How the Caribbean Intellectuals 1777 1788 1800’S 1845 1869 1887 1901 1902 1911 1915 1942

How the Caribbean Intellectuals 1777 1788 1800’s 1845 1869 1887 1901 1902 1911 1915 1942 Maria Jones JJ Thomas Philip Douglin Sylvester Williams Marcus Mosiah Garvey CLR James George Padmore Eric Williams Walter Rodney (c.1777) (c.1850) (1845-1902) (1869-1911) (1887-1940) (1901-1989) (1902-1959) (1911- ) (1942-1980) Born in West Africa Maria Jones Writer on Intellectual Pioneer Pan African Pioneer Father of West Indian Literary Giant Father of Pan African Politician and Theorist of book Maria Jones: her history in Emancipation Nationalism Independence Polemicist Underdevelopment Caribbean In his varied life Philip Douglin Born in Trinidad, Sylvester Born in Trinidad James was a Africa and in the West Indies may qualified for Holy Orders in the Williams help to organise the first committed activist and Marxist. be one of the first narratives by Thomas was born the son of a Marcus Garvey is a hero to many George Padmore (pictured below) Eric Williams was the first prime Born in Grenada, Walter Rodney Anglican Church. Born in Barbados Pan African congress in London He worked alongside other giants African woman. Her work had free slave. Proficient in a number across the world. Born in Jamaica, helped form the International minister of newly independent (pictured below) was a political he went to West Africa as a in 1900.The Pan African movment like George Padmore and Eric an important influence on later of languages he later became a he spent most of his life in America African Service Bureau in 1937, Trinidad (see Trinidad timeline activist who died in Guyana. missionary. Douglin was one of would have a massive impact on Williams. He played a central role Trinidad intellectual development. schoolmaster in spite of the strong and the UK. His achievement later known as the Pan African below). He led his party His greatest contribution to the first thinkers to draw attention both the emancipation of Africa in struggles in both the Americas prejudice against dark skinned black was to bring black consciousness Federation. He helped organise to victory many times. His the West Indian intellectual to the psychological damage done and the West Indies. During and in Africa. His masterpiece, people. JJ Thomas consistently and help foster a sense of self the successful 5th Pan African most important intellectual tradition was his book How to black people by the Atlantic speaking tours of Trinidad he was The Black Jacobins, enriched the opposed the idea that people of worth amongst black people with Federation conference in 1945 contribution was Capitalism Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Mary Prince slave trade. He settled in Trinidad one of the first thinkers to show Caribbean intellectual tradition African descent were inferior and his international organisation that brought together a significant and Slavery. This pathbreaking This work influenced many of in 1887 and participated in the how the struggle for emancipation giving it greater self confidence. (1788-1813) wrote a number of pamphlets the United Negro Improvement number of future African book shows the centrality of the the struggles in the 1970s and freed itself Pan African movement until died in the United States, Africa, and Abolitionist & Author attacking the racism of his time. association. His influence reaches leaders. CLR James referred to Atlantic slave trade in building is considered a masterpiece. in 1902. West Indies could aid each other. Unfortunately he died before he could from Rastafarianism to Malcolm X him as the father of Pan African the modern world. From Emancipation to Independence Mary Prince was the first finish his book on emancipation. and beyond. emancipation. published black woman. Born in Bermuda, her book The History of Claudia Jones The first Africans were taken to Spanish America in 1502. Sugar cultivation and gold mining drove Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave, 1915-1964 Europeans to enslave Africans in the Caribbean. Between 1580 and 1802 England established her illustrated the full horror of what it was to be a female enslaved Mother of the presence in the West Indies and settled in St. Kitts, Barbados, Nevis, Montserrat, Antigua, Jamaica, African in the Caribbean. Carnival Grenada, Dominica, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad and Guyana. Between 1638 and 1837 there were Claudia Jones (pictured below 17 slave revolts, the most famous being the Haitian Revolution. right) was born in modern day Trinidad. Her short life saw her involved in the civil rights struggle Slavery was abolished in 1834 after which colonialism came into existence. Many freedom fighters in the United States alongside Martin Luther King, establish the challenged colonialism. They included Philip Douglin, Paul Bogle, Sylvester Williams, Marcus Garvey, largest carnival in Europe (Notting Hill, London), and establish the George Padmore, Norman Manley, Grantley Adams, C.L.R. James and Eric Williams. Most countries in first black newspaper