Cronicon OPEN ACCESS EC DENTAL SCIENCE Research Article
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Cronicon OPEN ACCESS EC DENTAL SCIENCE Research Article The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index of 6-Year-Old Children and the Concentration of Fluorine in Drinking Water from the South-East Region of the Republic of Macedonia Ambarkova Vesna* Department for Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia *Corresponding Author: Ambarkova Vesna, Department for Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Received: May 25, 2018; Published: July 04, 2018 Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between the dmft/DMFT index of 6-year-olds and the concentra- Materialtion of fluoride and Method: in drinking The water survey from covered the populated 95 students, areas from where 1 central children and live. 4 regional primary schools, at which the dmft/DMFT index was determined. Children live in the city of Strumica and four different villages. Five water samples were taken from the test electrode (Thermo Orion Ion Plus Fluoride Electrode) at the Institute of public health. A Spearman method was used to determine area to determine the fluorine concentration by electrochemical method using the pH/ISE meter-Thermo-Orion with a special F- theResults: correlation The total between number the of specified children variables. in the examined sample was 95, out of which 52 (54.7%) were female and 43 (45.3%) were male. The average dmft index in this group of children was 5.29, with a standard deviation of ± 4.3 for primary dentition, and an av- determined in the village of Veljusa and the village of Vodocha (0.11 ppmF), while the minimum (0.08 ppmF) in the city of Strumica erage DMFT index of 0.07 ± 0.3 for permanent dentition. Maximum concentrations of fluorine in drinking water of 0.14 ppmF were and in the villages of Dobrejci and Banica. The correlation between the value of the dmft index from 6 years old children from the - cient r = -0 -049. Negative, statistically indirect correlation, there is also detected between the value of the DMFT index of permanent Southeast region and the concentration of fluorine in drinking water, was a negative, indirect correlation with the value of the coeffi Conclusion:teeth in the group The correlation of 6-year-olds between and the the fluorine dmft/DMFT concentration index and inthe the concentration Southeast region of drinking (R = -0.085, water p>is negative, 0.05). indirect correlation, butKeywords: statistically, Dental this Caries; correlation School isChildren; insignificant Drinking (p > Water; 0.05). Fluoride; dmft Index; DMFT Index; Oral Epidemiology Introduction Dental caries is an ancient disease that dates back to the time when agriculture replaced the hunt as the main source of food, although its prevalence and severity were at much lower levels in that time compared to prevalence of dental caries today. Although recent studies show a decline in the dental caries trend in most developed countries, which are mainly attributed to the use of fluoride in various forms [1] dental caries is still significant presence in many underdeveloped and developing countries, such as African and Asian countries, Citation: Ambarkova Vesna. “The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index of 6-Year-Old Children and the Concentration of Fluorine in Drinking Water from the South-East Region of the Republic of Macedonia”. EC Dental Science 17.8 (2018): 1205-1218. The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index of 6-Year-Old Children and the Concentration of Fluorine in Drinking Water from the South-East Region of the Republic of Macedonia 1206 including India due to lack of public awareness and motivation, inadequate resources for sophisticated dental treatments and changing history of public health. eating habits [2]. Indeed, the use of fluoride has been recognized as one of the most successful measures to prevent dental caries in the countries. This is seen in children by the systematic continuous reduction of dental caries and the constant increase in the number of In recent years, a significant reduction in the prevalence of oral diseases has been observed in several western highly industrialized children without caries. This is due to the changed lifestyle and living standard, a more cautious approach to the consumption of sugars, - dation [3]. improved practice of oral hygiene, the use of fluoride in toothpastes, the use of fluoride mouthwashes, and the application of local fluori All oral diseases have similar risk factors. These are the four most common chronic diseases: cardiovascular diseases [4], cancer [5], chronic respiratory diseases [6] and diabetes [7], including dieting deterioration of health status [8], tobacco use [9] and alcohol abuse. Inadequate oral hygiene is also a risk factor [10-12]. The need for genetic studies to identify genes and genetic markers of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic values is particularly prominent in the last decade. Caries human genetic studies are very important for better understanding and treatment for the most preva- lent bacteria-mediated non-contagious disease in the world-dental caries [13]. The Southeast region is one of the eight statistical and planning regions of Macedonia. This region borders with the Vardar and Eastern regions. The region covers the Strumica-Radovish and Gevgelija-Valandovo valleys, i.e. the drainage area of the Strumica river and the lower catchment area of the river Vardar. Its surface is 2,739 square kilometers or 11 percent of the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. There are ten municipalities in this region. In 2011, 8.4% of the population of the Republic of Macedonia lives in this region. The density of the population is 63.2 people per km2, and it is valid for a well-developed region in our country where the unemployment rate is only 9.3 [14]. Macedonia. In the Southeast region, the water supply is performed by the public enterprises: Utility Service - Bogdanci, Public Utility In the Southeast region, according to the 2002 census, there are 171,416 citizens or 8.47% of the total population of the Republic of Service “Communal Services” - Valandovo, JKP “Komunalec” - Gevgelija, JKP “Komunalec” - Polin-Star Dojran, PE “Progres” -Radovis, JKP “ Komunalec “- Strumica. In the area of the municipality of Strumica there are 25 villages. The villages Bannica and Gabrovo are connected to the water supply system in 2011, the villages of Gorni Baldovci from March 2010, while the villages Bansko, Dabile, Dobreci, Kuklis, Murtino and Sachevo from 2009. In 2008, the villages Svidovica, Prosenikovo, and the village of Vodoca were connected to the water supply network. The vil- lages of Veljusa and Kosturino are not yet connected to the water supply network [15]. - uously. Necheva L and all through the project “Assessment of oral health and necessary treatment in the population of SFRY, applying the There are insufficient data on the state of dental caries in the Republic of Macedonia. They are published sporadically and non-contin 6.55 in Skopje [16]. basic criteria and initiative of the WHO” conducted in 1991, determined the DMFT index of 12-year-old children from 3.48 in Veles and - uously. Ambarkova found in her research an average DMFT index of 3.47 for 12-year-old children from the Eastern regions of permanent There is insufficient data on the state of dental caries in the Republic of Macedonia. They are published sporadically and non-contin teeth [17]. In 2013, Ambarkova., et al. conducted an epidemiological study among 15 secondary school students from two high schools from the Strumica city and received an average DMFT index of 3.55 among these respondents [18]. This has prompted us to take this study in order to determine the prevalence of dental caries in 6-year-olds from the Southeast region, as well as determine the correlation Citation: Ambarkova Vesna. “The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index of 6-Year-Old Children and the Concentration of Fluorine in Drinking Water from the South-East Region of the Republic of Macedonia”. EC Dental Science 17.8 (2018): 1205-1218. The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index of 6-Year-Old Children and the Concentration of Fluorine in Drinking Water from the South-East Region of the Republic of Macedonia 1207 Materialbetween the and dmft/DMFT Methods index and the concentration of fluorine in the drinking water from this region. permanent Teeth) of the 6-year old children in accordance with the basic criteria for assessment of oral and dental health and the need The cross-sectional study consisted of defining the dmft/DMFT((decayed, missed, or filled primary teeth/Decayed, Missed, or Filled - for rehabilitation, which is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013). We estimate the intensity of dental caries ac carried out by two dentists in accordance with the recommendations stemming from the basic criteria for assessment of oral and dental cording to the generally accepted Klein-Palmer index “DMF”, which is a set of decayed, missing and filled teeth. The examinations were ]. health recommended by the WHO [19 satellite schools from the villages Banitsa, Vodoca and Dobreci, as well as the primary school “Goce Delchev” from the village of Veljusa. The students from the first grade of the primary school “Sando Masev” from Strumica included the South-East region, along with the settlements, where the children from the Southeast region of the Republic of Macedonia live. For the determination of the fluorine concentrations by laboratory examination, we used samples of water from all urban and rural - In our study, an electrochemical procedure was used to determine the concentration of fluoride with an ion-selective electrode. A ma jor part of the ion-selective electrode is the lanthanum membrane fluoride.