people (70 years before Rosa Parks – see below). She visited Britain a dream speech” made in 1963, a century after African modifi ed his views and formed the Organisation not only the quest for equality giants of the 20th century: Paul Robeson, George of Islam and was friends for a time with Malcolm X) the dock. He spent 27 years in prison but emerged Grant Park, Chicago, is hailed as one of the fi nest

became the governor of the Roman During his lifetime Greek, Latin, and Egyptian.” and their technology was the most have a receipt that friends after his death and became a bestseller, below). She has a town named after her in Jamaica whole of the island of Hispaniola, which African heritage (most notably a poem Indian Slave, Related by Herself she their political activism. He refused a royal pardon woman to lead American struggle to end slavery, well as being a strong supporter of based campaign, Let Paul Robeson Sing Again, was launched and helped bring in 1893 where she gained support which led to the establishment of the CORBIS / BETTMAN Americans were formally liberated by Abraham Lincoln, is of African American Unity. He was to have a great but coming to terms with the Padmore, Kwame Nkrumah, and Richard Wright, have made him an icon the world over. Muhammad unbowed in 1990, to worldwide acclaim. He refused ever. “Tonight,” he declares, “because of what province of Britannia. He led a number of he saw the sacking of She later became a prominent advanced in Europe. The leading character shows he was paid the even being read by the prime minister of (Nanny Town) and has come to symbolise the resistance incorporates modern-day Haiti and the called My Genealogy). Pushkin’s early works wrote, “All slaves want to be free ... off ered him later on the grounds that he was continuing troops when rescuing such as in her famous the women’s suff rage movement that him back to Britain. In 1959 he became the fi rst black man to sing in British Anti-Lynching Society. She also helped form the National considered to be one of the fi nest speeches in the English infl uence on the civil rights movement and the legacy of slavery (see his to name but a few. There is a library that bears his Ali subverted the idea that black athletes should be to seek revenge against the white population, and we did on this day, in this election, at this defi ning “Ain’t I a woman” speech. THE BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY ART BRIDGEMAN THE AP AP EVE ARNOLD / MAGNUM PHOTOS MAGNUM / ARNOLD EVE THE BRIDGEMAN ART LIBARY ART BRIDGEMAN THE LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON PHILIPPE HALSMAN / MAGNUM PHOTOS MAGNUM / HALSMAN PHILIPPE MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, LONDON GALLERY, PORTRAIT NATIONAL PHILIPPE HALSMAN / MAGNUM PHOTOS MAGNUM / HALSMAN PHILIPPE THE COLLEGE OF ARMS OF COLLEGE THE FLIP SCHULKE / CORBIS / SCHULKE FLIP MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY 1 campaigns on and around Hadrian’s Wall. 2 Rome. 3 philosopher. 4 of Shakespeare’s play, Othello, is a Moor. 5 sum of 8d a day. 6 the day. 7 to slavery of the enslaved Africans themselves. 8 Dominican Republic. 9 were infl uenced by Lord Byron. 10 they have told me.” A determined fi ghter. 1 1 the fi ght he had helped develop in England. 12 enslaved Africans. 13 IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON fought for votes for women. 14 St Paul’s Cathedral, London. 15 Association of Coloured Women in 1896. 16 language. He was assassinated in 1968. 17 rise of black power. He was assassinated in 1965. 18 Survival album). 19 name in Hackney, London. 20 both quiet and submissive. 21 IMAGES GETTY became a symbol of reconciliation between the races. 22 moment, change has come to America.” Last year we saw Barack Obama become the fi rst CORBIS GETTY IMAGES GETTY black man to be elected president of the United 100 500 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1700 1700 1800 1900 2000 States, sending out a signal of hope for equality AD 43 400 668 711 784 1014 1100 1 2 41 1350 1508 1562 1596 1604 1620 1623 1672 1688 1739 1773 1780 1781 1787 1791 1807 1818 1820 1831 1834 1838 1846 1851 1852 1863 1864 1865 1878 1884-5 1888 1901 1909 1912 1913 1914-18 1919 1936 1939-45 1945 1948 1957 1960 1961 1963 1964 1967 1968 1969 1971 1974-75 1 976 1 97 7 1980 1984 1994 1997 2004 2005 2006 2008 and justice around the world. Few will forget the The Haitian Revolution Apartheid Nigerian civil war First black europhic global scenes which greeted his victory. Islam in Africa Morant Bay rebellion NAACP formed Soweto Obama wins election General Tariq ibn-Ziyad beyond 2013… Slavery legalised A publishing fi rst Africans thrown overboard After a 12 year struggle in which thousands Shaka Zulu Uncle Tom’s Cabin The Afrikaner nationalists secretary general Religion of Islam starts A black presence After the governor of the Eastern Britain, meanwhile, was marking the 60th Captain Collingwood throws132 sick Africans off the of formerly enslaved Africans overcame the The Zulu army conquers great Publication of Uncle Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica that leads The National Association for the Race riots take power and legalise white There are Barack Obama defeats John McCain to Conqueror of the Iberian peninsula (Spain to slowly spread across A poem by William Dunbar Royal African company Phillis Wheatley, an African American, to reprisals from the colonial governor, Advancement of Coloured People region of Nigeria declares Biafra demonstrations Kofi Annan is the fi rst anniversary of the arrival of the Empire Windrush, and Portugal). The rock of Gibraltar is sub-Saharan Africa. granted a charter to carry comes to London where her poetry slave ship Zong in order to collect insurance money British, Spanish, and Napoleonic French areas of Southern Africa under the Tom’s Cabin by Race riots broke out across domination in South Africa under an independent state, a civil sub-Saharan African become the fi rst black president of the US. called Ane Blak More suggests for them. This incident helps galvanise support for armies, the fi rst independent black republic leadership of Shaka Zulu. During a Harriet Beecher Edward John Eyre, in which hundreds was an major force in the fi ght to gain what is known as Apartheid against the teaching His victory is celebrated around the world which began the wave of post war migration that named after this Moorish general (also Brazil, the country withthat there were the black people inlargest population of African descentslaves to the Americas had gained a following. Has a book of Originator and author: are fl ogged and up to a thousand homes the vote for African Americans. The the British Isles, sparked in war ensues that costs almost of Afrikaans (the to be elected to the turned the nation into a modern multicultural society. known as general Tarik). He led an poems published. the movement against the Atlantic slave trade. in the Americas was established. Motivated period of ten years of warfare Shaka Stowe. It is an part by housing shortages. (derived from the Afrikaner word a million lives. TV images of top position within as a major historic moment. Kingdom of Kanen-Bornu founded the UK at this period. by ideas of the French revolution and led Zulu quadruples the size of his army instant bestseller burned down. A Jamaica committee ideas of one of its founders, WEB Du for apartness). South Africans are language of the It was this reason that this poster was published eight-year campaign to conquer modern Kingdom was set up in Britain to condemn Eyre’s Bois, were to infl uence many black Black sailors and black African children with bloated country’s white the United Nations. Gaverne Bennettby Toussaint L’Ouverture, Dessalaines, and and the number of his subjects, and polarises TOPFOTO divided into diff erent categories MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY Spain and Portugal in AD 711. Around this time Kanen- Bornu established of Kongo CORBIS owned businesses were stomachs shock the world. in The Guardian last year to mark the contribution Petion, this revolution destroyed slavery in absorbing them into the Zulu nation. opinion on the actions. This committee had large activists throughout the world. – whites, coloureds (mixed race rulers) in schools by Dougu, the fi rst king of the Zaghawa This highly First English slave trade expedition working-class support and such luminaries targeted and attacked by Pan-African Conference in South Africa. In Congo-Zaire outside Africa, hosts the 2014 FIFA WorldShakespeare and OthelloCup and 2016 Olympics. A bishop ordained LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY of Africans and their descendants to British and dynasty. It occupied much of present day the most French profi table colony. The poet issue of slavery in white crowds in cities like people), Indians and Pakistanis, and centralised John Hawkins is the fi rst Englishman to lead a slave A play featuring a fully rounded Development and design:William Wordsworth later dedicated a poem the United States Samuel Ajayi Crowther as Charles Darwin supporting it. Zulu victory Trinidadian born Bantus (black Africans). From its AP Soweto the police After 32 years in Chad. According to an Arab geographer state was trading voyage from the West coast of Africa. Later Booker book Glasgow and London. organises a Pan-African Conference fi re on unarmed power, the dictator global history. S writing in the tenth century the kingdom of black leading character, Othello, is to L’Ouverture including the lines: “There is Repatriation and Britain. (from Nigeria) is the The Zulus infl ict temporary CORBIS very inception it sparks opposition. Idi Amin

