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Bibliography

Primary Sources City and County Archives (CCCA) Barry Egan papers J.J. Walsh papers Liam de Róiste papers Séamus Fitzgerald papers

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Longford County Archives (LCA) Leavy papers Longford minutes

National Archives of (NAI) Constitution Committee papers Dáil Éireann papers Department of Justice papers Department of the papers

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 299 M. Farrell, Party Politics in a , Palgrave Studies in Political History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63585-9 300 Bibliography

Frank MacDermot papers Sinn Féin and papers

National Library of Ireland (NLI) Barton Papers Celia Shaw diary George A. Lyons papers Seán Milroy papers Sweetman Papers Directory

UCD Archives (UCDA) Cumann na nGaedheal/ papers Desmond and Mabel FitzGerald papers Eoin MacNeill papers Eamon de Valera papers papers Fianna Fáil papers papers Kevin O’Higgins papers Michael Hayes papers Michael Tierney papers Patrick McGilligan papers papers J.M. O’Sullivan papers Seán MacEoin papers W.T. Cosgrave papers papers Peter Paul Galligan papers

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Newspapers and Journals Anglo-Celt Clare Champion Tribune Cork Examiner Democrat Evening Mail Democrat Evening Mail Freeman’s Journal Irish Press Irish Times Leader Manchester Guardian Munster News Guardian New York Times North Dublin Election News Roscommon Herald Saturday Record and Clare Journal Champion Southern Star Sunday Independent The Blueshirt The Economist The Freeman The Star The Times Wicklow People 302 Bibliography

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A Anthony, Richard, 206, 239 Adult suffrage, 6, 64 Army Comrades Association, 250, agriculture, 105, 106, 110, 127, 158, 259, 262–266 159, 162, 191n108, 199–201, Army Mutiny, 119, 122, 138, 214, 223, 224, 237, 240, 254, 144n103 265, 269–271, 274 Asquith, H.H., 4, 5, 22, 25, 33 Aiken, Frank, 76 , 4, 36, 63, 113, 114, 158, AOH (Ancient Order of Hibernians), 202, 222 22 Austria, 6, 23, 254, 282n81 Anglo-Irish Treaty Auxiliary Division, RIC (Auxiliaries), Dáil debates, 40, 44 30 negotiations, 33, 36–38, 43, 47, 50n59 Oath of allegiance, 40, 90, 102, B 152, 174 Baldwin, Stanley, 134, 137 in political rhetoric, 28, 266 Barry, Kevin, 44 and republicanism, 45, 65, 92 Barry, Tom, 58, 68 and Sinn Féin, 3, 4, 21–42, 44–47, Barton, Robert, 34, 35, 39, 42, 52n95 48n9, 49n42, 155 Baxter, Patrick, 174, 191n116 and the Ulster question, 33, 34, 37 Belton, Patrick, 14, 173, 191n108, Anglo-Irish War 195, 210, 231n58, 269 British counter-insurgency, 30, 89 Birkenhead (F.E. Smith), 37 guerrilla tactics, 37 Black and Tans, 29, 30, 32, 49n39, hardening of attitudes, 25, 32 66, 126, 218 origins, 293 Blueshirts. See National Guard stalemate and Truce, July 1921, 32 Blythe, Ernest

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 319 M. Farrell, Party Politics in a New Democracy, Palgrave Studies in Political History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63585-9 320 Index