in the UK, the English-Speaking Caribbean gained their independence by 1965. There is more work to do. In the the West Indian Gazette. She is buried alongside Karl Marx in words of Nelson Mandela: “I can rest for only a moment, for with freedom come responsibilities and I Highgate cemetery. Timeline of dare not linger, for my long walk is not ended.” Dr Selwyn Cudjoe Emancipation 1400 1500 1600 1650 1700 1800 1850 1900 1950 1739 MAROON VICTORY 1807 ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE ACT 1865 ENSLAVED 1914-1918 WORLD WAR ONE 1959 FIDEL CASTRO TAKes POWER GUANAHATABEY 1623 ST KITTS BECOMes THE 1655 KILL A KING THEN FIRST ENGLISH COLONY SEIZE THE WORLD Enslaved Africans in Jamaica called Maroons defeat the British Army. The British slave trade is abolished in Parliament. AFRICANS IN CUBA Little is known about the Guanahatabey However, slave traders find ways to get around the law. The annexing of St Kitts signals the The British seize Jamaica from the They force the British to sign a peace treaty which stipulates they EMANCIPATED IN except they were hunter and gatherers. would return any enslaved Africans who tried to join them. THE UNITED STATes They didn’t practice warfare living in small beginning of British domination of Spanish using its highly effective much of the Caribbean. Many Islands New Model Army that had recently The same year there is groups. They lived in modern day Cuba. 1834 SLAVERY ABOLISHED ACROSS THE A YEAR LATER A NUMBER It is possible they came from Florida. changed hands in the Caribbean as defeated and executed the King of an uprising in Jamaica, European colonisers from France, England, Charles I. TREATY OF HAVANA AND TREATY OF SPAIN BRITISH EMPIRE Morant Bay Rebellion that OF AFRICAN STATes WIN England, and Spain and elsewhere A little later under these treaties, Havana goes back to Spain and An apprenticeship has to be served by formerly is brutally suppressed. INDEPENDENCE THE TAINOS fought for control of the Caribbean. Britain gains control of Dominica. enslaved Africans. The Plantation owners received £20m in compensation. The freed received nothing. Probably originated in North Eastern 1672 SLAVERY LEGALISED A YEAR LATER… South America. They had a complex Royal African company is granted Caribbean soldiers play an important role in 1780 EMPEROR SUGAR Slavery abolished in Cuba. agricultural system. Divisions based a charter to carry slaves to the the war. As many as 14,000 soldiers served in 1962 MAJORITY on village and regions shaped their BRITISH NORTH AMERICA Sugar and slavery are linked in the Caribbean. Spain withdraws from the Americas. Three years later there is SPANISH AMERICA 1838 ARRIVAL OF INDENTURED LABOUR the West Indies Regiment. OF CARIBBEAN civilisation. They lived in Cuba, Jamaica, Sugar plantations required coerced labour Dominican republic. an uprising of enslaved Africans in BRITISH CARIBBEAN but were able to return huge profits. More Indians are moved to the British Caribbean as ISLANDS GAIN the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola. Barbados. DANISH CARIBBEAN indentured labourers (they worked for five years INDEPENDENCE FRENCH CARIBBEAN slaves were needed to fulfil the rigorous 1937-38 STRIKes AND RIOTS 1627 DOMINATION, REVOLT, on plantations in exchange for wages and passage THREE YEARS LATER… DUTCH CARIBBEAN demands of sugar production. This fuelled the AND REVOLUTION 6,000,000 fares). Indentured labourers experienced terrible ACROSS THE CARIBBEAN THE CARIBS 4,500,000 BRAZIL Atlantic slave trade which helped build the Slavery is abolished in Puerto Rico (1873). Four years later, Charles I puts the Earl Twelve years later, the Black code 3,000,000 international trade system with its complex conditions as they had little rights. Just over a decade later slavery is abolished in Harsh living conditions and the beginning Thought to have come from South America 1,500,000 of Carlisle in charge of Dominica but 500,000 of the rejection of the British Empire leads some 2,000 years prior to Columbus. They (pictured below) is passed in web of insurance and credit. INDENTURED LABOUR TO THE Brazil (1888). the local Caribs revolt. to an outbreak of riots in Barbados; called themselves the Kalina. They lived on France governing relations between wEst Indies 1838-1917 enslaved Africans and their owners. a general strike in Trinidad (see below) below: West Indies Regiment WW2 the Windward islands, Guadeloupe, and EUROPE 1787 AN INTEResTING STORY 3,000 and Jamaica. some smaller islands. The interesting narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano MADEIRA ST VINCENT AND GRENADINes (pictured, right), or Gustavas Vassa published (see below). INDIA 36,000 SOUTHERN CHINA BECOME BRITISH POssessIONS WEST AFRICA 1939-45 WORLD WAR TWO 500,000 TREATY OF VERSAILLes 1,200 soldiers served in the Caribbean 1492-1501 COLUMBUS LANDS France relinquishes claims to St Lucia and Grenada 36,000 regiment; 5,500 West Indians served in the Christopher Columbus, a profiteer/explorer, 1518 SPANISH AND PORTUGUese to Britain.

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