CORBI MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY established Britain would be become one of the biggest players IMAGES GETTY / POPPERFOTO War and freedom Booker T Washington publishes his in Manchester. George Padmore crowds, killing Mobutu Sese Seko

This poster celebrates some of the greatest performed for the fi rst time. In some Pic:Taraforfun Wikipedia/ BY-SACC 3.0/ not a breathing of the common wind ... fi rst African to be Kanen-Bornu was 15 days journey wide. during this period and in the Atlantic slave trade that led to the enforced Having observed attempts by the British defeat on the British army landmark work Up from Slavery. World war one Man of peace CORBIS becomes one of the most powerful Idi Amin overthrows hundreds. This is deposed. In the Roman rule Black History Month marks 90 years waysin Shakespeare’s 2016. portrayal of a black A powerful state Jon Wedderburn algebradesign.coThat willm forget thee ... thou hast great allies Indentured labour ordained a bishop by After the American civil war, black people stories almost never told. Stories of world-shaping at Isandhlwana. Milton Obote of AP surrounded by the formidable transportation of 13 million Africans (according to a abolition movement to repatriate His central idea was that black people A great number of soldiers from Gandhi starts passive A play in London advocates of Pan-Africanism which incident leads to ensuing civil war, in Britain begins character was far superior to the often Abomey, capital of the kingdom ... exultations, agonies, love and man’s Indians are moved to the British the Anglican church. in the United States fought for and gained AP Uganda. During individuals, from emperors to writers, freedom kingdoms of Teke, Tio, Dembo recent estimate).In spite of high mortality rates, the formerly enslaved Africans to Sierra IMAGES GETTY had to improve their lives by their the West Indies, India, and resistance movement advocates the linking in solidarity rioting throughout lasting several years, The Numerus Maurorum dehumanising representations of black of Dahomey, founded around unconquerable mind.” Caribbean as indentured labourers (who the right to vote and participate in political CLR James writes a Amin’s brutal reign fi ghters to inventors. But let us be clear: this is not and Ndongo. One of its kings enslaved African population produced one million IMAGES GETTY Leone, the American Colonisation The Count of own eff orts. across the breadth of the British for Indian self-rule. of black people across the world. ANC leaders imprisoned the country. an estimated fi ve Madame President Aurelianorum, an people that were to subsequently this time in west Africa. This worked for fi ve years on plantations in life. But over the next few years, after a play about the Haitian some 300,000 about creating a separate history; it is about adding Mani Kongo Diogo I tried tons of sugar between 1766-1791 in the Americas. follow in much European literature. LIBRARY ART BRIDGEMAN THE Society pays for 80 African Americans Monte Cristo sustained backlash including intimidation Empire joined the war eff ort He later becomes a revolution (see Toussaint In attendance at the conference Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders million people are Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf takes offi ce as African auxiliary unit, was to become a powerful state IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON exchange for wages and passage fares). Ghana gains independence Ugandans were killed unsuccessfully to stop the There are now a number of exhibitions across the King Sugar to be repatriated back to Africa. They set The novel by by the Ku Klux Klan, the vote is taken away and many died. On the French, profound infl uence on L’Ouverture, box 8 above) are many future leaders including are sent to prison by the apartheid killed. president of Liberia, becoming African’s a rarely heard story to the history we are already takes its position Atlantic slave trade. UK that details the close connection between the with a strong connection to the sail on the Elizabeth to west Africa, and Indentured labourers experienced terrible Italian, and Mesopotamian Martin Luther King. Jomo Kenyatta (fi rst president of Ghana becomes one of the fi rst regime in South Africa. The struggle for and 80,000 Ugandan fi rst elected female head of state

THE BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY ART BRIDGEMAN THE Alexandre Dumas from African Americans. that stars Paul Robeson familiar with. A story that shows that African on Hadrian’s Wall growth of cities like London, Bristol, and Liverpool Atlantic slave trade. Sugar and slavery have become though their attempt to establish a colony conditions as they had little rights. theatre of war (of which Kenya), and Kwame Nkhrumah independent African states, led his release spawned a mass movement in Asians deported. Freedom (c100-c400) as part synomomous. From North to is published to (pictured). Many Ugandan Katrina people’s history did not begin with slavery, but, and the Atlantic slave trade. almost fails they are followed by others great acclaim. Race and intelligence modern day Iraq was a part), (fi rst president of Ghana). by Nkrumah. Britain. Many South African exiles, both Biko murdered Nelson Mandela, released of the Roman army Bishop of Canterbury Maroon victory South America to the Caribbean Asians came to live from the Romans onwards, has been intertwined St Kitts annexed Aphra Behn later and go on to establish Liberia. Dumas’s father was a as many as 14,000 soldiers black and white, spent time in the UK. Steve Biko, a South from prison in 1990, is A fl ood in New and helps guard the African born Abbott Hadrian accompanies Bishop After a long-standing to Australia this commodity was Francis Galton tries to use served in the British West Tennis triumph in Britain adding to elected president of a Orleans throws The annexing of St Kitts in the Caribbean signals Slavery abolished Haitian-born general African black with Europeans and others around the world. outermost reaches of Theodore to become Bishop of Canterbury. He was In the same year that a war, the Maroons grown using slavery or other his newly minted science of Indies regiment. Up to 140,000 Jesse Owens I have a dream the growing racial multiracial South Africa. into bold relief the empire. DRR.NET / GROENENDIJK P the beginning of British domination of much constitutional monarchy is (runaway enslaved forms of coerced labour. Sugar in British Empire in Napoleon’s army. biostatistics to prove that Althea Gibson becomes the fi rst tension in the wake consciousness Along the top of the chart are mini profi les of fi rst off ered the position by the pope of the day. He is of the Caribbean. Many islands in the Caribbean Dumas also authors Indians served in infantry and African American black Wimbledon champion. The March on Washington, where leader, is the problems of described by a contemporary as having great learning. Great Zimbabwe established in Britain, Aphra Africans who was England’s dominant import An apprenticeship Africans are intellectually cavalry divisions. Walter Tull, Jesse Owens wins the of Enoch Powell’s … and genocide class, race, and the some of the key history-making individuals; our changed hands during this period as European Behn publishes her novel formed their own between the mid-18th and 19th had to be served The Three Musketeers. IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON inferior. This theory In 1975, Arthur Ashe becomes the Martin Luther King makes his speech (see below). killed in police Massive stone structures in Zimbabwe IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVES OCHS MICHAEL one of the fi rst black men to 100 metres, 200 metres, persistent legacy of