and Cumann na nGaedheal organi- Cavan, 28, 79, 132, 137, 147n165, sation, 125, 127 164, 174, 263, 268, 270, and foundation of Cumann na 284n127 nGaedheal, 75, 196, 256; and censorship, 157 legacy of Sinn Féin, 110; role Centre Party (Germany), 13, 16n15, during, 125; suggests Liberal 103, 212 Party model, 70 Childers, Erskine, 35, 133 as Minister for Finance, 110, Churchill, Winston 141n28; balanced budgets, and Anglo-Irish War, 29, 30, 37, 106; criticisms of Fianna Fáil, 292 163; fnancial orthodoxy, 105; and Treaty negotiations, 41, 104, rebuffs criticism, 125 176 in opposition, 206, 256; criticises Civil War, Irish Fianna Fáil, 163; loses seat, 128 damage to infrastructure, 76 as Vice President, 177 executions, 25 Bonar Law, Andrew, 22, 23, 134 fnancial cost, 76 Breathnach, Cormac, 218 and Irish politics, 9, 17n20 Breen, Dan, 29, 44, 52n107 legacy, 17n22, 54, 76, 101, 163, Brennan, Joseph, 63, 104 266 Browne, Kathleen, 87 Clare, 31, 74, 85, 87–89, 95n107, Brugha, Cathal, 34, 35, 39, 42, 45 129, 146n135, 159–161, Bunreacht na hÉireann (1937 163–165, 171, 181, 241, 245, constitution) 262, 270 claim on , 289 Clare, constituency, 66, 87, 161, 176 compared to 1922 constitution, 291 Clarke, Kathleen, 216 criticised by opposition, 290 class, 6, 11, 13, 17n29, 22, 30, 43, and de Valera, 291 47n6, 57, 70, 81, 83, 86, 87, and religion, 287 95n106, 253, 258, 271, 294 Burke, Liam, 98n173, 129, 148n189, Clavin, Patricia, 7, 16n7 159, 188n19, 256, 280n31, Collins, Michael 297n12 and Anglo-Irish Treaty, 42, 291 Byrne, Alfe, 216 Chair man of , 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, 66, 68, 69 C and Civil War, 53, 62, 69, 119 , 4, 36, 41, 63, 113, 114, 158, Commander-in-Chief, national 222 army, 69 , 198, 200, 217 death, 53, 69, 104 Carlow/Kilkenny constituency, 89, and Irish revolution, 48n14; as alter- 215, 270 native power structure, 34; and Carson, Edward, 24 IRB, 24, 34, 47n7; as Minister for Finance, 34, 180 Index 321

relationship with colleagues; distrust opposition, 83, 130, 176; style of de Valera, 61; tensions with of party leadership, 178; stump Brugha and Stack, 35 speeches, 118 and Sinn Féin cabinet, 34, 39 on Cumann na nGaedheal party, Treaty debates, 66 134, 252 Treaty negotiations, 41, 104 and Dáil government (1919–21), 69 and Treaty as stepping stone, 138 and , 25 Collins-O’Driscoll, Margaret, 163, electioneering, 11 178, 180 as Fine Gael Leader, 10 , 55, 239, 248, 265 and foundation of Fine Gael, 10 Communist Party of Ireland, The, as head of government, 1922–32, 238, 250 10; criticism of opponents, 78; Conscription Crisis, The, 27, 28 defends government policy, Constitution of the Irish Free State 162; during Army Crisis, 119, (1922) 122; during the Civil War, 176; Constitution Committee, The, 107 and League of Nations, 116 Dominion infuence, 18n34, 50n70 and Kilkenny by-election (1917), 26 European infuence, 291 political experience, 69 and the franchise, 57 as pro-Treaty leader, 252; political of its time, 7 experience, 101, 269; succeeds Coolidge, Calvin, 196 Collins and Griffth, 162 Cooper, Bryan, 207, 208, 231n52 visits America, 178 Conlan, John, 218, 220 Craig, James, 38, 41, 58, 136, 137 Connolly, M.P., 177, 181 Cronin, Ned, 276, 277, 279 Conservative Party (British), 177, 240 Cumann na nGaedheal, (frst, 1900– Cork, 15n2, 18n31, 30, 47n8, 48n14, 1905), 23 51n93, 52n101, 66, 69, 77, 89, Cumann na nGaedheal, (second, 92n37, 97n144, 98n166, 131, 1922–1933) 138, 144n103, 152, 179, 180, and Army Mutiny, 144n103 203, 215, 217, 229n2, 244, 271, and by-elections, 127, 128, 275 130–133, 137, 165, 215, 218, Cork Borough, constituency, 127 225, 236 Cork East, constituency, 127, 128 branches, activities of, 131, 244 Cork West, constituency, 217, 238 and the Civil War, 69, 80–82, 293, Cosgrave, W.T. 294 and Anglo-Irish Treaty, 291 comparison with German Catholic assessments of, 193 Centre, 103 as Cumann na nGaedheal Leader, and conservative fnancial policies, 171; addresses to party Ard 105, 125, 201 Fheis, 153, 180; foundation defence of the Treaty, 252 of Cumann na nGaedheal, election handbook (1927), 161, 189 10, 11, 96n137, 118; in election materials, 128, 239, 240, 260 322 Index

