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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFP) AND THE GLOBAL COSMETIC INDUSTRY: EXPLORING THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF NTFP TO RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON By AGHANE DE CARVALHO ANTUNES A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Aghane De Carvalho Antunes To my family ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is the fruit of a long journey to professional and personal development that was accompanied by many phenomenal people who helped me in the development and completion of this work. First, I want to express my sincerest gratitude to my advisor, Cynthia Simmons, who from the very beginning, believed in me giving me a life-changing opportunity. If I am here today, it is because she could catch my potential for growing into an avid researcher. She expressed confidence in me when doubted; evolved into a friend willing to countless hours of conversation not only addressing theoretical human geographic frames but also about the many challenges I have had during this enlightening journey. With her encouragement and practical attitudes that go beyond just the rhetorical narrative of inclusion, diversity, and equality, she unconsciously drove me to a painful process of self-acceptance and reconnection with my parents, relatives, and ancestry, which enabled me to face up my feelings of insecurities and unworthiness within the excluding and elitist academic field. I also want to thank the distinguished members of my thesis committee, Robert Walker and Liang Mao, who generously shared their time, knowledge, and experiences with me. I am especially indebted to Joao Paulo Candia Veiga, Professor of Political Science, of the Department of Political Science at the University of São Paulo, for providing the data set used in the research, besides, being a reliable source of advice, information, and inspiration. Without his generosity, I never would have the ability to perform this study. Thanks also to Fausto Makishi, Professor of Management at the Federal University of Minas Gerais and Murilo Alves Zacareli, Ph.D. at Institute of International Relations at USP and researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for sharing their work concerning the data used in this study. Anwar Sounny-Slitine and Yin-Hsuen Chen are also deserving of my deepest gratitude for their invaluable help on this project, concerning the application of GIS tools. Both were also fundamental to the development of this work. I also wish to thank the Department of Geography at the University of Florida, for supporting me financially with an Assistantship and later a Pre-Doctorate Fellowship, particularly, the department chair Jane Southworth who additionally granted me with respect, and encouragement. I want to acknowledge the support I also received from Alfredo Kingo Oyama Homma, researcher of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Agency (EMBRAPA), who so generously shared his experience, outstanding knowledge, and time in long construtive conversations about the Amazon, small farmers, and his influential and controversial positions on the limitations of extractivism. Homma's extraordinary life history is an inspiration to me. TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 THESIS OVERVIEW............................................................................................... 13 2 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION ...................................................................... 20 The Changing Amazon ........................................................................................... 20 Brazilian Amazon Development History .................................................................. 23 Early Extractive Economy ................................................................................. 23 Order and Progress: Development under Military Regime ............................... 27 National Integration Plan .................................................................................. 29 Agro-Industrial Expansion (1975 to 1984) ........................................................ 32 Development and Environment: New Democratic Reform ............................... 37 Multi-Annual Plans (Plano Pluriannual - PPA) ........................................................ 40 Conclusions: Development Outcomes and the Urgent Call for Sustainable Alternatives .......................................................................................................... 43 3 NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS ..................................................................... 46 The Rise of Forest Extractivism .............................................................................. 46 The Onset of NTFP as a Sustainable Development Approach ......................... 48 Early Economic Studies of NTFP ..................................................................... 51 Income Derived from NTFP .............................................................................. 53 The Decline of Forest Extractvism .......................................................................... 57 4 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS .......................................................... 58 Pioneer Partnerships with Global Cosmetic Companies ......................................... 59 The Body Shop Partnership ............................................................................. 59 Other Partnerships Experiences ....................................................................... 61 NTFP and Sustainable Global Value Chains of Biodiversity Products .................... 68 Cooperatives .................................................................................................... 74 Socio-Biodiversity Sourcing Partnerships in the Amazon: Current Scenarios .. 77 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 86 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 86 Political Ecology (PE) ....................................................................................... 86 Economic Geography ....................................................................................... 89 Spatial Econometric Theory ............................................................................. 90 Spatial Dependence ......................................................................................... 92 Spatial Heterogeneity ....................................................................................... 93 Spatial Econometric Models ............................................................................. 94 Weight Matrix ................................................................................................... 95 The Mixed Autoregressive-Regressive Model (SAR) ....................................... 95 The Spatial Autoregressive Error Model (SEM) ................................................ 96 The Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) ...................................................................... 96 Bayesian Spatial Autoregressive Models ......................................................... 97 The Heteroscedastic Bayesian Linear Models ................................................. 98 Quantification of Location Points ...................................................................... 98 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) .............................................................. 99 Data Preparation and Exploratory Data Analysis .................................................... 99 6 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ................................................................ 111 Study Site ............................................................................................................. 112 Participants ..................................................................................................... 114 Sampling Methods .......................................................................................... 115 Income from NTFP ......................................................................................... 118 Econometric Multiple Regression Analysis Approach .................................... 120 Subset Sample ............................................................................................... 121 Hypotheses and Research Questions .................................................................. 122 Data Generating Process and Variables Definition ........................................ 122 Distance Variables ......................................................................................... 124 Coordinates Points ......................................................................................... 124 Main Exploratory and Dummy Variables ........................................................ 126 Empirical Statistical Modeling Approach ............................................................... 126 Descriptive Statistics .....................................................................................
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