More black history colonisers from France, England, Spain and ARCHIVES LONDON COLLEGE UNIVERSITY fi rst black man to win the title. famous “I have a dream” speech. custody. Mass genocide in Rwanda. main timeline charts African people’s global story; Oronooko about an African communities) force centuries. As demand grew for until 1838 by the Great Exhibition profoundly aff ects issues of show that a civilisation fl ourished around CORBIS command white soldiers in long jump and 4x100 slavery in the US. GETTY IMAGES GETTY Marcus Garvey visits London Kingdom of Ghana elsewhere fought to control the Caribbean. of royal blood. Apart from General Trelawney, a sugar, more slaves were needed formerly enslaved intelligence and education for centuries to As many as half a million

below that is a history of the US since the 1950s this time.Although these ruins are very IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON As the British empire is action, was killed in battle. The metre relay at the Berlin The black urban Elizabeth I being one of the fi rst female British general, to sign to fulfi l the rigorous demands Abolition of slavery in the US come as well as founding eugenics. During his two-year stay in London, Marcus Rwandans die as the Hutu- First large sub saharan state established. Archaeological evidence impressive with its great wall measuring Africans. The owners approaching its zenith, the Great LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY fi rst Indian to be awarded the Olympics. Germany’s Independence poor are seen to get civil rights era began; and along the bottom are expels Africans The Society for the abolition of the slave trade formed Garvey wrote for a newspaper called the A defi ant gesture dominated army massacres Poster of the key figures and significant events for suggests that Ghana had achieved a high level of civilisation before 246m long it is one of many ruins from ARCHIVES NATIONAL THE writers in the English a peace agreement in of sugar production. This, in received £20m in Exhibition is held in Hyde Park Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Scramble for Africa Victoria Cross was Khudadad Nazi leader Adolf Hitler Mauritania, Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Zimbabwe little assistance from individuals and key moments from In part reacting to a food crisis, language, Aphra Behn is Jamaica. Part of the turn, fuelled the Atlantic slave This organisation introduces the political poster, the consumer LIBRARY ART BRIDGEMAN THE compensation. Proclamation. Many free African Black cowboys African and Orient Review. He would later Tommie Smith and John Carlos give the Tutsi population. One of Arab travellers s arrived around 750AD (advanced metalworking, this region. More than six hundred stone Earliest image ALAMY / ARNOLD PETER in London. Over six million The European powers gather say that his stay was crucial to the formation Khan for his services in France. had hoped the event Nigeria, Gabon, Rwanda, to name but a few the black power salute during an White rule is ended in Rhodesia the biggest cases of genocide the government in black British history. an indigenous trading network). Its capital, Koumbi Saleh, ruins have been identifi ed in modern day of a black Briton and foreshadowing much future credited with producing one agreement stipulated trade which helped build the boycott, the petition, the fl yer, the political book tour, and Abolition of the Slave Trade Act The freed received visitors view goods from Africa, Americans and runaway slaves join the The role of black would demonstrate Aryan African states, gain their independence. British after a bloody struggle and the the full glare of the Olmecs of Latin America together in Berlin to divide Africa of his ideas of black pride. Marcus Garvey award ceremony at the Mexico since world war two.

legislation, Queen Elizabeth 1 of the fi rst attacks on the that the Maroons international trade system with investigative reporting designed to stir people to political action. nothing. LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY Union armies in the ongoing American

Africans and the diaspora over theOf course past our selection 2,000 cannot years: had a population of 30,000. A twelfth century Muslim, al-Idrisi, Zimbabwe and nearly 7500 stone ruins have The British slave trade is abolished India and the West Indies. It was cowboys, previously Great inventor supremacy and refuses Prime Minister Harold Macmillan acknowledges state of Zimbabwe is declared. international media. AP This picture was The rise of the mighty Aztec civilisation decrees that all Africans should Atlantic slave trade. would return other its complex web of insurance This movement was to immortalise characters such Olaudah Civil War. Slavery is formally abolished up among themselves at meeting went on to lead the fi rst Black Nationalist Olympics. The eff ect at the time comprehensive, but we hope it will told a Norman King Roger II in Sicily that the Ghanian nobility been found in Northern South Africa. discovered in an in parliament on March 25. here that jewels taken from an ignored, is now called by the German Chancellor, mass movement in the US that called on During the war, Garret Morgan, to shake Owens’ the British Empire is crumbling, declaring that a was electrifying, as a Another important stage in the gave sumptuous banquets with thousands of guests. in modern-day Latin America claimed to be removed from the British runaway enslaved and credit. Equaino, Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, and of course, However, many slave traders found Indian protectorate/colony are after the war ends, in 1865. coming to be hand. “wind of change” is blowing through Africa. ending of colonial rule in Africa. abbreviated part of Bismarck. Great Britain, France, black people to return to Africa in the 1920s. an African American, invents defi ant image of IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON French Riots BETTMAN / CORBIS / BETTMAN