electoral performance, 170–172, and other parties, 88, 173, 177, 220, 228, 236, 245, 263, 268, 223, 238, 245, 247; attacks 290, 294; by-elections, 170, on anti-Treaty party, 1922–26, 228, 236; 1923 election, 82, 75, 80, 90, 131, 153, 155; 85, 87, 116, 161; February attacks on Fianna Fáil (1926), 1932 election, 235, 237; 177, 201, 239–241; criticism of January 1933 election, 260, minor parties, 87, 167; threat 261, 291; June 1927 elec- of minor parties, 87, 167 tion, 157, 165, 178, 181, 194; party discipline, 215 September 1927 election, 14, party leadership, 180 175, 181, 194 party structure and organisation, and engagement with the Irish 125, 179, 244; Ard Fheis Revolution, 48n14, 156 (annual convention), 129; and ex-Home Rulers, 14, 78, 82 Branches (cumainn), 30, 62, External Affairs, 110, 114, 117, 84, 111, 125, 133; candidate 167, 244 selection, 85, 218; central and ex-Unionists, 23, 78, 102, 110, branch (ard chumann), 112, 118, 134, 136, 137 113, 143n68; constituency foundation, 10, 11, 96n137, 118; committees, 161; national exec- choice of name, 76, 156, 177, utive, 26, 124, 125, 136, 138, 195, 212, 258; and Ernest 145n127, 146n133, 148n78, Blythe, 98n183, 106; impact 178, 192n131, 216, 218, 236; of Civil War, 13; role of pro- nationalism of, 8, 10, 12, 14, Treaty election committee, 61, 23, 117, 255, 294; organisa- 78; and W.T. Cosgrave, 10, 101 tional reform, 26, 59, 62, 65, and foundation of Fine Gael, 10 75, 154; standing committee, and Gaelicisation, 110–112, 289 26, 58, 78, 84, 85, 123, 124, head offce, 260 128, 138, 145n119, 170, 259 identity and roots, 12, 54, 109, 112, relations with minor parties, 87, 167 118, 136, 159, 163, 196, 229, role in Free State politics, 151, 154, 238, 250, 267 160 and Irish , 265 ‘Statement of Views’, 96n130, and law and order, 12, 14, 55, 79, 124–126, 145n129, 146n134 118, 238 views on , 80, 178, and legitimacy of the state, 153, 207, 208, 291 247, 278 Cumann na Poblachta, 49n42, 61, 74, as ‘National Party’, 71, 78, 86, 109, 75, 83, 92n41, 95n115, 97n161, 160, 210, 238 98n162, 152 in opposition, 9, 153, 194, 210 Cumann na Saoirse, 54, 65, 61, 62, organisers, 30, 61, 85, 127, 130, 79, 90n3 160, 170, 177, 227, 244 Czechoslovakia, 6, 63, 170, 200, 209 Index 323

D and Civil War, 77 Dáil Éireann and Cumann na nGaedheal organi- First Dáil (1919–21), 3 sation, 80, 162 Second Dáil (1921–22), 32, 42; on Eamon de Valera, 77 Anglo-Irish Treaty debate, 42, on Kevin O’Higgins, 138 52n116; composition, 64 De Valera, Eamon Third Dáil (1922–23), 80; Free and Anglo-Irish settlement, 37; State constitution approved, and Irish delegation, 35–37; 60; and Civil War, 68; meetings meetings with Lloyd George, postponed, 77 33; opposition to Anglo-Irish Fourth Dáil (1923–27), 102, Treaty, 42; pact with Collins 134, 151, 163; of (1922), 62–63; relationship republicans, 84, 102, 130, 132, with Collins and Griffth, 10, 134, 152; Army Crisis, 119; 38–42, 45, 61, 69, 162, 165, by-elections, 128; and parti- 171, 291; and Sinn Féin cabi- tion, 102 net, 34 Fifth Dáil (June 1927-Sept. 27), and the Civil War, 84; anti-Treaty 180; aftermath of Kevin political leader, 76; blamed by O’Higgins’s assassination, 172; pro-Treatyites, 66; and ending debates motion of confdence, of Civil War, 294; peripheral 175; Fianna Fáil enter, 194; to, 85 fragmented, 151, 166, 181 and 1937 constitution, 290 Sixth Dáil (1927–32), 14, 180, and Cosgrave, 26 193–195, 197, 201, 215, develops ‘external association’, 35, 236; by-elections, 128, 215; 36, 287 Cosgrave defends government, and Easter Rising, 25 151, 162, 194, 249; emergence organises third Sinn Féin party of two-party system, 14, 259, (1923), 91n25; arrest, August 260; emigration, 165; Fianna 1923, 102; and Boundary Fáil in opposition, 10, 14, Agreement, 138; and Sinn Féin 154, 160, 194, 210, 235, 237; organisation, 75; split with Sinn unemployment, 80, 198 Féin, 42 Seventh Dáil (1932–33), 3, 28; new and foundation of Fianna Fáil government, 249–251 (1926), 152–156 Eighth Dáil (1933–37), 290, 291; as Fianna Fáil Leader, 154, 287; and Senate, 288; Wearing of condemns assassination of Uniforms Bill, 272, 274 Kevin O’Higgins, 173, 182; democracy, 5–11, 15, 16n5, 43, 55, increased support, 182; leads 56, 151, 167, 182, 237, 247, party into the Dáil, 181; in 248, 266, 272, 292, 295 opposition, 201, 236; relation- Denmark, 158, 202, 214, 254 ship with church, 287 De Róiste, Liam 324 Index

as head of government, 34, 176; 99n207, 104, 107, 109, 141n16, British view of, 77; calls snap 141n31, 141n34, 142n41, 197, elections, 175, 259; economic 202, 204, 205, 223, 230n40, policy, 153; economic war, 254 233n113, 233n114, 234n125, and Sinn Féin Ard Fheis (1917), 254, 282n82 48n25 Education, 56, 65, 73, 79, 110–112, and the Ulster question, 187n10, 130, 152, 180, 196, 203, 226, 188n21 273 Dillon, James, 14, 19n39, 255, Elections 282n90, 284n123, 284n130, 1918, 28, 30, 249, 292 284n143, 294 1921, 14, 31, 32 Dillon, John, 25, 28 1922, 14 Dominion Status, 33, 34, 36, 41, 42, 1923, 85 113 1932, 14, 293 Donegal, constituency, 82, 127, 161, 1933, 14, 293 270 1936, 278, 286n184, 287 Dooley, Terence, v, 12, 15n2, 77, June 1927, 151, 154, 155, 157, 94n97, 96n119, 97n151, 160, 161, 165, 166, 178, 181, 146n139, 188n30, 237 182, 194, 195, 263 Dual-Monarchy, 23, 190n95 March 1925 by-elections, 103, Dublin County, constituency, 88, 89, 128–133, 137, 147n155, 217 147n162, 157 Dublin North, constituency, 88, 112, November 1924 by-elections, 127, 123, 130, 131, 133, 178, 216 128 Dublin South, constituency, 127, 130 referendum, 59, 65, 85, 290 Duggan, Éamon, 35, 39 September 1927, 14, 175, 181, Dunbar Harrison, Leticia, 241 194, 195, 235, 282n70 emigration, 94n97, 130, 165, 179, 197–199, 222, 234n124 E Egan, Barry, 98n171, 179, 180, Easter Rising, 1916 280n31 aftermath, 131 ESB, xi, 165, 197 legacy, 182 Eucharistic Congress, The, 236, 247, political change, 211, 259 251, 281n66 Economic Committee, 206–211, 223, external association, 35, 36, 38, 39, 231n47, 231n49, 231n50, 237, 42, 43, 287 258 Economic War, 14, 253, 254, 255, 258, 260, 263, 267, 271, 272, F 274, 281n64, 291 Fahy, Frank, 83 The Economist, 19n40, 85, 86, 88, Falvey, Thomas, 181 90, 98n181, 99n182, 99n194, Farmers’ Party Index 325

conservative nature, 239 Finance, Department decline, 66 balanced budgets, 106 relationship with Cumann na nGae- British Treasury system, 104 dheal, 81 civil servants, 109 and the Treaty, 155 national loans, 107, 201 fascism, 7, 9, 54–57, 91n9, 91n15, seek economies, 257 247, 248, 265, 266, 276 Fine Gael Fermanagh, 31, 37, 38, 135 branches, 271 Fianna Fáil electoral performance (1934–38), assessment of Cumann na nGaed- 277–278 heal, 166 and Eoin O’Duffy, 12 and Economic Committee, 206 foundation, 10; continuities with an Economic War, 14, 253 Cumann na nGaedheal, 112; dominates twentieth-century poli- involvement of the ‘Blueshirts’, tics, 12 267; as , 152 electoral performance, 13, 15; and Frank MacDermot, 255 by-elections, 165, 218; and identity, 12 local elections, 274–275; June membership, 11 1927 election, 160; September memory of its foundation, 10 1927 election, 175–176, 202; party organisation, 275 election, 14, 15, political identity, 45 237; January 1933 election, 9, saved by moderates, 15, 274–276 14; July 1937 election, 13, 290 and W.T. Cosgrave, 10 foundation, 10, 152, 156 Finland, 8, 9, 54, 209 in government, 194, 236, 259 First World War, 5, 8, 16n3, 16n5, and the ‘green card’, 165, 245 17n17, 28, 31, 37, 54, 56, 63, in opposition, 201, 236 91n6, 114, 201, 211 party leadership, 245 FitzGerald, Desmond, 110, 52n114, party structure and organisation, 117, 142n39, 143n81, 144n84, 244; Ard Fheis, 139, 152, 176, 145n128, 147n170, 169, 217; contrast with Cumann 192n124, 231n67, 239, 280n16 na nGaedheal, 8; constitu- Fitzpatrick, David, 16n16, 47n1, ency structures, 160; cumainn 92n39, 146n146, 188n15 (branches), 111, 166, 236; Fogarty, Michael, 217, 231n89, 241, national executive, 218, 236; 280n29 role of party leaders, 180 France, 5, 6, 13, 151, 209 political identity, 45 political strategy, 237 popular policies, 160, 165 G and protectionism, 8, 13, 240 GAA (Gaelic Athletic Association), relationship with the IRA, 155, 277 The, xi, 23, 110, 111, 261, social policy, 201 283n116 326 Index