provide an introduction to the many gain knowledge from a group of people realm. This shows that there was Africans who tried to William Wilberforce. It was a three-pronged movement: with its LIBRARY ART BRIDGEMAN THE www.guardian.co.uk/blackhistory the Doomsday book ways to circumvent the new law. “donated” to Queen Victoria. recognised as an Germany, and Belgium lay claim the prototype for the gasmask. black power is Autobiography acclaim The death of two youths of North African powerful stories and key events that called the Olmecs who left a number of a signifi cant black presence in the LIBRARY ART BRIDGEMAN THE join them. parliamentary face, its agitational face on the streets of Britain, Slave rebellion in Jamaica They become the crown jewels. important part of the World war two Sharpeville massacre used to collect taxes. stone carvings like the one pictured here. UK at this time. but above all the struggles of the enslaved Africans themselves. to African territory and agree In 1922, he patented the beamed I Know Why the Caged Bird origin running away from the police in North have so often gone untold. LIBRARY PICTURE EVANS MARY “cowboy story” in how further disagreements on Slavery in Brazil forerunner to the modern During the second world war troops 69 peaceful demonstrators are around Eastern Paris leads to rioting across France. Sings by Maya Angelou is Man of peace + Print of this poster available from The Guardian From Alabama to Obama the American west. territorial claims will be settled. Slavery was abolished in Brazil. There were many earlier automatic traffi c light. from the British empire were to play a killed by police in South Africa the world. The government imposes a range of emergency guardian.co.uk/blackhistory published August August October At least two black Many of the decisions made at instances of enslaved Africans resisting slavery, most crucial role. 2,600,000 men and around Cape Town’s Archbishop measures including curfews. Rosa Parks starts the President Eisenhower calls in federal August Summer Interracial April 4 Affi rmative A TV documentary called The Student James E Chaney, Andrew Passing of the Voting Rights The formation of the The TV series Roots based November The Oprah Winfrey Show cowboys have been this conference had signifi cant notably the so called “Negro Republic” at Palmares in 100,000 women actively served in the Desmond Tutu wins the Montgomery bus boycott when troops and the National Guard to Images of Martin Luther King March 12 There are 40 riots and 100 relationships Martin Luther King is action to August 29 IMAGES AFP/GETTY Southern Christian “The Hate That Hate Non-violent July Goodman, and Michael Act makes it easier for black Black Panther party on Alex Haley’s novel is a President Ronald Reagan begins its run. April Toni Morrison (left), Million Man March Black women march Colin Powell becomes secretary REX FEATURES; CORBIS; THOMAS HOEPKER / MAGNUM PHOTOS; she refuses to give up her seat make sure that 9 black students in non-violent delivers his landmark Malcolm X breaks from the The leader of the Student other disturbances across between black and assassinated in Memphis, Angela Davis redress racial Congress overrides July 20 An estimated 1,700 people die Barack Obama inducted into the war. There were 1,200 in the Caribbean Lumumba murdered Nobel peace prize for (l-r from top EasyArt collection – http://bit.ly/blackhistory21GETTY IMAGES; HULTON ARCHIVE / GETTY IMAGES (3); AFP / GETTY IMAGES; Leadership Produced” raises the profi le Coordinating The Civil Rights Schwerner (one black man October people to vote. by Huey P Newton Thomas major hit. Not only does it passes a bill to make A bronze bust of Riots in Los Angeles author of Song is organised by Louis in their thousands in a of state, Condoleezza Rice consequences (including long Pernambuco. In events very similar to Haiti (see 1791 entry) Independence continued … and some of today’s Black British history-makers HIROJI KUBOTA / MAGNUM PHOTOS; PA for a white passenger in Alabama Arkansas can get past bigoted crowds protestors being “I Have a Dream” speech to Nation of Islam after months Non-violent Coordinating the United States, most white people are Tennessee. Inner cities is put on the discrimination Negro presidential Jesse Jackson as Hurricane Katrina passes over becomes the fi rst First black mayor Nobel prize Conference set up Nation of Islam introducing Committee mobilises Act is passed, and two white men) who Martin and Bobby Seale in Bradley is secure the highest TV ratings Martin Luther King’s birthday Martin Luther King African American Douglas as four white police of Solomon and Farrakhan of the reprise of the Million becomes foreign policy adviser, cowboy hall of fame. CORBIS / BETTMAN running ethnical tensions and enslaved Africans in Brazil managed to escape slavery regiment; 5,500 in the RAF as ground Patrice Lumumba, fi rst his outspoken criticism row downwards): Malorie Blackman, author; Theo Walcott, England’s (the boycott lasts for 11 months). that oppose them attending the attacked by more than 250,000 people of rumours following his February Committee (SNCC), notably in Newark and illegal in 16 states across America explode; FBI’s most is given a legal History Week veto to pass gets 1,218 votes the United States gulf coast. African American The Portuguese colonies Angola, by Martin Luther a broader audience to its students to challenge making it illegal to had been working to see that Luther King Some of the worst rioting California (pictured). elected the ever but it also deepens the an annual national holiday. is set in the halls Wilder is elected state governor offi cers are acquitted Beloved, becomes Nation of Islam. The Man March earlier in and Roderick Paige secretary Born in Liverpool, crew, 300 African and Caribbean in the of the apartheid Kenyan environmental teenage football star; , author; , Formula 1 This launches the civil rights formerly all white high school. The the police in in Washington. suspension from the Nation for Malcolm X is Stokeley Carmichael Detroit. until the supreme as many as 125 cities wanted list basis with becomes the Civil Rights at the Democratic The African American population president in many case civil wars), as the and form a community that persisted throughout the prime minister of the King and others. brand of black nationalism. segregation in discriminate on the black people could vote in is awarded explodes in Watts, leaving fi rst black debate about race as many of Congress, the in Virginia. after being fi lmed by a the fi rst African aim of the march is Washington. The focus of education. The cabinet of Guinea Bissau, and Mozambique racer; Ozwald Boateng, fashion designer; Baroness (Patricia) Scotland, movement in the United States students became known as the Little Birmingham, saying that the assassination of assassinated. (Kwame Toure) begins to court rules in the experience riots. over her links the passing Black History Restoration Act convention but bears the brunt of the fl ood after beating John Richard Archer RAF as air crew; 13 Victoria Crosses were regime. Meanwhile, an activist Wangari Maathai Becomes a leading Malcolm X is featured in the south. Action basis of race, colour, Mississippi are murdered. the Nobel 34 people dead, 3,500 Martin Luther mayor of Americans, both black and The fi rst African American, fi rst of any African passer-by beating up American woman to one of “atonement” this time is on health the incoming president George national boundaries – some of seventeenth century. Between 1672 to 1694 the Portuguese Democratic Republic of attorney-general; Steve McQueen, artist, Thandie Newton, actor; which removes the legal barriers Rock Nine. In 1954 the US Supreme Alabama, are caught September President Kennedy was a case advocate “black power” as The fi rst African American Loving v Virginia to the Black of the Equal Month. (the original act fails to win his when the levees break around John McCain. gain their independence after a force in the civil the documentary and later includes freedom religion, or national Evidence suggests the Ku peace prize. arrested, and property King initiates poor Los Angeles. white, learn the story of Guion Guy Bluford Jr, goes American. Colin Powell, is appointed an African American, win the Nobel prize for African American care, education, and W Bush contains more African them crudely drawn using a ruler sent an expedition every fi fteen months to crush this long becomes the fi rst awarded to “colonial soldiers”; and the Congo, is murdered. international boycott of becomes the fi rst African Damon Buffi ni, private equity chief; , Premier League manager to equal access to education, Court had outlawed segregation in on camera and Bomb attack on a black of “chickens coming to roost”, an organising principle. supreme court judge, case that it is Shirley Chisholm is the fi rst Panther Party. Employment was temporary). party’s nomination. New Orleans, but the federal long struggle. EAMONN MCCABE; GETTY IMAGES (4); RICHARD SAKER; CORBIS; EPA; JEFF MORGAN rights movement. becomes one of its most rides and lunch origin. Klux Klan, an extreme white damage of about $225 people’s campaign slavery in the United States into space on the Challenger head of the US’s armed forces, Rodney King. for literature. males. self-help. Americans than any before. elected black mayor UK imported huge quantities grain, tea, cultural and trade links woman to receive the voting, and education for public education in a landmark case shock the world. church in Birmingham kills i.e. no surprise. Thurgood Marshall, is unconstitutional to African American woman Opportunity government was slow to respond. – did not take into account the running slave revolt until it fi nally succumbed. Brazil to His death sparks outrage prominent members. counter protests. supremacist organisation, are million. to unite people of for the fi rst time. Space Shuttle. another African American fi rst.