‘Gaelicisation’, 110–112, 289 Healy, Timothy, 106, 164 Gaelic League, The, 23, 24, 30, 47n6, Heffernan, Michael, 81, 181, 95n106, 111, 113, 142n61 192n143 Garahan, Hugh, 181 Hogan, Patrick Garda Síochána, 118, 168, 234n135 agriculture policy, 77, 202 Garvin, Tom, 9, 17n21, 44, 45, 47n2, land policy, 77 47n6, 50n56, 140n1, 280n21 Holt, Samuel, 216 Gavan Duffy, George, 35, 40 Home Rule Party. See IPP (Irish Geoghegan, James, 14, 195, 218 Parliamentary Party) George, V., King, 35, 40 Hughes, Peter, 121, 122, 135 Germany Hughes, Séamus, 73, 88, 95n106, and Great Depression, 57, 292 99n195, 108, 122, 124, 126, infation and hyper-infation, 8, 128, 141n37, 143n67, 145n126, 102–103, 105 145n128 politics, 56–57 Hungary, 6, 8, 23 Weimar constitution, 63 Gorey, Denis, 82, 159, 215, 259 Great Britain, 4, 22, 23, 47n3, 48n15, I 78, 94n88, 106, 113, 114, 116, industry, 23, 105, 106, 108, 119, 158, 117, 231n65, 257, 280n22 189n39, 195, 199–201, 204, Great Depression 206, 207, 208, 237, 250, 258, impact in Britain, 211 270, 271 impact in Europe, 16n7, 140n6 intimidation of election candidates, 66 impact felt in Ireland, 204 IPP (Irish Parliamentary Party), xi, 3, and politics, 14 8, 21–23, 25–28, 30, 32, 131, Griffth, Arthur 139, 293 and , 24 IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood) death, 69 and Anglo-Irish Treaty, 42 develops ‘dual-Monarchy’ policy, 23 source of tension in Dáil Cabinet, establishes Sinn Féin, 23–24, 45 38 and protectionism, 80 Ireland stands aside as Sinn Féin President and 1937 constitution, 288, 290 1917, 28 partition, 31 and Treaty negotiations, 41 pre-1921, 4 in twentieth-century, 93n65, 94n82, 96n118, 98n163, 142n50, H 142n55, 144n96, 148n179, Hales, Seán, 43, 53, 54, 69 233n107, 282n79, 297n8 Hales, Tom, 69 Irish Free State Harris, Tom, 218, 220 Constitution. See Constitution of Hayes, Michael, 112, 143n67, the Irish Free State (1922) 143n74, 181, 192n143, 235, 267 fragmented politics, 181 Index 327

and evolution of the J Commonwealth, 114 Jackson, Alvin, 47n5, 48n13, 93n56, identity, 11–12 295 international standing, 33 ‘Jinks Affair’, 176 political culture, 45 Jinks, John, 175 and post-war Europe, 42–43 Johnson, Thomas registered Treaty with the League of on the Civil War, 14, 81, 52n101 Nations, 115–116 criticism of Cumann na nGaedheal, transfer of power (1932), 248–249 121 unpromising beginnings, 7 as leader of the opposition, 81 ‘Irish Ireland’, 110, 141n24, tries to form alternative government 192n138, 229n13, 283n98 (1927), 182 Jones, Thomas, 36, 40, 50n57 and Irish Revolution, 5 policy under successive govern- ments, 290 K and political parties, 13 Keane, John, 72, 95n98, 97n152, 273 Irish Press, 64, 228, 237, 279n5, Kennedy, Hugh, 127 280n23, 282n76, 284n140 Kenny, Enda, 10 (Anti-Treaty, Kildare, 58, 73, 86, 91n26, 193, 200, 1922–23) 218, 220, 221, 225, 233n101, and Civil War, 9 237, 246, 259 dump arms, 76 Kilkenny, 26, 79, 89, 215, 259, 264, tactics, 175 270 Irish Republican Army (1919–22) Killane, James, 218 tactics, 175 Knirck, Jason, 11, 15n2, 17n19, truce, 292 52n116, 92n43, 15n2 Irish Republican Army (1923–) clashes with ‘Blueshirts’, 14 political violence, 7–8 L recrudescence of republican vio- Labour Party (British), 11, 27, 32, 70, lence, 238 107 relationship with anti-Treaty party, Labour Party (Irish) 131 and the Civil War, 4, 10, 13, 54, 62, 77 foundation, 9 competition with Fianna Fáil, 12, split (1914), 5 152, 153, 155, 156, 160 Italy electoral performance, 170; Italian unifcation, 7 strategic disadvantages, 115; nationalist insecurity and develop- by-elections, 137, 165, 225; ment of fascism, 55–56 June 1922 election, 68, 83, 90; August 1923 election, 77, 102, 328 Index

123, 128; June 1927 election, Lynch, Liam, 58, 68, 72, 76 15, 151, 154, 157, 160, 165, 178, 181, 182, 263; September 1927 election, 14, 175, 181, M 194; February 1932 election, MacDermot, Frank 235, 237; January 1933 elec- correspondence with Kevin tion, 248, 260, 261, 291 O’Higgins, 166, 171, 190, 267 moderate position, 7, 15, 276, 292, and Economic War, 255, 263 295, 296 and foundation of Fine Gael, 263, and potential coalition, 115, 199, 268–271, 289 203 on Irish unity, 289 relationship to Cumann na nGae- and National Centre Party, 255 dheal, 8–10, 23, 76, 78, 79, MacEntee, Seán, 153, 218, 262, 288, 107, 112, 131, 155, 156, 203, 297n7 218, 222, 264 MacEoin, Seán and the Treaty, 3, 4, 41, 42, 113, and Anglo-Irish War, 52n106, 155, 291 92n36 Laffan, Michael, vi, 16n2, 18n35, Leitrim/Sligo by-election, 216, 48n24, 61, 90 232n86, 236, 246 Land Commission, 83 support for the Treaty, 42, 65 Land, political issue, 77 MacNeill, Eoin Larkin, Jim, 89 and the Boundary Commission, League of Nations, 31, 113–116, 132, 135, 137, 164 169–171, 195, 297n17 as constituency TD, 87, 89, 164 Leitrim, County, 261 as Cumann na nGaedheal President, Leitrim/Sligo, constituency, 246 79; on party organisation, 132 Lemass, Seán Minister for Education, 79, 110 economic policies, 250 MacSwiney, Mary, 44, 45 electioneering, 177 McElligott, J.J., 104, 204, 225, 289 foundation of Fianna Fáil, 152, 156 McGarry, Fearghal, 52n111, 285n154 in opposition, 201, 250 McGilligan, Patrick, 104, 141n17, as Minister, 250 142n42, 199, 230n16, 234n121, Liberal Party, 70, 249 282n84 Liverpool, 196 McGrath, Joseph, 54, 119, 124, Lloyd George, David 145n128 meetings with de Valera, 32–34 McGuinness, Frank, 125 Longford, County, v, vi, 46, 82, 125, McGuinness, Joseph, 25 126 McKenna, Patrick, 26, 159 Longford/Westmeath, constituency, McQuaid, John Charles, 241, 287 246 Meehan, Ciara, 15n2, 17n19, 91n6, Lynch, Fionán, 167 177, 215 Index 329