TOPFOTO in Battersea. fi sh and other commodities from the with South Africa grows. Nobel peace prize. African Americans. (Brown v board of education). four black girls. elected. prevent such unions. elected to congress. Act. IMAGES GETTY BRUNO BARBEY / MAGNUM PHOTOS MAGNUM / BARBEY BRUNO responsible. all races. IMAGES GETTY FEATURES REX needs, history, and languages of this day contains one of the largest populations of African and demonstrations British empire.

diff erent African peoples. descent in the world. across the world. IMAGES GETTY EPA AP 1955 1957 1959 1960 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1983 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1995 1997 2001 2005 2008 EMPICS SPORTS PHOTO AGENCY PHOTO SPORTS EMPICS POPPERFOTO

References and further reading Internet references Thought to be born in 1745 in Nigeria, Born in Jamaica, the The fi rst minority ethnic In 1948 passengers arrive in Tilbury docks from Jamaica on a boat called Empire Windrush arrives Kelso Cochrane, a black Race Relations Act makes it illegal Bernard Coard publishes the Fosters, the becomes the fi rst Riots in St Paul’s, a district of becomes Britain’s Black History Month is The Macpherson is appointed Jamaica in 1947. But the following year, on May 24, he was on is considered by Paul Stephenson played Born in Jamaica, After Dadabhai Naoroji stood down in 1895 (see box to left), few if any his name as a civil rights lawyer during the 1970s and 80s, declared The Oxford Companion to British History, www..co.uk/history/britishabolition/ Mary Seacole Dadabhai Naoroji from Jamaica. man, is murdered by a to refuse housing, public services, landmark pamphlet How the long-running black footballer to play for England Bristol. This was a harbinger fi rst black woman news presenter. made a fi xture in the UK for Report is published in Chief Secretary to the Claudia Jones Paul Stephenson Political edited by David Dabydeen, John Gilmore launch_animslavery.html Equiano launched what was probably the daughter of a herbalist MP, elected in 1892 to King and country board when the Empire Windrush sailed out of Kingston harbour. many to be the mother of the a leading role in the 60 Doreen Lawrence came ethnic minority MPs were elected. But in the historic election of June on his election: “Brent South today, Soweto tomorrow!” — referring and Cecily Jones www.thelouvertureproject.org Empire Windrush heralding a new phase of the black presence in the UK. gang of white youths. and employment on the grounds of West Indian Child is Made sitcom, hits British of the far more serious riots to the fi rst time. the light of the murder Treasury, becoming the Barack Obama www.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories fi rst political book tour across the British and a Scotish soldier. She represent Finsbury Central. National Health Service Rock Against Racism carnival New Cross fi re in January sees He believes today’s youngsters, three generations on from Notting Hill carnival. Born in day long “Bristol Bus to Britain when she representation 1987, , , and Paul Boateng were to both his new constituency and the then ongoing anti-apartheid Microsoft Africana (1745-1797) (c1805-1881) (1825-1917) Many of its passengers had served in the second world war defending Notting Hill riots The murderers are not ethnicity. Educationally Subnormal in TV making a star come a year later. Paul Ince becomes of teenager Stephen fi rst black cabinet minister. Barack Obama (1915-1964) (1937- ) (1952- ) A General History of Africa, Volume 4, www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/ established. Enoch Powell brings together black and white thirteen African-Caribbean MPs Bernie Grant, Paul Sam King was born his own, could learn much from his experiences. “The younger blackhistory Isles. Hundreds of people came to hear went into nursing and Born in Mumbai and an break out. After caught. The activist the British School System. out of Police and Criminal the fi rst black Lawrence. The report’s The following year fl ies in to the modern-day Trinidad, she came Boycott” in 1963. Echoing was nine years old. In elected to Parliament, all Labour candidates. struggle. He later became the fi rst James Currey Writer and Pioneering nurse A fi rst in British politics Britain. Other passengers came along to help rebuild the “Mother Country”, leads a recruitment drive in Enoch Powell makes his “Rivers teenagers. This movement helps A disproportionate number youths burnt to death in a house Boateng, Keith Vaz and Activist/journalist Protesting pioneer Justice campaigner World History: An African Perspective, www. pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/ UK in the in 1926 in Portland, generation need to look back and learn from the generation before PA him talk about his varied life both as a became renowned for her accomplished professor of growing racial Claudia Jones (see box D) The book detonates a among others. Evidence (Pace) Act captain of the recommendations Baroness Amos becomes to Britain after being deported and inspired by Rosa Parks 1993 her 18-year-old Grant (pictured far right) had black member of the cabinet, as chief produced by Afri Products modern_04.html anti-slavery agitator the Caribbean for nurses. Much of Blood” speech denouncing The National introduce reggae to a wider mass of black youths are stopped fi re. The seeming refusal of the FEATURES REX Diane Abbott are elected run-up to the www.bbc.co.uk/hi/world/Europe 60 as Britain was referred to across the British Empire. tensions, the newly organises a campaign movement for equal access Floella Benjamin IMAGES GETTY stipulates that the police England football represent a watershed the fi rst black woman Jamaica. His family them who went through a war, The Lost Cities of Africa, freedman and an enslaved African. His humanitarian work during the mathematics and natural from the US for her political and the Montgomery bus son, Stephen, was been leader of Haringey Council secretary to the treasury, and in YEARS SINCE of the workforce that helps to IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON immigration. There are disturbances Front, an audience and changes the nature under the 1824 Vagrancy Act police to take seriously claims by to parliament. www.bbc.co.uk/content/articles/2005 arrived West Indians to draw attention to to educational opportunity joins BBC’s Play in UK race relations, cabinet minister. US presidential Basil Davidson autobiography The Interesting Narrative of Crimean war, where she set philosophy, he never forgot build this great British institution across the UK in support of his David Pitt extreme of punk. Artists like Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols and (originally designed to stop witnesses that the house had been bombed by must give a reason why team. worked on a banana couldn’t get accommodation, food activities. After the Notting boycott (see Alabama to murdered. Unhappy in north London, and had gained 2005 was appointed Britain’s High www.wikipedia.com WINDRUSH fi ght back against this issue. Similarities for black children in British School, becoming they are stopping someone. identifying institutional election. His African Presence in Early Europe, www.infoplease.com came from the Caribbean. speech, and some workers march to becomes a life rightwing Big Youth in Jamaica form a musical symbiosis that helped begging) during this period. racists led to a deepening of anger among the PA plantation. “My father was rationed. We came, we worked, Ivan Van Sertima the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus up the “British Hotel” on the his roots and campaigned teddy boy gangs who with Stephen Lawrence education. well-known to Stephen Lawrence racism for the fi rst time. visit begs the Hill riots in 1958 she was at the Obama timeline) he took a with the way the police national attention in 1985 when Commissioner to South Africa. show their support for his opposition peer, Lord Pitt party, is shaped the parameters in which British music developed. This stop and search was African-Caribbean community. John The World and Africa, Special thanks to our academic consultants: are attacking them case later. Notting Hill Carnival a generation of murdered at a bus question: will assumed I was going we cleaned hospitals, we drove WEB Dubois Vassa, the African: Written by Himself was battlefront (unlike Florence about the terrible conditions ex-service people forefront of the fi ght for racial leading role in challenging investigated the case, he reported that young people on He was followed into cabinet Marika Sherwood, Institute of 492 passengers on Empire Windrush World war two to non-white immigration. Immigration Act of Hampstead. prevented more commonly known as the stop in London M c CABE EAMONN Sentamu there ever Black History for Beginners, armed with iron bars takes to the streets children. Margaret Thatcher says that many British people feel The Brixton riots break out in April and are Jason Frank GORDON ANNA to plant bananas for buses, and we helped rebuild Britain. Commonwealth Studies; Dr Anna Hartnell, published in 1789 and dealt a blow against Nightingale’s hotels, which in India. He gave his support as well as six stowaways. were among those aboard and had been to passed. Further restricts He later by anti-Nazi “sus law”. Black people, while becomes equality. She helped found the a Bristol bus company that she fought hard to try to the local Broadwater Farm council by Baroness (Valerie) Amos, Denise Dennis and knives. Riots Commonwealth “swamped” by an alien culture, during the build-up to the replicated up and down the country (most Chris Ofi li wins Damiola Taylor Robinson Bowling be a black a living but I had If we survived against those odds ; Professor the slave trade. His book was recognised were three days sailing to the Irish independence Britain before. immigration from becomes chair Race Relations protestors a small part of the general fi rst black Notting Hill carnival in 1959 as refused to employ black bring the murderers to estate thought they had given the who served as International Britain’s Slave Trade, R J Ellis, University of Birmingham; impact national Immigrants Act is passed following year’s general election. In doing so, she aims to notably in Liverpool). Years of marginalisation, Bill Morris the Turner Prize. is murdered. becomes the becomes the British prime £28.10 paid by each passenger. David Oluawale Commonwealth countries. of the British Act strengthens from population, were 17% of the Riots in Archbishop Sam King other ideas, he says. the youngsters should fl ying be now. SI Martin Professor Cecily Jones, Warwick University; as a classic at the time by many including away). After the war, she was movement as well the consciousness and with the aim of reducing wins over voters from the far-right National Front. heavy-handed policing, and general alienation becomes the This incident fi rst black fi rst black minister? a way of highlighting Caribbean people. The campaign justice, including taking police “a bloody good hiding” during Development Secretary and, Bury the Chains, 1,000 people a year is the low level of dies in police Medical laws against marching prison population by this point; Tottenham of York. Professor , London School REUTERS “During the Second Our youngsters should take the Adam Hochschild Mary Wollstonecraft author of the seminal awarded several medals for Pan-African Conference held start a debate about immigration from the custody. The issue explode, leaving millions of pounds worth of fi rst black raises questions captain of artist to be talent and bringing communities attracted support from out a private prosecution. riots there (pictured right). He died later, Leader of the House of of Economics; Professor Stephen Tuck, Stiff competition to be aboard as a lot occur around GES immigration from the West Indies until 1951. Trevor Association. discrimination and through 36% of young prisoners were leader of a Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Oxford University; Dr Richard Reid, School former British empire. about gang the England elected to World War the British momentum and go forward!” MA race relations that I The Vindication of the Rights of Woman. bravery. Her autobiography, in London in 1900. In later of people tried to buy tickets when they were Billy Boston is fi rst of police brutality Blair Peach, an anti-racist, is damage and injuring hundreds. In their wake, the issue together. The carnival went to MPs and the West Indies Her persistence led in 2000. Lords. In the 2005 general Multiracial Britain, of African and Oriental Studies; Professor Six years later the controls McDonald establishes the Lewisham, black. This fed much of the major British culture and continues to this day. the Scarman Report makes recommendations rugby union the Royal government asked us to send men and planes. S Mike Phillips and Henry Louis Gates, Harvard University. It was published in German, Dutch, and Wonderful Adventures of life, he dedicated himself advertised in a Jamaican newspaper. 66,000 immigrate from the West black rugby league was to become becomes fi rst Commission for south-east murdered on a demonstration. resentment that was to explode of police Interview with Sam King MBE, Windrush change the cultural landscape of cricket player, Learie to the Macpherson Abbott (pictured left) became election, Adam Afriyie, the were tightened further. trade union. NEWS ENTERPRISE urban poverty. team. Academy of Greek and Roman Slavery, With thanks to Dave Moore, Sarah Edwards,