Mellowes, Liam, 54, 74 National Government (Great Britain), Milroy, Seán 70, 224 and foundation of Cumann na National Group, The, 123, 124, 127, nGaedheal, 123, 124, 130, 128, 130, 131, 138, 178 178, 188n34, 192n134 National Guard, The, 265, 271 and National Group, 123, 124, 130, National League Party 178 and Cumann na nGaedheal, 113– and protectionism, 130, 178 116, 156, 159, 174, 175, 246 Monahan, Philip, 74 potential coalition August 1927, Morrissey, Daniel, 197, 229n10, 238 166 Mulcahy, Richard decline, 116 on disintegration of Sinn Féin, 70 Newspapers, 61, 85, 213, 237 during Anglo-Irish War, 42, 94n90 , 4, 36, 63, 113, 114, during Army Crisis, 122; demobi- 158, 202, 254 lisation, 85, 120; relationship North-Eastern Boundary Bureau, 115, with O’Higgins, 119, 164; 136, 138, 143n82 resignation, 122; tensions with Northern Ireland, 3, 4, 31–34, 38, 40, colleagues, 120 41, 84, 90, 115, 134–137, 154, during Civil War, 69, 88, 94n96, 278, 285n156, 289 119 North Mayo, constituency, 127, 128 electoral performance, 170 Norton, William, 218, 220, 264 and foundation of Cumann na Nowlan, Kevin B., 10, 98, 193, 229n2 nGaedheal, 74, 79, 80, 85, 88, 94n90, 95n110, 96n136, 110, 112, 121, 123, 146n151, O 148n189, 163, 164 O’Brien, George, 105, 140n14, and Irish language/gaelicism, 110, 142n43, 206, 231n43 112 O’Connell, Daniel, 87, 288, 297 role in Cumann na nGaedheal party, O’Connor, Rory, 54, 58, 74 80 O’Donnell, Peadar, 202 Mullins, Thomas, 238 O’Duffy, Eoin Mussolini, Benito, 54–57 dismissal by de Valera, 264, 278 and foundation of Fine Gael, 270, 275, 276 N and Irish language, 110 National Anthem, 110, 114 as police commissioner, 120, 227; National Centre Party during Army Crisis, 119, 122; and Economic War, 255 interest in political crime, 167, foundation, 255 263; relationship with minis- and foundation of Fine Gael, 263 ters, 167, 265; under Cumann relationship with Cumann na nGae- na nGaedheal government, dheal, 255, 256 330 Index

214; under Fianna Fáil govern- O’Rourke, Daniel, 14, 46, 52n116, ment, 195, 249, 263 195, 283n122 resignation from Fine Gael, 270, O’Shiel, Kevin, 114, 143, 144 274–276 O’Sullivan, John Marcus, 143n68, support for the Treaty, 45 163, 180, 196, 238, 273, 279n8, O’Hegarty, P.S., 25, 48 285n173, 297n13 O’Higgins, Kevin assassination and aftermath, 171–173, 182 P candidate for Queen’s County, ‘Pact election’, the, 58 1918, 28 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 21 and the Civil War, 164, 190n84 partition of Ireland, 31 and Commonwealth, 169–171, 195 Poland, 6, 9, 63, 103, 151, 209, 295 criticism of minor parties, 167 Portugal, 14, 151, 205, 206, 251, 295 and Cumann na nGaedheal, 137 Proportional Representation, 6, 31, defends Free state actions in Civil 64, 97n157, 132, 165 War, 171, 172, 190n84 Provisional Government, 53, 57, 58, during the Army Crisis, 119, 138 60, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 91, hostility of anti-Treatyites, 107, 93, 94, 115 128, 137 Public service, 64, 107, 162, 203 as Minister for Justice, 10, 171; An Garda Siochana, 118, 168; law and order, 118; relationship R with O’Duffy, 12, 167–169, radio 190n89 2RN, 111 as Minister for External Affairs, 167, Redmond, John, 4, 8, 21, 175 171 Redmond, William, 155, 174, 245 as probable successor to Cosgrave, ‘Red scare’, The, 193, 239, 241, 247, 171 279 Vice President of the Executive Regan, John M., 10, 90 Council, 171 Reynolds, Mary, 247 stump speeches, 118 Reynolds, Patrick, 246 support for the Treaty, 166, Rice, Vincent, 174, 216, 218 170–173 RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary), 29, O’Higgins, T.F., 10, 12, 17n26, 81, 30, 118, 240, 246 83, 108, 167, 171, 182, 227, Roddy, Martin, 132 250, 265 Roscommon, 26, 46, 84, 85, 108, O’Kelly, Seán T., 59, 153 189, 259, 262, 283, 284 O’Kennedy, William, 31, 74 Ruttledge, P.J., 264, 273 O’Malley, Ernie, 32, 50 Ryan, James, 206 O’Malley, William, 159, 174 Ryan, P.J., 62, 85 Index 331

S 131–133, 137, 147n162, 165, Saor Éire, 238, 239, 250 193; and 1923 election, 82, 85, Saorstát Éireann. See Irish Free State 87, 116, 161 Sears, William, 73 limitations of abstenionism, 8 Senate, Free State party organisation, 122, 126, 129, and southern unionists, 72, 78 132, 167, 178, 255, 256; Ard Shannon hydro-electric scheme, 197, Fheis, 26, 27, 30, 44, 48n25, 230 59, 60, 61, 84, 91n29, 91n32, Shaw, Celia, 54, 74, 90n4, 95n108 92n40, 109, 112, 129, 132, Shaw, P.W., 177 134, 139, 152, 162, 173, 178, Sinn Féin (frst, 1905–17) 180, 217, 256, 267, 271, abstenionism, 8 277, 285n168; branches, 26, foundation, 48n8 30, 55, 58, 59, 78, 79, 84, Sinn Féin (second, 1917–22) 85, 111, 113, 124, 125, 129, abstenionism, 8 133, 152, 154, 244; compared and Anglo-Irish Treaty, 3, 21, 41, with Cumann na nGaedheal’s 50n59, 113, 155, 291 organisation, 112, 129, 136, Ard Fheis, 1917, 26, 27, 60, 92n40, 154; constituency structures, 152 160 Ard Fheis, February, 1922, 59, 60, reorganisation, 1923, 25, 35, 74, 61, 83, 84, 91n29 119, 129, 133, 200, 236 branches, 24, 58, 59, 62, 131 split with de Valera (1926), 38, 41, disintegrates, 1922, 57; effect on 66, 163, 173, 176, 182, 208, branches, 88; emergence of 239 ‘sub-parties’, 61 Sinn Féin (fourth, 1926–70), 7, electoral performance, 170; by- 21–23, 30, 33, 36, 39, 41, 44, elections, 127, 128, 131, 137, 45, 48, 49, 102, 153, 155, 268, 147n162, 193, 215, 236; 295, 296 December 1918 election, 3, 23; Smiddy, T.A., 105, 117 June 1922 election, 3, 8, 23 Snowden, Philip, 105, 211, 212 and First Dáil, 3, 29, 191n108 Social-democracy, 6, 8 organisational strength, 129, 154, Socialism, 55, 84, 105, 212, 277 217 Social policy, 7, 64, 198, 201 party leadership, 180, 275 , 4, 36, 113 and self-determination, 5, 28, 36, Spain, 9, 56, 116, 248, 249, 295 60 Stack, Austin, 34, 35, 42, 45, 60 Sinn Féin (third, 1923–26) Statute of Westminster, 114, 244, 245, and Anglo-Irish Treaty, 2, 4, 21, 42, 249, 287 43, 50n59, 113, 155 St. Patrick’s day, 157, 196 attacks on Free State, 39 ‘Successor States’, The, 6, 63, 144n85, electoral performance, 170; by- 151, 254 elections, 127, 128, 130, Sugar industry, 6 332 Index

T W Tailteann games, 111 Wall Street Crash, 8, 14, 204, 210, tariffs, 105, 106, 108, 109, 159, 222 178, 201, 202, 206, 207, 209, Walsh, J.J. 210, 212, 213, 222, 224, 228, on Cosgrave, 14, 110, 128, 129, 234n143, 250, 251, 254, 255 139, 163, 167, 180, 192n135, teachers 192n136, 195 instruction in Irish, 109, 226 and protectionism, 178, 180, 195 pay, 226 reform of party organisation, 132, Tierney, Michael, 92n45, 108, 167 141n38, 233n102, 239, 244, resignation, 179, 180 267, 268, 270, 280n30, War of Independence. See Anglo-Irish 284n144, 285n163, 285n164 War Tipperary, 29, 87, 133, 197, 198, Waterford, 27, 65, 73, 95n98, 200, 270 99n202, 168, 200, 245, 271 Tobin, Liam, 120, 121, 123, 133 , 87, 200, 268, 270, 275 Tyrone, 28, 31, 37, 38, 135 Wilson, Woodrow, 5, 28 women and gender, 92n43 Wyse Power, Jennie, 61, 92n43 U Ua Buachalla, Domhnall, 253 UIL (United Irish League), 22, 48n16 Y Ulster unionists, 5, 22, 32, 58, 118 Yeats, W.B., 103 , 5, 23, 24 United Ireland Party. See Fine Gael , 3, 4, 21, 31, 64, 106, 116, 253, 282n84 United States of America, 5, 6, 13, 28, 34, 102, 103, 116, 117, 178, 196, 209–211, 222, 225, 229n4