to challenge racial disadvantage. The SUS laws MAGE

Indies in 1961 as people rushed to beat more prominent in brutality. I player to represent black British Racial Equality. London. The circumstances of his death in riots the following year. Jamaica was the fi rst country to put together pennies veteran, co founder of the charitable Thomas Weiderman Sam King, the Imperial War Museum and the Russian and ran through nine editions in Mrs Seacole in Many Lands, to writing books, such as are also repealed. Art. TY Britain. She is buried in Highgate Constantine. The campaign Inquiry which exposed Britain’s fi rst black woman MP. Vaz, director of an IT services

June 22 saw Empire Windrush arrive at Tilbury the door being slammed shut by the 1962 Great Britain. PA the late 1970s. newsreader. remain unanswered to this day. for a squadron of Spitfi res. I joined the Royal Air Force The Black Handbook: The People, Black Members Group.

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Windrush Foundation, and author of GETTY / ARCHIVE

his lifetime. was published in 1857. Poverty and Un-British Rule docks having left Jamaica on May 24. Cemetery next to the grave of helped to prompt the institutional racism a solicitor, later became a minister N company, became the fi rst History and Politics of Africa and Author & creative director: Gaverne Bennett

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Immigration Act. TO;

T L and served King and Country.” He had to return to O Climbing up the rough side of the mountain. the African Diaspora, Designer: Jon Wedderburn

HULTON ARCHIVE / GETTY IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON NATIONAL LIBRARY OF JAMAICA OF LIBRARY NATIONAL PF TOPFOTO GODWIN MARTIN A B C in India. 1948 1954 1958 1959 1962 1968 1971 1978 1980 1981 1984 1985 1987 1991 1993 1998 1999 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 D Karl Marx. E 1968 Race Relations Act. F within the police. G for Europe. Boateng, who had made HU black Conservative MP. EL Bute and HJP Harmer Editor: Joseph Harker

1965 1969 1973 1975 1976 1977 1979 TO HULTON ARCHIVE / GETTY IMAGES GETTY / ARCHIVE HULTON

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